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DOCUMENTATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE INDIGENOUS MANGO
(MANGIFERA INDICA L.) VARIETIES OF MALDA AND MURSHIDABAD
DISTRICTS OF WEST BENGAL
Article · January 2014
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J. Environ. & Sociobiol. : 11(2) : 187-198, 2014 Print : ISSN : 0973-0834
DOCUMENTATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF
THE INDIGENOUS MANGO (MANGIFERA INDICA L.)
VARIETIES OF MALDA AND MURSHIDABAD
DISTRICTS OF WEST BENGAL
Mitu De1, Jhilik Das2, Meghna Saha3, Ankush Pal4 and
Santi Ranjan Dey5*
1
Department of Botany, Gurudas College, Kolkata, West Bengal
2
Department of Zoology, Benaras Hindu University, Uttar Pradesh
3
Department of Zoology, Presidency University, Kolkata
4
Department of Botany, Berhampore Girls’ College, Murshidabad, West Bengal
5
Department of Zoology, Berhampore Girls’ College, Murshidabad, West Bengal
ABSTRACT
Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is an important natural resource and also known
as the ‘king of fruits’. The districts of Murshidabad and Malda once famous for
mango are now facing tremendous genetic erosion of the mango germplasm.
More than 200 varieties of mango were recorded during the time of the royals of
these districts. This number has sharply declined in recent times. The traditional
varieties are low yielding and are replaced by new high yielding hybrids. These
varieties are also facing extinction because of the aggressive cultivation of
Amrapali, Chatterjee, Mallika, Himsagar, Langra varieties of mango. Hence,
conservation of Mango (Mangifera indica L.) germplasm is of utmost importance.
For such conservation extensive survey and proper documentation are necessary.
In this context, the present study is an attempt to document the mango varieties
from Murshidabad and Malda districts of West Bengal. The mango germplasm
diversity data generated will be valuable to communities, scientists and policy
managers to formulate and implement conservation strategies of in situ, on-farm
as well as ex situ conservation and management of these genetic resources.
Key words : Indigenous mango, Murshidabad and Malda districts,
characterization, pulp assessment
INTRODUCTION
Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is one of the choicest fruit crops of the tropical
and subtropical regions in the world. Its popularity and importance can easily be
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J. Environ. & Sociobiol. : 11(2)
realized by the fact that it is referred to as the ‘king of fruits’ in the tropical world.
Expansion of urbanization and cultivation makes the plants vulnerable for extinction,
but it is the so called plant varieties that reflect the diversity of plants and these are
reservoir of alleles. So conservation of varieties are very much important. It also fulfills
India’s obligations under conventions on biological diversity with special reference
to Article 6 and 7 of UNEP (1992). Mango (Mangifera indica) is an economically
important plant species. Murshidabad and Maldah districts of West Bengal are
famous for their mango varieties. More than 200 mango varieties were recorded
during the time of the royals of the districts. But this germplasm is under threat
(Mukharjee, 1953). The age old plants are low yielding; those are replaced by new
high yielding hybrids. Every year some of these varieties are vanishing. Conservation
of Mango (Mangifera indica) germplasm is relatively easy. Only open space is required
where these germplasm can be conserved. The conserved germplasm can be used for
micropropagation. Cutting can be used for vegetative reproduction and in this way
this wealth can be restored when needed. This can also serve for breeding stalk for
varietal improvement programme. For conservation the first step is documentation
of the varieties (Dinesh and Vasugil, 2002; Pandit et al., 2007; Rajan et al., 1999),
which is attempted in the present paper.
STUDY AREAS
Study areas are Malda and Murshidabad districts of West Bengal. Malda district
lies 347 km north of Kolkata, the state capital. The latitude range is 24°40´20˝ N
to 25°32´08˝ N, and the longitude range is 87°45´50˝ E to 88°28´10˝ E. The district
covers an area of 3,733.66 square kilometres. Murshidabad district lies in eastern
India (24° 50´N to 23° 43´ N latitude and 88° 46´ E to 87° 49´ E longitude). It is
situated on the left bank of the river Ganga. This district is very fertile, covering
an area of 5,341 km².
METHODOLOGY
Mangoes from different markets of the districts of Murshidabad and Malda and
orchard were collected. The market survey exhibited the availability of the particular
breed. The farmers and the traders are the source of information. Pulp colour, pulp
juiciness, pulp pH, pulp quantity and total free glucose were measured from the
mango sample in the laboratory as quality parameters. Pulp juiciness was measured
by extracting juice through fine mesh net. The total weight of mango was taken and
pulp weight is then measured and compared. The pH is determined by using pH meter.
From the fixed amount of pulp (10 gm pulp dissolved in 25 ml of distilled water)
the dissolved sugar is filtered using filter paper. The concentration was determined
by using colorimeter (anthron based method) and percentage was calculated against
total amount of dissolved material present in juice. For this, the juice of 10 gm pulp
(dissolved in 25 ml distilled water and filtered through net) was dried in the oven
and weighted. These qualities were chosen because of their commercial importance
(Singh, 2012).
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Doumentation and characterization of the indigenous mango....
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Once more than 200 varieties of mango were known from Malda and Murshidabad
districts only as mentioned earlier. But extensive survey in 2011-2013 showed that
only 53 varieties are now available. It is expected that about 60 varieties are thriving
still. Of these, 40 different mango varieties are shown in Plates I-IV, Figs. 1-40.
Table 1 shows the names of 41 marketed mango varieties, while the available 12 royal
Table 1. List of marketed mango varicties of Malda and Murshidabad
districts, West Bengal
Sl.
Variety name Locality Availability
No.
1. Alapati Sahapur, Malda Rare
2. Arajanma Malda Rare
3. Badsabhog Lalbag, Murshidabad Moderate
4. Baishakguti Lalbag, Murshidabad Moderate
5. Bharati Malda Moderate
6. Bimli Ajimgaunge, Murshidabad Rare
7. Brindabani Sahapur, Malda Rare
8. Champa Ajimgaunge, Murshidabad Moderate
9. Chinichampa Jiagaunge, Murshidabad Moderate
10. Dilswad Lalgola, Murshidabad Moderate
11. Chotolaksman Lalgola, Murshidabad Moderate
12. Dudhkumar Malda Rare
13. Krishnabhog Malda Moderate
14. Anarasi Fajli Malda Available
15. Fania Malda Available
16. Golachoka Malda Available
17. Gopalbhog Chachol, Malda Available
18. Jilepikera Raipur, Malda Moderate
19. Kachamitha Shaktipur, Murshidabad Available
20. Khirsapati Malda Available
21. Guti Khirsapati Malda Available
22. Kopai Nasipur, Murshidabad Moderate
23. Lakshmanbhog Sahapur, Malda Available
24. Madhuchuski Murshidabad Moderate
25. Madhugulguli Murshidabad Rare
26. Misrikanta Lalbag, Murshidabad Mderate
189
J. Environ. & Sociobiol. : 11(2)
Table 1. contd.
Sl.
Variety name Locality Availability
No.
27. Molamjam Murshidabad Available
28. Rakhalbhog Malda Available
29. Rani Murshidabad Available
30. Shadulla Murshidabad Available
31. Sinduria Malda Moderate
32. Vabani Murshidabad Moderate
33. Surikhas Arapur, Malda Rare
34. Sarengi Ajimgaunge, Murshidabad Moderate
35. Aswina Malda Available
36. Amrapali Malda, Murshidabad Available
37. Mohanbhog Malda Moderate
38. Langra Malda, Murshidabad Available
39. Muchi Samania Malda Moderate
40. Rasi (Nawabbhog) Murshidabad Moderate
41. Vadaria Malda Moderate
Table 2. Royal varieties of Nawab Bagan varieties of Nawab Bagan (orchard of
(orchard of Nawab), Lalbag, Nawab) are presented in Table 2 along
Murshidabad with the control variety, viz., Amrapali
grown all over these two districts. The
Sl. No. Names Abandance
availability of the 11 royal varieties
1. Anaras Moderate is moderate except the rare Kohitoor
2. Bhabani (special) Moderate variety. The various pulp assessment
3. Bira Moderate parameters for 53 mango varieties are
4. Borosinduria Moderate provided in Table 3. These include
5. Chandankhosa Moderate assessment quality parameters like
6. Daudi Moderate pulp colour, pulp juiciness, pulp pH,
7. Dhobani Moderate pulp quantity and total free glucose.
8. Dilpasand Moderate The pulp quantity was found highest
in Chandankhosa (79.05%) and lowest
9. Gulabkhas Available
in Amrapali (41.02%), while free sugar
10. Kohitoor Rare
was highest in Chinichampa (29.07%)
11. Michridana Moderate
and lowest in Anaras (14.32%). The
12. Rumali Moderate pH value was near neutral in Kohitoor
Control variety (6.34) variety and highly acidic in
13. Amrapali High Sarengi (1.7) variety.
190
Doumentation and characterization of the indigenous mango....
Table 3. Assesment of quality parameters
Pulp Free sugar
Sl.
Variety name Pulp texture Pulp juciness quantity pH (%) in pulp
No.
(%) extract
1. Alapati Light yellow Intermediate 62.76 2.63 17.28
2. Arajanma Yellow orange Intermediate 54.9 3.89 19.02
3. Badsabhog Orange Intermediate 51.78 4.03 22.97
4. Baishakguti Yellow orange Intermediate 45.78 3.32 16.89
5. Bharati Light yellow Intermediate 46.86 5.90 17.25
6. Bimli Yellow orange Intermediate 57.87 3.03 20.06
7. Brindabani Light yellow Intermediate 73.34 5.87 23.34
8. Champa Golden yellow Intermediate 41.23 4.87 22.01
9. Chinichampa Light yellow Intermediate 52.67 4.04 29.07
10. Dilswad Light yellow Intermediate 47.6 6.14 26.89
11. Chotolaksman Light yellow Intermediate 43.4 5.07 21.21
12. Dudhkumar Yellow High 62.85 5.02 19.09
13. Krishnabhog Yellow orange High 57.8 4.07 21.26
14. Anarasi fajli Dark orange Intermediate 46.91 4.01 17.21
15. Fania Yellow orange Intermediate 51.6 5.06 17.67
16. Golachoka Light yellow Intermediate 73.4 2.07 16.56
17. Gopalbhog Yellow orange Intermediate 66.32 4.93 21.96
18. Jilepikera Yellow orange Intermediate 49.09 4.73 14.78
19. Kachamitha Orange Intermediate 52.67 3.92 17.77
20. Khirsapati Golden yellow Intermediate 51.7 5.05 17.45
21. Guti khirsapati Yellow orange Intermediate 47.9 4.83 19.57
22. Kopai Reddish Intermediate 43.6 4.87 18.98
23. Lakshmanbhog Yellow orange High 66.97 3.03 20.03
24. Madhuchuski Light yellow Intermediate 49.3 5.89 20.91
25. Madhugulguli Orange Intermediate 61.6 3.94 22.01
26. Misrikanta Yellow orange Intermediate 53.7 4.1 20.9
27. Molamjam Yellow orange Intermediate 77.3 5.01 18.8
28. Rakhalbhog Yellow orange Intermediate 61.7 5.03 17.67
29. Rani Light yellow High 43.7 5.97 24.03
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J. Environ. & Sociobiol. : 11(2)
Table 3. contd.
Pulp Free sugar
Sl.
Variety name Pulp texture Pulp juciness quantity pH (%) in pulp
No.
(%) extract
30. Shadulla Yellow orange Intermediate 67.8 4.23 17.88
31. Sinduria Dark orange Intermediate 51.4 4.56 16.76
32. Vabani Yellow orange High 56.29 4.38 15.97
33. Surikhas Golden yellow intermediate 62.01 2.72 17.07
34. Sarengi Light yellow Intermediate 43.78 1.7 17.92
35. Aswina Light yellow Intermediate 56.23 5.01 16.53
36. Mohanbhog Light yellow High 71.03 6.01 19.68
37. Langra Yellow orange Intermediate 56.07 4.02 16.93
38. Muchi samania Yellow orange Intermediate 47.91 2.78 14.87
39. Rasi (Nawabbhog) Yellow orange Intermediate 65.92 5.03 16.78
40. Vadaria Light yellow Intermediate 47.01 3.01 16.41
41. Anaras Orange Intermediate 61.06 3.67 14.32
42. Bhabani (special) Light yellow Intermediate 52.61 6.01 18.67
43. Bira Yellow orange High 65.00 5.91 25.06
44. Borosinduria Yellow orange High 75.03 3.33 21.34
45. Chandankhosa Golden Intermediate 79.05 2.37 20.01
46. Daudi Light yellow Intermediate 53.24 6.00 19.61
47. Dhobani Light yellow Intermediate 65.67 5.01 18.83
48. Dilpasand Orange Intermediate 50.06 4.92 17.93
49. Gulabkhas Reddish Intermediate 67.06 3.54 19.96
50. Kohitoor Golden yellow High 66.23 6.34 27.63
orange
51. Michridana Light yellow High 71.07 5.32 24.89
52. Rumali Yellow orange High 57.89 6.01 21.06
53. Amrapali Yellow orange Intermediate 41.02 1.89 15.03
Utilization of the conserved germplasm in the breeding programme requires precise
information on the genetic relationships among the accessions. Information on the
genetic distance among the germplasm accessions will also help avoiding duplicates,
thus clearing the nomenclature ambiguity, widening the genetic base of the core
collections and ultimately helping in preserving the valuable diversity (Singh, 2012;
192
Doumentation and characterization of the indigenous mango....
Vasugil, 2012). But in West Bengal proper documentation of the mango varieties
is lacking. For assessment, the quality characters are very much important (Dash
and Hota, 1997; Majumder, 2013), because the quality characters are parameters
of selection of proper plants for propagation. The marketable quality characters are
only considered when assessing the indigenous varieties. From the study it is found
that the juiciness is very high in 11 varieties, much higher than Amrapali, which is
most cultivated variety. The yield cannot be compared, because the indigenous plants
are age old and not also well maintained. Among the indigeneous varieties, 19 of 52
varieties contain 20% or more sugar in the pulp and the pH is much higher than
Amrapali, especially in some cases it is near neutral. That means these are very
sweet in test and less sour. It is found that nine mango varieties are already rare
among the documented 52 varieties. These varieties are having very less number
of plants, restricted to certain pockets on Malda and Murshidabad. The commercial
cultivation is the main reason, besides the plants are age old and need to be replaced
by their cuttings. The glory of ‘Mango Districts’ is already at stake. The rest of the
germplasm requires immediate attention. Characterization of diversity is a necessary
requirement for the improvement, use and conservation of plant genetic resources
(Archak et al., 2003; Krishna and Singh, 2007). The present attempt may serve as
baseline data for further investigation of already at stake germplasms of Mango.
These varieties require immediate restoration and attention, otherwise the genetic
diversity of mango in these two districts will be lost in near future.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors are thankful to West Bengal Biodiversity Board for their support.
REFERENCES
Archak, S., Gaikward, A. B., Gautam, D., Rao, E. V. V. B., Swamy, K. R. M.
and Karihaloo, J. L. 2003. Comparative assessment of DNA fingerprinting
techniques (RAPD, ISSR and AFLP) for genetic analysis of cashew (Anacardium
occidentale L.) accessions of India. Genome, 46(3): 362-369.
Dash, R. C. and Hota, B. N. 1977. Some indigenous mango varieties of Orissa. Orissa
J. Hort., 5: 35-52.
Dinesh, M. R. and Vasugil, C. 2002. Catalogue of Mango Germplasm, IIHR, Bangalore,
p. 160.
Krishna, H. and Singh S. K. 2007. Biotechnological advances in mango (Mangifera
indica L.) and their future implication in crop improvement: a review.
Biotechnology Advances, 25(3): 223-243.
Majumder, D. N. 2013. Genetic Diversity in Mango (Mangifera Indica L.) through
multivariate analysis. Bangladesh J. Agril. Res., 38(2): 343-353.
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Mukharjee, S. K. 1953. The mango, its botany, cultivation, uses and future
improvement. Economy Bot., 7: 130-162.
Pandit, S. S., Mitra, S., Giri, A. P., Pujari, K. H., Patil, B. P., Jambhale, N. D. and
Gupta, V. S. 2007. Genetic diversity analysis of mango cultivars using inter
simple sequence repeat markers. Current Science, 93: 1135- 41.
Rajan, S., Negi, S. S. and Ram Kumar. 1999. Catalogue of Mango Germplasm,
Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture, Lucknow.
Singh, N. P. 2012. Physico-chemical characterization of unexploited mango diversity
in Sub-mountane zone of Northern India. Indian J. Plant Genet. Resour., 25(3):
261–269.
Vasugil, C. 2012. Genetic diversity in unique indigenous mango accessions (Appemidi)
of the Western Ghats for certain fruit characteristic. Current Science, (2)103:
199-207.
194
Doumentation and characterization of the indigenous mango....
PLATE 1
1. Altapati, Sahapur, Malda 2. Arajanma, Malda 3. Aswina, Malda
4. Bharati, Malda 5. Bimli, Ajimgaunge, 6. Brindaboni, Sahapur,
Murshidabad Malda
7. Champa, Ajimgange, 8. Dudhkumar, Malda 9. Fania, Guthi, Malda
Murshidabad
Figs. 1-10. Ten different mango
varieties of Malda and Murshidabad
districts, West Bengal
10. Golachoka, Guthi, Malda
195
J. Environ. & Sociobiol. : 11(2)
PLATE 2
11. Anarasi, Fajli, Malda 12. Gopalbhog, Chacol, Malda 13. Jilepikera, Raipur, Malda
14. Khirsapati, Malda 15. Guthi, Khirsapatia Malda 16. Krisnabhog, Malda
17. Laksmanbhog, Malda 18. Langra, Malda, 19. Misrikanta, Murshidabad
Murshidabad
Figs. 11-20. Ten different mango
varieties of Malda and Murshidabad
districts, West Bengal
20. Mohonbhog, Malda
196
Doumentation and characterization of the indigenous mango....
PLATE 3
21. Muchi Samania, Malda 22. Rasi (Nawabbhog) 23. Rakhalbhog, Malda
Murshidabad
24. Sarengi, Ajimgange, 25. Sinduria, Guthi, Malda 26. Suri Khas, Kotwali,Malda
Murshidabad
27. Vadaria, Guthi, Malda 28. Anaras, Murshidabad 29. Bhabani, Murshidabad
Figs. 21-30. Ten different mango
varieties of Malda and Murshidabad
districts, West Bengal
30. Bira, Murshidabad
197
J. Environ. & Sociobiol. : 11(2)
PLATE 4
31. Borosinduria, Murshidabad 32. Chandankhosa, Murshidabad 33. Daudi, Murshidabad
34. Dhobani, Murshidabad 35. Dilpasand, Murshidabad 36. Gulabkhas, Murshidabad
37. Kohitoor, Murshidabad 38. Michridana, Murshidabad 39. Rumali, Murshidabad
Figs. 31-40. Ten different mango
varieties of Malda and Murshidabad
districts, West Bengal
40. Amrapali
198
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