1

STUDY OF SOME ANGIOSPERM

PLANTS FOR THEIR MEDICINAL
VALUES IN JAUNPUR AND VARANASI
REGION

TILAK DHARI SINGH POST GRADUATE COLLEGE

Dissertation Work
Submitted for the Award of Dissertation work
[Link].
In
Botany
Session- 2023-24

RESEARCH SUPERVISOR SUBMITTED BY

[Link] SINGH SUSHMITA SINGH
Department of Botany T.D.P.G. Research Scholar
College, Jaunpur (U.P.) Roll No.24601089854
 2

STUDY OF SOME ANGIOSPERM PLANTS FOR THEIR MEDICINAL VALUES IN

JAUNPUR AND VARANASI REGION

VEER BAHADUR SINGH PURVANCHAL

UNIVERSITY JAUNPUR (U.P) 222001

Dissertation Work
Submitted for the Award of Dissertation Work
[Link].
In
Botany
RESEARCH SUPERVISOR Submitted by-
[Link] Singh Sushmita Singh
Department of Botany Research Scholar
T.D.P.G. College Jaunpur Roll No.24601089855

RESEARCH CENTER
DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY
T.D.P.G. COLLEGE JAUNPUR U.P. 222002
2024

[Link] Singh Faculty of Science

 3

Department of Botany Tilakdhari Post Graduate

College
Jaunpur (U.P) 222002 Jaunpur (U.P) 222002
[Link]. Ph.D Jaunpur (U.P.

I have great pleasure in forwarding the Dissertation Work of Tannu Singh

" STUDY OF SOME ANGIOSPERM PLANTS FOR THEIR MEDICINAL VALUES IN

JAUNPUR AND VARANASI REGION”

award of the Master of Science in Botany.

I certify that Sushmita Singh has put in work the prescribed period. The Research
work has been carried on under my supervision and that it is the candidate's own original
work and that candidate has published his own work in UGC Approved Journals

Research Supervisor
Forwarded [Link] Singh
(Department of
Botany)
T.D.P.G. College
Jaunpur UP. 222002
 4

Statement of Academic Integrity

(Plagiarism verification Report)

I, Sushmita Singh, Research Scholar, Department of Botany, T.D.P.G.

College, Jaunpur affiliated to V.B.S. Purvanchal University, Jaunpur U.P.-222001 (India). I
hereby undertake that, the Dissertation work entitled-

"STUDY OF SOME ANGIOSPERM PLANTS FOR THEIR MEDICINAL VALUES IN

JAUNPUR AND VARANASI REGION"
has been prepared by me and that the document reports original work carried out by me
and is free of any plagiarism in compliance with the UGC Regulations on "Promotion of
Academic Integrity and Prevention of Plagiarism in Higher Educational Institutions
(2018)". The software which is used to check the plagiarism in 'Urkund' and the similarity
index is below 10%.
Date: 20/10/23
Place : Jaunpur Sushmita Singh
(Research Scholar)

Sushmita Singh (Research Scholar)

It is hereby certified that work done by the student under my supervision, is plagiarism
free/the similarity content is below accepted norms and does not affect the originality of
research work in accordance with the UGC Regulations on
"Promotion of Academic Integrity and Prevention of Plagiarism in Higher Educational
Institutions (2018)".
Date:
Place: Jaunpur Research Supervisor
Prof. Arvind Singh
Department of Botany
T.D.P.G. College Jaunpur-222002
U.P.
 5

RECOMMENDED & FORWARDED

This is to certify that the statement made by. Sushmita Singh Research
Scholar, Department of Botany . T.D.P.G. College, Jaunpur (U.P) is correct to the best of
my knowledge.

Research Scholar Head of DepartmentProf.

[Link] KUMAR SINGH [Link] KUMAR

SINGH
Department of Botany Department of Botany
T.D.P.G. College Jaunpur (U.P) T.D.P.G. College Jaunpur
(U.P)

Principle

Prof. ALOK KUMAR SINGH

T.D.P.G. College Jaunpur (U.P)
 6

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I would like to express my gratitude and appreciation to all those who gave me
the possibility to complete this Dissertation work. Special thanks to my
supervisor Prof. Arvind Singh (Department of Botany T.D.P.G college
Jaunpur) for their able guidance and support in completing my Dissertation
work.

Finally, words are not sufficient to express gratitude to my cherished family

member for supporting me without their encouragement and support. I
would have not reached this stage. I am thankful to God almighty for
showering his blessing upon me.

I am making this Dissertation work not only for marks but to also increase
my knowledge.

Thanks again to all who helped me

Date:
Place: Jaunpur SUSHMITA SINGH
Research Scholar
Department of Zoology
T.D.P.G. College, Jaunpur
 7

CANDIDATE'S DECLARATION

I, Sushmita Singh,Declare that the work embodied in this [Link].

Dissertation Work is my own bonafide work carried out by me under the supervision of
Prof Arvind Singh, Department of Botany, T.D.P.G. College, Jaunpur The matter
embodied in this [Link]. Dissertation Work has not been submitted for the award for any
other degree / diploma. I declare that I have faithfully acknowledge, given credit to and
referred to the research workers wherever their work has been cited in the text and the
body of the
Dissertation Work

I further certify that I have not willfully lifted up some other's work para, text data,
results, etc. reported in the journals, book magazine, reports, dissertations, thesis etc.
available at web-sites and included them in this.
Dissertation and cited as my own work.

Date: Sushmita Singh

Place: Jaunpur Research Scholar
 8

STUDY OF SOME ANGIOSPERM

PLANTS FOR THEIR MEDICINAL
VALUES IN UTTAR PRADESH(U.P.)
REGION
 9

Index

Chapters Description Page

no.
1 Introduction 10 - 13

2 Review of literature 14 - 19

3 Methodology and Enumeration 20 - 46

4 Result and Discussion 47- 49

5 Conclusion 50 - 51

6 References 52- 55
 10

CHAPTER -1

INTRODUCTION
 11

Chapter -1

INTRODUCTION

The word ‘Environment’ has originated from the French word “environ”. It means
surroundings. It includes each and everything outside the plant, which influences
directly or indirectly the life of the plant. This is an integral part of the earth’s ecosystem.
Each component of the environment is called an environmental factor. Plants grow best
within certain ranges of various factors including temperature, soil moisture, soil
nutrients, light, air pollutants, humidity, soil structure and pH. Although these factors
affect all plants that are frequently grown or kept in cultural particles (fertilization,
irrigation, spraying with pesticides) that may affect their growth considerably.
According to the WHO,over 80% of the world’s population relies on traditional forms of
medicine,largely plant based to meet primary health care [Link] India,the collection
and processing of medicinal plants and plant products contributes a major part each
year to the national economy,as a source of both full and part time employment
. Micro-studies suggest that a large number of those employed are [Link]
recognition of the significance of the sub-sector and the fact it is largely
undocumented,the World Bank and the IDRC Medicinal plants Network(IMPN) agreed
to produce this state of the art report on the medicinal plants sector in [Link] report
suggests that despite a wealth of resources (biological,human and financial being
available,the lack of a coordinated approach which considers sustainable and equitable
development to be short as well as long term goals for the sub sector) has resulted in
the simultaneous under utilization and overexploitation of the valuable plant [Link]
is hoped that the this review will be a step towards achieving such a coordinated effort

The use of plants for medicinal purposes goes back to early man. The search for
healing power in plants is an old aged idea and throughout history man has trusted on
nature for shelter, food, medicines, clothing and transportation (Ahmad et al., 2006).
Currently, medicinal plants are used all over developed and under developed countries
of the world as traditional home remedies (Bandaranayake, 2006).
Natural resources like plants and animals are promising agents for drug discovery as
they play a very important role in traditional medicine (Newman and Cragg, 2007).
According to the WHO about 80% of the developing countries population depends on
traditional medicines (Calixto, 2005).
WHO reports that about 25% of all modern medicines including both
western and traditional medicine are derived from plants (Bodeker and Ong, 2005).
 12

A recent review has shown that almost 25% of modern medications have been
extracted from plants, while 75% of new drugs against infective diseases that have
arrived between 1981 and 2002 originated from natural sources (Bedoya et al.,
2009).
The practice of traditional medicine is not the same all over the world but varies from
country to country and region to region because their use depends on the history,
culture, philosophy and personal attitudes of the users (Togola, 2008). Traditional
medicine use and popularity is strong and increasing around much of the world. For
example, traditional herbal medicine accounts for 30–50% of the total medicinal
consumption in China. In North America, Europe and other well-developed regions over
50% of the population has used traditional preparations at least once. In2003, it was
reported that the world market for herbal medicines stood at over US $60 billion per
year and is growing steadily(WHO, 2003).

Ethnobotany is a distinct branch of natural science concerning various aspects such as

medicine, religious, cultural, agricultural implements, domestic instruments and several
other disciplines. Ethnobotany is considered now to be a sub branch of the science of
economic botany, which emphasizes the uses of plants, their potential for incorporation
into another culture and have indirect contact with the plants through their by-products(
Singh and Shrivastava 2007).
Studies of medicinal plants based on ancient literature and its investigation in the
modern time is called Ethnology which is rising as a specialized branch of [Link]
are one of the most important sources of medicine. The use of plants as medicines,
possibly dates back to prehistoric time. The ancient Chinese were using plants as
medicine. The practice of application of plants, therefore, is as old as 4000 to 5000
B.C.. Greeks like Aristotle, Theophrastus and others have given voluminous information
about medicinal plants. Since time immemorial plants have been used for the treatment
of various ailments. Even today several important drugs used in the modern system of
medicine are obtained from plants. The use of medicinal plants has figured in several
ancient manuscripts like the Rigveda, the Bible, the Iliad, and the History of Herodotus.
The Hippocrates is known as the father of medicine. The Greek Physician Dioscorides
published “De Materia Medica” , a book on medicinal plants. India has vast
ethnobotanical knowledge from ancient times. Charak Samhita, Sushrut Samhita,
Rigveda and Ayurveda are old Indian literature, having wonderful knowledge of plants
as medicines. Ayurveda is a basic foundation of ancient medical science in India. It is
the largest and oldest source of knowledge regarding the curative properties of plants
and their contents which play a vital role in healing.

The art of herbal healing has very deep roots in tribal culture and folklore. Even today
most of the tribal communities are dependent on an open local traditional healing
 13

system for their primary health care. (Singh, 2010). Today, due to a high rate of
anthropogenic disturbances in the form of cattle grazing, fuel wood collection and fires,
many medicinal plants are facing the threat of extinction and loss of genetic diversity.
Identification of plant species and traditional knowledge of their therapeutic uses are
important for the adequate utilization of herbal plant resources (Kaur and
Vashistha,2014).

Plants have been the basis of traditional medicines throughout the world for thousands
of years and continue to provide new remedies to humankind; a great deal of effort has
therefore focused on using available experimental techniques to identify natural
antioxidants from plants. Several authors have reviewed the beneficial uses of these
plant species
(Speroni and Scartezzini, 2000; Matkowski, 2008). Recently, Ali et al. (2008) reviewed
twenty-four medicinal Indian herbs that have great antioxidant potential. This review
covers medicinal species from a variety of countries (Africa, Algeria, The United
States of America, Australia, Brazil, Bulgaria, China, India, Iran, Italy, Japan, Malaysia,
Poland, Portugal, Thailand and Turkey). The purpose of this review is to survey the
antioxidant
capacity and the total phenolic content of medicinal plants from around the world and to
evaluate potential sources of natural antioxidants for food and medicinal purposes.
 14

CHAPTER- 2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE
 15

CHAPTER- 2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Review-LiteratureReview of Literature refers to an examination of earlier work in the

same topic that has been supported by research. The review is conducted to get a
sense of the scope of the research work done in a certain topic and to check through
the findings of earlier studies. The
selection of the preliminary study's goals is aided by earlier [Link] research
articles listed below are included in my study and are based on this ethnobotanical and
ecological [Link] study's literature review was completed by consulting a variety
of national and international publications, published prices in a variety of official
standard book, and variety of website on the internet.

This review reports the current status of the medicinal plant sector in India used by the
folks usually which supports the primary healthcare needs of most of the country’s
[Link] of the health care sector is informal,especially since India has three
major systems of traditional [Link], many plant products are used for tribal
and folk medicine practices which have not been properly [Link] therefore is one
of the world’s most medico-culturally diverse countries.

Added to this scenario is the practice of Western medicine and past efforts to change
indigenous medicine:in fact both have benefited from each other since indigenous
systems introduced drugs to the western pharmacopeias while western medicine helped
upgrade a few important raw plant products to some degree of standardization.

Nonetheless,India exports significant quantities of raw materials to other Asian countries

and some of these exports are associated with traditional [Link],India’s
comparative advantage in producing materials for export has not been exploited to the
at [Link] the exception of a limited number of plant species, the production bases rely
mainly on materials harvested from the [Link],India known to be a
storehouse of biological diversity,has to focus on sustain the resource base of medicinal
plants.

Efforts to relieve pressure on wild plants through cultivation have made a good start but
have a long way to [Link] is a complex issue by virtue of the sheer number of plant
species and the needs for sustainable propagation,suitable agronomic practice,the
 16

selection of superior genotypes and linking production to [Link] plants fall

into segments of these formal sectors and receive more or less attention depending on
[Link] instance,they are one of the most valuable components of the non-timber
forest products sector,being important generators of [Link] of the available data
regarding the formal sectors are in aggregate from and such statistics supply little
information about how the market actually works;they rely solely on market price as an
indicator of [Link] more attention therefore needs to be given to the
socio-institutional context of the market. It is clear that a set of interventions at various
levels could lead to the promotion of the sustainable and equitable development of the
sector and help to avert a crisis.

'Ethnobotany' Harshberger coined the word "Ethnobotany" in 1895 to describe the study
of plants used by prehistoric and indigenous populations. Schultele, from 1962.
The study of the interactions between people and plants is known as ethnobotany.
However, the way the phrase is currently used suggests the existence of indigenous or
traditional knowledge of plant classification, cultivation, and use as food, medicine, and
shelter. Due to the knowledge of ethnobotany, some pharmaceuticals have been
discovered from plants in the medical profession throughout the previous few decades,
including Quinine, Cocaine, etc. The majority of the world's population nowadays also
receives its medications from medicinal plants; this field of study is known as medico
ethnobotany. This feature highlights the significance of ethnobotany.
They complement one another, therefore understanding its taxonomy is necessary in
order to research ethnobotany in a single location. As a result, the importance of the
subject has grown as Indians have gained a deeper grasp of each individual plant
species since the beginning of the Rishi era. However, most of our traditional knowledge
of plants in medicine has been passed down through the [Link] are not
the only ones who are aware of how to utilize a plant to treat different ailments; many
households are as well. With regard to knowledge and information, we are woefully
unprepared for the enumeration of plants that

are abundant in our [Link] are aware that Ayurveda is the oldest branch of
medicine that is exclusively founded on plant science. Ayurveda has a lengthy history
and may have been developed in India over three thousand years ago. According to
Hindu mythology, the gods' physician Dhanvantari got the knowledge of Ayurveda from
Brahma. In the section of the Vedas known as the "Atharva veda," its earliest ideas are
[Link] until around 800 BCE, vedic medicine was performed. The Vedas are full of
charms for driving out demons who are traditionally thought to serve as the source of
illnesses as well as magical substances for curing ailments.
Excellent writing about plants, their applications, and their significance has been done
by the Rishis. In older times, using plants had a religious aspect. The compilation of the
 17

medical treatises known as the Charak- samhita and Sushrut samhita, which are
assigned to Charak, a physician, and Susruta, a surgeon, respectively, respectively,
characterized the golden age of Indian medicine from 800 BCE to around 1000 CE.
Although there were earlier versions, estimates place the Charak-samhita in its current
form as dating from the first century. The Sushrut Samhita most likely dates back to the
last several centuries and was set in its current format by the seventh century. The
treatises that are attributed to Vagbhata are relatively [Link] books, which
examined the human body in terms of Earth, water, fire, air, and ether as well as the
three bodily humors (Vata, pitta, and kapha), served as the foundation for all letter
writing on Indian medicine. There are several plants that are highly regarded for their
magical and spiritual qualities.
One of the most important factors of India are several wonderful herbs. They are mostly
used by Indians to worship Gods and Goddesses. They not only assist us in becoming
better individuals but also help us attain peace in the world and material [Link]
and tribal people who live in Indian villages are still used to and make use of a wide
range of the local flora. These rural and tribal people frequently employed herbal
treatments to address common illnesses rather than going to the doctor regularly. The
use of herbal medicine extends over thousands of years. Around 80% of people
worldwide are thought to rely on traditional medicine for their primary healthcare. Herbal
democracy has recently, and for years, been explored as a dietary supplement for
health promotion and supplementary [Link] a greater utilization of herbal
products, a wide range of herbal medications can be found on the market everywhere in
the world. The effectiveness and suppleness of herbal treatment have raised public
health issues. Through the study of Ayurveda, they are taught herbal medicine.
Nowadays, it is referred to as ethnomedicine.

Ethnomedicine is the study or comparison of traditional medical follows used by various

ethnic groups, especially those with limited access to western medicine, such as
indigenous people, that are based on bioactive substances found in plants and animals.
Traditional medicine and ethnomedicine are sometimes used similarly. To put it another
way, it is also known as ethnobotany. Research on ethnobotany has increased in recent
years. People have come to understand the true value of plants and their uses. It details
some known and unidentified plants that are valuable as well as traditional uses for
various plants. For chemists, formecologists, and herbal medicine practitioners, the
ethnomedical data will be a valuable source of knowledge. For the treatment of common
diseases, tribal groups used ethnomedicinal plant parts such as bark, stem roots,
leaves, flowers, flower buds, fruit seeds, oil, resins, colors, and gum.
The public has a strong interest in studying ethnobotany. We are eager to learn about
the numerous uses for the various plants that are all around us and are ready to impart
that knowledge to others. The plant or its parts can be used locally in the form of paste,
 18

ointment, rubbing, etc. as well as orally in the form of extract, decoction, infusion, juice,
powder, food, etc. "Phytotherapy" is a different title for this kind of therapy.
Essentially, phytotherapy is a way to treat, improve, and prevent illnesses and disorders
whole medicinal plants or their parts (flowers, leaves, roots, stems, and bark), as well as
their constituents (essential oil extracts and other isolates).
Modern phototherapy is a form of scientific medicine, not alternative medicine, and it
provides a basic method of prevention and support in the treatment of a variety of
ailments and diseases.
During my job, I have noticed that several species are in danger of disappearing or
becoming endangered. These engendered species in particular need to be conserved
and they should be multiplied through a variety of different approaches for future
generation.
Nadkarni K.M. (1908) ,Kirtikar K.R and Basu (2000), R.N. Chopra (1969) and Agharker
S.P (1953) all produced work at the national level of study articles and journals on
herbal remedies previously published.
They also advance our knowledge of ethnobotany.
In this study, I am selecting plants from the Jaunpur region based on their
ethnobotanical significance as medicines.
The Jaunpur district is located in the north-western part of the Varanasi Division. Its land
area spans the 24.240°N to 83.50°E longitude range and the 82.70°E to 83.50°E
latitude

range. Between 261 and 290 feet above mean sea level (MSL) is its varying elevation. The
district's topography mostly consists of a flat level with little river valleys. Sai and Gomti are the
primary parental rivers of it. Varuna, Basuhi, Pili, Mamur, and Gangi are the area's smaller
[Link] rivers Gomti and Basuhi divide the district roughly into four equal geographical
masses. Clay, loamy, and sandy soils constitute the majority of soil types. The Jaunpur district is
frequently affected by the disaster of floods. Minerals are in short supply but abundant. Rocks
that have been burned to generate lime may have been discovered during excavation. Used in
the construction of buildings is lime manufactured from sand and [Link] Jaunpur district
receives temperatures between 4.30°C and 44.60°[Link] average, 987 MM of rain falls per year.
The district's total land area is 4038 km. A major factor contributing to the district's economic
development is agriculture. The absence of heavy industry is the primary factor contributing to
this. Along the Varanasi-Jaunpur route, several industries are developing. A cotton mill is
running close to Karanja [Link] 85 industrial facilities, including M/s Raja Flour Mill,
Pepsico India Holdings, Hawkins Cookers Limited, Amit Oil and Vegetables, Chaudhary Steel
Limit, and Saurya Aluminium, are operational in Sathariya.
The medicinal benefits of 10 plants, including herbs, shrubs, and trees, were considered in the
current study. These plants were raised in the Jaunpur region and have distinctive
ethnobotanical characteristics.
Ethnobotany is a unique branch of natural science that deals with a variety of topics including
medicine, religion, culture, agricultural implements, household items, and many more fields.
 19

Ethnobotany is today thought to be a branch of economic botany, a discipline that focuses on

how plants are used, how they could be incorporated into other cultures, and how people might
interact with plants indirectly through their byproducts. In 2007, Singh and Shrivastava.
Ethnology, which is emerging as a specialised field of Botany, is the study of therapeutic plants
based on ancient literature and its exploration in current times.
Traditional medicine is used by a sizable segment of the global population, particularly in
underdeveloped nations, to cure a variety of illnesses. According to estimates from the World
Health Organisation, more than 80% of the global population relies mostly on traditional
medicine for their main healthcare [Link] engaging and crucial component of
ethnobotany is the use of conventional folk medicine. Indian culture is distinguished by the
ancient practise of herbal medicine. All around the world, tribal people and ethnic races have
created their unique cultures, clothes, medical practises, etc. These cultures use a wide variety
of wild and domesticated plants to cure a wide range of illnesses, and they have access to a

significant amount of information on these plants (Meena and Yadav, 2010). Tribal culture and
folklore have very deep origins in the art of herbal medicine. Even today, the majority of tribal
tribes rely on their local, open, traditional medical systems for their primary healthcare. (Singh,
2010).Many medicinal plants are in danger of going extinct and losing their genetic variety today
as a result of the high rate of anthropogenic disturbances, such as cattle grazing, fuel wood
collecting, and fires. For the proper use of herbal plant resources, plant species identification
and traditional knowledge of their therapeutic applications are crucial (Kaurand
 20

CHAPTER- 3

METHODOLOGY AND ENUMERATION

 21

CHAPTER- 3

METHODOLOGY

When it comes to utilizing the medicinal value of local herbs and trees, various methods

are employed to extract and administer their beneficial compounds. Here are some

common methods.

This involves boiling plant material, such as leaves, roots, or bark, in water to extract

medicinal compounds. Decoctions are often used for tougher plant parts like roots or

bark. The resulting liquid is then consumed orally. Similar to decoction, but typically

used for more delicate plant parts like leaves and flowers. It involves steeping the plant

material in hot water to extract medicinal compounds. Herbal teas are a common form

of [Link] method involves soaking plant material in alcohol or a mixture of alcohol

and water to extract medicinal compounds. Tinctures are typically highly concentrated

and have a longer shelf life compared to other [Link] material is mashed or

ground and applied directly to the skin to treat localized ailments such as inflammation,

wounds, or insect bites. Poultices are often made from fresh leaves or roots. Dried and

powdered plant material is encapsulated or compressed into tablets for convenient oral

consumption. This method is commonly used for herbs with bitter or unpleasant

[Link] extracts or infused oils are applied directly to the skin to treat various skin

conditions, such as rashes, burns, or infections. Examples include creams, ointments,

and [Link] extracts of plant compounds obtained through methods like

steam distillation or cold pressing. Essential oils are used aromatically, topically, or

internally for various health benefits.

 22

Dried plant material is ground into a fine powder and can be used in various ways, such

as mixing it into smoothies, juices, or food, or applying it directly to the skinA

concentrated liquid preparation made by boiling herbs with sugar or honey. Syrups are

commonly used to mask the taste of bitter herbs and are often administered [Link]

extracts are infused into oils or fats, combined with beeswax or other solidifying agents,

and applied topically to the skin for soothing and healing [Link]'s important to note

that the choice of method depends on various factors such as the type of plant material,

the desired medicinal compounds, the intended use, and individual preferences.

Additionally, it's crucial to consult with a qualified healthcare professional or herbalist

before using any herbal remedies, especially if you have existing health conditions or

are taking medications

 23

ENUMERATION

S.N Family Scientific Local Parts Disorder

. Name Name Name use Name

1 Meliaceae leaf ,bark

Azadirachta Neem anti-inflammator

indica y, antimicrobial,

and antidiabetic

properties.

2 Solanaceae stem, root

Withania Ashwagandh stress reduction,

somnifera a anxiety,and

inflammation.

3 Zingiberaceae stem
Zingiber Ginger anti-nausea,

officinale

4 Zingiberaceae stem
Curcuma Turmeric Alzheimer's

longa disease.
 24

5 Amaryllidaceae stem, leaf

Allium Garlic antimicrobial,

sativum cardiovascular

6 Plantaginaceae leaf
Bacopa Brahmi memory and

monnieri cognitive

function.

7 Moringaceae leaf
Moringa Moringa diabetes, and

oleifera high cholesterol.

8 Apiaceae stem, leaf

Centella Gotu Kola cognitive-enhan

asiatica cing,

anti-anxiety

9 Asteraceae leaf ,stem

Taraxacum Dandelion diuretic,

officinale anti-inflammator

y,and

antioxidant

effects.
 25

10 Ginkgoaceae leaf ,stem

Ginkgo Ginkgo memory,

biloba Biloba cognitive

function,and

circulation.

Certainly, discussing the medicinal value of local herbs and trees requires a

comprehensive review of literature. However, due to the vastness of the topic, I can

provide a general overview along with some key references for further exploration.

1. Neem (Azadirachta indica): Neem is a well-known tree in traditional medicine

systems like Ayurveda. Various parts of the neem tree, such as leaves, bark, seeds, and

oil, have medicinal properties. Neem has been studied for its anti-inflammatory,

antimicrobial, and antidiabetic properties.

2. Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera): Ashwagandha is an important herb in Ayurveda,

known for its adaptogenic properties. It has been studied for its effects on stress

reduction, anxiety, and inflammation.

3. Ginger (Zingiber officinale): Ginger is widely used as a spice and in traditional

medicine for its anti-nausea, anti-inflammatory, and digestive properties.

[Link] (Curcuma longa): Turmeric contains curcumin, a compound with potent

anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. It has been studied for its potential in

managing various conditions such as arthritis, cancer, and Alzheimer's disease.

 26

5. Garlic (Allium sativum): Garlic has been used for centuries in various cultures for its

medicinal properties, including its antimicrobial, cardiovascular, and immune-boosting

effects.

6. Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri): Brahmi, also known as Bacopa monnieri, is an herb used

in traditional Ayurvedic medicine for improving memory and cognitive function.

7. Moringa (Moringa oleifera): Moringa is often referred to as the "miracle tree" due to its

nutritional and medicinal properties. It is rich in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, and

has been studied for its potential in managing conditions such as inflammation,

diabetes, and high cholesterol.

8. Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica): Gotu Kola is a herbaceous plant used in traditional

medicine for its cognitive-enhancing, anti-anxiety, and wound-healing properties.

9. Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale): Dandelion is a common weed with medicinal

properties. It has been used traditionally for its diuretic, anti-inflammatory, and

antioxidant effects.

10. Ginkgo Biloba (Ginkgo biloba): Ginkgo Biloba is one of the oldest living tree species,

and its leaves are used in traditional medicine to improve memory, cognitive function,

and circulation.

Family Meliaceae-The Meliaceae family, commonly known as the mahogany family, is a

group of flowering plants consisting of around 50 genera and over 600 species. They are
distributed in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide, particularly in Africa, Asia, and the
Americas. Notable members include mahogany, neem, and cedar. Many species in this family
are economically important for their timber, medicinal properties, and ornamental value.
Characteristics of Meliaceae plants include compound leaves, often pinnate, and small, usually
bisexual flowers with five petals.

Plant- 1 Azadirachta indica - Azadirachta indica is the species of plant. Which, in Hindi, is also
called Neem and is a member of the Meliaceae family.
 27

Root and stem -The stem of the Neem plant (Azadirachta indica) is slender, straight, and
branches profusely. Its bark is gray-brown in color. Neem roots are shallow and spreading, with
a taproot system, aiding in water absorption and anchorage.

Leaves -Azadirachta indica, the plant that yields neem, has compound leaves, each which is
made up of several leaflets. With serrated edges, each leaflet is usually ovate or lanceolate in
form. Pinnate veining and a glossy green surface characterize neem leaves. One of the plant's
natural chemicals, nimbin and nimbidin, among other bioactive compounds, is responsible for its
harsh, bitter taste and pungent odor, which are well-known.

Flower - Little, white, fragrant panicles of neem flowers are recognised for their size and
fragrance. Bees and butterflies are frequent visitors to these flowers, which have tubular
structures and five petals each. Though it varies based on location and temperature, the
flowering season usually begins when the dry season begins.

Seed- The fleshy fruit of the neem (Azadirachta indica) plant, which grows from green to yellow,
contains the seeds. The tiny, oval-shaped seeds are usually brown in hue. There is a thin, hard
shell covering every seed. Neem seeds are prized for their rich oil content, which may be
extracted and applied to a variety of surfaces and applications, such as natural pesticide,
cosmetics, and conventional medicine.

Medicinal value -Because of its many therapeutic benefits, the neem plant (Azadirachta
indica) has been utilized in traditional medicine for generations. Among its therapeutic
applications are:

[Link] and Antifungal Properties:-Because of the many therapeutic benefits of the

neem plant (Azadirachta indica), traditional medicine has employed it for generations. Among its
medical applications are:

2. Antiviral Activity:-.Although more studies are required to prove neem extracts' effectiveness
in therapeutic settings, they have demonstrated antiviral activity against a variety of viruses,
including HIV and the herpes simplex virus (HSV).

[Link]-inflammatory Effects:-Since neem has anti-inflammatory qualities, it can help with

inflammatory diseases including rheumatism and arthritis.

4. Antioxidant Activity:- Antioxidants like quercetin and beta-carotene, which are found in
neem, help shield cells from the oxidative damage that free radicals cause. This characteristic
might be involved in its anti-aging benefits and capacity to fend off chronic illnesses.

[Link] System Support:-Neem boosts immunity, which makes it easier for the body to fend
off illnesses. It has also been traditionally used to support general health and wellbeing, as well
as to increase immunity generally.
 28

[Link] Potential:-Based on laboratory tests where neem extracts were found to

suppress cancer cell growth and cause apoptosis (programmed cell death), some research
suggests that neem extracts may have anticancer potential. To fully comprehend its possible
contribution to the prevention and treatment of cancer, more research is necessary.

[Link] Health Benefits:-.Because neem has antimicrobial qualities that help prevent gum
disease, cavities, and bad breath, it is utilized in mouthwash and toothpaste products.

Family -Solanaceae -.Many of the plants of the Solenaceae family, sometimes referred to as
the nightshade family, are valuable for use as food, medicinal, or decorative items. Among the
prominent participants are bell peppers, potatoes, tomatoes, and eggplants. However, eating
certain species of this family is advised with caution because some of them contain harmful
chemicals.

Plant- 2 Withania somnifera - .Withania somnifera is the species of [Link] is also known in
Hindi as "ashwagandha" and is a member of the Solanaceae family.

Root and stem -The thick, meaty taproot of ashwagandha is frequently [Link]
root is brown or whitish-brown in color, and it smells strongly of something. It is the most
often used portion of the plant for medicinal purposes; it is frequently dried and
powdered for use in a variety of ways. The base of ashwagandha stems might be
slightly woody, although being herbaceous overall. They often branch out close to the
top and are upright. Oval-shaped, tiny, basic leaves with a green hue cover the stems.
Depending on the growth environment and the age of the plant, the stem may grow to a
height of 75–150 cm.

Leaves -The simple leaves of ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) are oblong to

lanceolate in shape. placed in alternating order along the [Link] in color and with a
texture that is a little shaggy. Usually measure between 5 and 10 centimeters. have
rounded corners and complete margins.

Flower - The Withania somnifera plant, also known as ashwagandha, bears tiny,
bell-shaped flowers. color that ranges from green to yellow-green to
[Link] of flowers that are terminal or axillary. Each flower is formed by
joining five petals into a tube. They have a faint odor. When the plant is in bloom, it
blooms in late summer or early fall.

Seed- Tiny, bell-shaped flowers are produced by the Withania somnifera plant, often
known as ashwagandha. chromatic spectrum comprising green, yellow-green, and
white-green [Link] or terminal clusters of flowers. Five petals are joined into a
 29

tube to produce each flower. They smell a little bit. In late summer or early autumn is
when the plant blooms.

Medicinal value-Ashwagandha, or Withania somnifera, has been a part of traditional

Ayurvedic medicine for thousands of years. It is prized for its numerous medicinal
properties. The full range of its therapeutic advantages is as follows:

[Link]-Ashwagandha helps the body adapt to psychological and

physical stresses because it is an adaptation. It helps regulate the body's response to
stress and promotes overall wellness.

2. Anti-inflammatory Effects:- The potent anti-inflammatory properties of

ashwagandha can help reduce inflammation in the body and the signs and symptoms of
inflammatory diseases such as arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease.

[Link] Activity:- includes anti-oxidants including phenolic chemicals and

flavonoids that work to scavenge dangerous free radicals and shield cells from oxidative
damage. This could enhance its anti-aging properties and aid in the prevention of
chronic illnesses.

[Link] Immune Function:-White blood cell generation and immunological

reaction to infections are two ways that ashwagandha supports a healthy immune
system. It might lessen the chance of infection and boost defenses all around.

5. Stress Reduction:- The sedative and stress-relieving qualities of ashwagandha are

well known. It lessens the stress hormone cortisol and encourages relaxation, which
can lessen the symptoms of sleeplessness, sadness, and anxiety.

6. Improved Cognitive Function:- It helps those with memory loss or cognitive decline
because it has been demonstrated to improve both cognitive function and memory.

[Link] Physical Performance-

Supplementing with ashwagandha has been associated with gains in strength,
endurance, and muscle recovery, among other aspects of physical performance. Its
capacity to improve performance may be advantageous to athletes and physically active
people.

[Link] Balance:-Hormone balance has long been supported by ashwagandha,

especially in women. In addition to supporting reproductive health, it may help control
menstrual cycles and lessen menopause symptoms.
 30

[Link] Health:- According to certain research, ashwagandha may improve

heart health, lower blood pressure, and lower cholesterol in order to have
cardioprotective effects. It might lower the chance of heart disease and enhance
cardiovascular health in general.

[Link]-cancer Potential:- Ashwagandha has been demonstrated in lab experiments

to suppress the growth of cancer cells and cause apoptosis, or programmed cell death,
suggesting that it may have anti-cancer effects. To verify its effectiveness in the
prevention and treatment of cancer, more research is necessary.

In general, ashwagandha is a flexible herb that offers a multitude of health advantages,

which makes it an invaluable supplement to both conventional medical procedures and
contemporary wellness regimens.

Family- Zingiberaceae-Tropical locations are home to a complex group of flowering

plants called the Zingiberaceae family, or ginger family. They are well-known for their
vivid blossoms and fragrant rhizomes. Known for its therapeutic virtues and widespread
use as a spice, ginger (Zingiber officinale) is arguably the most well-known member of
this family. Other important members are galangal (Alpinia galanga), cardamom
(Elettaria cardamomum), and turmeric (Curcuma longa). Numerous Zingiberaceae
plants are useful in cooking, medicine, and ornamentation.

Plant-3-Zingiber officinale-Tropical locations are home to a complex group of

flowering plants called the Zingiberaceae family, or ginger family. They are well-known
for their vivid blossoms and fragrant rhizomes. Known for its therapeutic virtues and
widespread use as a spice, ginger (Zingiber officinale) is arguably the most well-known
member of this family. Other important members are galangal (Alpinia galanga),
cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum), and turmeric (Curcuma longa). Numerous
Zingiberaceae plants are useful in cooking, medicine, and ornamentation.

Root and stem- The ginger plant (Zingiber officinale) develops subterranean stems
known as rhizomes because of its rhizomatous root system. These rhizomes function as
the plant's primary storage organs, from which new roots and shoots can grow. The
ginger plant has upright stems that can reach a height of around one meter.

Leaves -The ginger plant has alternately positioned, lance-shaped leaves along its
stem. Their look is glossy green, with noticeable parallel veins throughout the length of
them. The leaves' edges are smooth, yet they can also appear slightly serrated or wavy.
Depending on the cultivar, ginger leaves can get as long as 20–30 centimeters and as
 31

wide as 5–10 centimeters. All together, they help the plant to have a lush, tropical
appearance.

Flower -Inflorescences are the individual stalks on which the ginger plant (Zingiber
officinale) bears blossoms. Usually pink or yellowish-green in hue, the flowers feature
an unusual structure. Bracts, which are modified leaves, encircle the central spike of
each flower. A visually arresting effect is produced as the flowers spiral out from
between these bracts. Although the main purpose of growing ginger plants is for their
rhizomes, the blossoms provide the plant aesthetic appeal.

Seed -Unlike many other flowering plants, Zingiber officinale, the ginger plant, does not
yield genuine seeds. Rather, it spreads mostly by means of its underground stems, or
rhizomes. The primary means of propagation, these rhizomes are usually planted to
produce new ginger plants. In contrast to using rhizomes, this method is less popular
and less dependable. On the other hand, if ginger plants are permitted to flower and
generate seeds, these seeds can be gathered and planted to create new plants.

Medicinal value -Due to its many health advantages, ginger (Zingiber officinale) has
been used medicinally for a very long time. Its principal therapeutic qualities and
applications are as follows:

[Link]-inflammatory:- Ginger (Zingiber officinale) has long been used as a medicine

due to its many health benefits. The following are its main therapeutic properties and
uses:

2. Digestive Aid:- Ginger has the ability to facilitate digestion and relieve a range of
digestive problems, including indigestion, bloating, vomiting, and nausea. It has the
potential to enhance salivation and facilitate the passage of food through the digestive
system.

[Link]-nausea:-Ginger is frequently used to treat nausea, especially motion sickness,

morning sickness during pregnancy, and nausea brought on by chemotherapy. It is said
to function by calming the stomach and altering the neurological system.

[Link] Relief:- Ginger may help lessen menstruation, joint, and muscle pain because of
its anti-inflammatory qualities. It can be used internally or topically as a poultice.

[Link]:- Antioxidants found in ginger help shield the body from damage brought
on by free radicals and oxidative stress. Ginger eating on a regular basis may improve
general health and wellbeing.
 32

[Link] Booster:- Ginger may help improve the immune system and increase
resistance to infections and diseases because of its immune-boosting qualities.

[Link] Health:- According to some research, ginger may help lower

cholesterol and blood pressure, which would lower the risk of heart disease and
improve cardiovascular health.

[Link]-cancer:- Based on preliminary research, ginger may possess anti-cancer

qualities, such as the capacity to stop cancer cells from proliferating and trigger
apoptosis, or planned cell death, in specific cancer kinds.

Family -zingiberaceae:-Tropical locations are home to a complex group of flowering

plants called the Zingiberaceae family, or ginger family. They are well-known for their
vivid blossoms and fragrant rhizomes. Known for its therapeutic virtues and widespread
use as a spice, ginger (Zingiber officinale) is arguably the most well-known member of
this family. Other important members are galangal (Alpinia galanga), cardamom
(Elettaria cardamomum), and turmeric (Curcuma longa). Numerous Zingiberaceae
plants are useful in cooking, medicine, and ornamentation.

Plant-4 Curcumalonga-The curcumalong plant [Link] in Hindi is also known as

turmeric and is a member of the zingiberaceae family.

Root and stem-The underground stems that resemble ginger rhizomes are called
turmeric rhizomes. They have a unique earthy aroma, a slightly bitter taste, and are
thick, meaty, and orange-yellow in color. Curcumin, the molecule responsible for many
of the therapeutic qualities of turmeric, is one of the bioactive substances found in the
[Link] plants have tall, erect stems that can grow up to one meter in length.
Usually hidden beneath the soil, they sprout from the rhizomes. The portion of the stem
above ground is made up of leafy shoots that have leaves that are oriented obliquely
along the stem. The leaves are long, green, and have noticeable veins.

Leves- The elongated, lance-shaped leaves of the turmeric plant grow alternating along
the stems. Their vivid green hue is complemented by noticeable veins that run parallel
to the midrib. The characteristic scent of turmeric leaves is somewhat spicy and harkens
back to the rhizomes. Though they're not as common as the rhizomes, these leaves are
mostly employed in several cuisines for flavoring and wrapping.

Flower -Although the plant's rhizomes are more well-known, the turmeric plant's
blossom is nonetheless incredibly beautiful. Long stems that sprout from the center of
 33

the plant bear turmeric blooms. Cone-shaped, layers of vibrant bracts make up the
flowers itself. Light pink, deep red, or even orange are possible color variations for these
bracts. Little petals make up the flower itself, which are frequently concealed by bracts.
Turmeric is grown largely for its rhizomes, so although the blooms are attractive to look
at, they are not usually picked for culinary or medicinal purposes.

Seed-Although seeds from turmeric plants can be harvested, this method of

multiplication is not very popular. The plant known as turmeric yields tiny, dark brown
seeds. They are housed inside capsules or pods that form following pollination of the
flowers. Nonetheless, as this technique guarantees genetic homogeneity and quicker
growth, turmeric is usually grown vegetatively through rhizome divisions as opposed to
from seeds. Consequently, in terms of cultivation, the rhizomes of the turmeric plant are
more important than the seeds.

Medicinal value -Turmeric (Curcuma longa) is a flowering plant that is commonly

used for its many therapeutic uses. It is a member of the Zingiberaceae family of ginger
plants. An outline of its identification and medical efficacy is provided below:

[Link] Compound:- Many of turmeric's therapeutic qualities are attributed to

curcumin, the plant's main bioactive ingredient.

[Link]-inflammatory:- Turmeric is used to treat inflammatory diseases like arthritis,

inflammatory bowel disease, and joint pain because of its strong anti-inflammatory
properties.

[Link]:- As a potent antioxidant, curcumin found in turmeric scavenges free

radicals and shields cells from oxidative damage. This characteristic may aid in the
prevention of several diseases and is good for general health.

[Link] Health:- By increasing bile production and lowering gas and bloating,
turmeric promotes better digestion. It helps to improve gut health and relieve
indigestion.

[Link] Health:- Turmeric protects the liver from oxidative stress and toxic damage
while also promoting detoxification mechanisms, which promote liver health.

[Link] Health:-Curcumin may enhance blood vessel function, lessen blood clot
formation, and lower cholesterol, all of which promote heart health and lower the risk of
cardiovascular illnesses.
 34

[Link]-cancer:-Although more research is required to completely understand turmeric's

potential in cancer prevention and treatment, it has demonstrated promise in slowing
the proliferation of cancer cells and preventing tumor formation in several types of
cancer.

[Link]:- Because of its antibacterial qualities, turmeric may be able to treat

illnesses caused by bacteria, viruses, and fungi.

[Link] Health:- The anti-inflammatory and antibacterial qualities of turmeric make it a

popular topical treatment for skin disorders like psoriasis, eczema, and acne.

[Link]:-By lowering oxidative stress and inflammation in the brain,

curcumin has neuroprotective properties that may help guard against
neurodegenerative illnesses like Parkinson's and Alzheimer's.
Because of its therapeutic qualities, traditional medical systems like Ayurveda and
traditional Chinese medicine also employ it. But before using turmeric for medical
purposes, you should definitely speak with a doctor, especially if you have any
underlying medical conditions or are on medication.

Family -Amaryllidaceae-The flowering plants in the Amaryllidaceae family are

renowned for their colorful blooms and storage structures such as rhizomes, corms, and
bulbs. Famous genera are Galanthus (snowdrops), Narcissus (daffodils), and Amaryllis.
Although certain species are used medicinally and are grown for aesthetic reasons,
care should be taken because several members of this family can be hazardous.

Plant -5 Allium sativum-Allium sativum is the species of [Link], in Hindi, is also

called garlic. It is a member of the amaryllidaceae family.

Root and stem-The garlic plant's stem is comparatively short and grows straight out of
the bulb. It is cylindrical, thin, and grows to a height of between 30 and 60 centimeters.
Along its length, the stem has long, narrow leaves that emerge alternately. Like cloves,
these leaves are smooth, flat, and smell strongly. Garlic is grown for its culinary use,
ancient medicinal uses, and as a natural cure for a variety of ailments. Both the bulb
and the stem of the plant are essential.

Leves-Garlic leaves are long and narrow, growing from the stem in a tufted fashion.
They smell strongly like garlic cloves and are silky and dark green in color.

Flower -The garlic plant develops scapes, or flower stalks, that protrude from the center
of the plant. With a terminal umbel near the tip, the scape is long and thin. A spherical
 35

cluster of tiny, white to pale pink blooms makes up the umbel. These flowers have a
unique appearance since they are made up of six white or pink tepals rather than
petals. Since the bulbs are the main component of the plant that can be harvested,
gardeners frequently remove the garlic blooms to focus the plant's energy on
developing bulbs.

Seed -Vegetables seldom yield viable seeds, and those that do are rarely utilized for
seed production. The seeds are asymmetrically formed, tiny, and black. They grow
inside tiny, spherical capsules that appear at the top of the scape following flower
pollination. On the other hand, cloves are usually planted in place of seeds for
vegetative propagation of garlic since they guarantee faster growth and genetic
homogeneity. Consequently, garlic seeds are not as important to cultivate as garlic
cloves.

Medicinal values -For millennia, people have utilized the therapeutic benefits of
garlic, or Allium sativum. This is a summary of its therapeutic benefits:

1. Antibacterial and Antiviral:- Due to its inherent antibacterial and antiviral qualities,
garlic is useful in treating a wide range of diseases, including those brought on by
bacteria and viruses.

[Link] Boosting:- The immune system can be strengthened by garlic, which makes
the body more capable of fending off illnesses. Garlic may lessen the intensity and
frequency of colds and the flu when consumed regularly.

3. Cardiovascular Health:- Studies on the effects of garlic on blood pressure,

cholesterol, and circulation have been conducted. Additionally, it might aid in preventing
blood clot formation, which lowers the risk of stroke and heart disease.

[Link]:- Antioxidants found in garlic aid in defending cells against harm from
free radicals. This could slow down aging and lower the chance of chronic illnesses like
cancer.

[Link]-inflammatory:- Asthma and arthritis sufferers may find relief from their
symptoms thanks to the anti-inflammatory qualities of garlic.

[Link] Health:- By encouraging the growth of beneficial gut bacteria and digestive
enzymes, garlic helps in digestion. Bloating and indigestion symptoms might be
lessened by it.
 36

[Link]:- Garlic improves liver health by supporting liver function and aiding in
the body's detoxification process.

[Link]:- Studies have indicated that garlic may have anticancer qualities,
especially against stomach and colorectal cancers. It might lessen the chance that a
tumor will form and assist stop the proliferation of cancer cells.

[Link]:- Yeast infections and fungal infections like athlete's foot can be treated
with the antifungal qualities of garlic.

[Link] Healing:- Garlic has been applied topically to encourage the healing of
wounds and ward against infections. You can use crushed garlic cloves in poultices or
apply them straight on wounds.

Even though garlic has a lot of potential health benefits, you should still consume it in
moderation and speak with a doctor, especially if you have any underlying medical
conditions or are taking medication. Garlic should also be used sparingly because it
might cause allergic responses or upset stomachs in certain individuals.

Family - plantaginaceae- The family Plantaginaceae is made up of flowering plants

that are valued for both their decorative and therapeutic qualities. Veronica, Digitalis,
and Plantago are notable genera. While foxgloves, or Digitalis, and verdant plants, or
plantains, are common decorative plants, they are also frequently employed in
traditional medicine.

Plant-6 Bacopa monnieri-The Bacopa monnieri plant species, a member of the

Plantaginaceae family, is also known as the Barhmi in Hindi.

Root and stem -Known by most as Brahmi, the herb Bacopa monnieri Brahmi roots are
white, fibrous, and slender. In order to anchor the plant and take up water and nutrients,
they develop shallowly in the soil and spread out horizontally. The prostrate, thin stems
of brahmi plants are dispersed horizontally across the surface of the earth or water.
Their color ranges from pale green to reddish, and they have nodes where roots and
leaves can sprout. The stems bear tiny white blooms in the leaf axils and can reach
lengths of several inches.

Leves-Bacopa monnieri, the plant that yields brahmi, has small, succulent leaves that
are oriented in an opposite direction along the stems. They look glossy, have smooth
edges, and are oval in shape. Brahmi leaves are usually light green, however
depending on the surroundings, they can occasionally have reddish or purple
 37

undertones. These leaves, which are the main portion of the plant used medicinally, are
well-known for improving cognitive function.

Flower -The tiny, insignificant blossoms of the bacopa monnieri plant, also known as
brahmi, are white or light lavender in hue. They are five-petaled and grow in the leaf
axils along the stems either singly or in tiny groups. Brahmi flowers, which are mostly
grown for their medicinal qualities, give aesthetic value to the plant even if they are not
very showy.

Seed -Little, capsule-shaped fruits with seeds are produced by the brahmi plant
(Bacopa monnieri). The seeds have a brown hue, spherical shape, and size. When the
fruit capsules burst open and the seeds are released, they are scattered. The plant is
usually grown vegetatively using stem cuttings or root system division; brahmi seeds
are rarely utilized for this purpose.

Medicinal values -With a vast array of therapeutic benefits, brahmi (Bacopa

monnieri) is a highly valued herb in conventional Ayurvedic medicine. Below is a
detailed summary of its therapeutic properties:

[Link] Enhancement:- Brahmi has a well-known reputation for boosting mental

clarity, memory, and focus. Students and others suffering from cognitive decline can
benefit from it since it is frequently used to support learning, focus, and mental clarity.

[Link] Reduction:- Because of its adaptogenic qualities, brahmi aids in the body's
ability to cope with stress and fosters serenity and relaxation. It might lessen anxiety,
lessen the signs of sadness, and lift one's spirits generally.

[Link]- Because of its neuroprotective properties, brahmi helps to

regenerate neurons and shields nerve cells from harm. In addition to lowering the risk of
neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, it may help
prevent age-related cognitive loss.

[Link]:- Antioxidants included in brahmi help the body reduce oxidative stress
and combat dangerous free radicals. This may lessen inflammation, lessen the chance
of developing chronic illnesses, and shield cells from harm.

[Link]-inflammatory:- Brahmi possesses anti-inflammatory qualities that could

potentially mitigate inflammation and pain linked to ailments such as rheumatism,
arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease.
 38

[Link] Health:- Because it lowers blood pressure, cholesterol, and improves

circulation, brahmi may be beneficial to heart health. Along with lowering the risk of
cardiovascular illnesses, it might also aid in preventing blood clot formation.

[Link] Health:- By encouraging healthy gut function and inducing the release of
digestive enzymes, brahmi can help with digestion. It might aid in the relief of bloating,
indigestion, and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).

[Link] Protection:- Brahmi helps maintain the function of the liver by promoting the
mechanisms involved in detoxification and shielding the liver from oxidative stress and
toxic damage.

[Link]-inflammatory:-Brahmi possesses anti-inflammatory qualities that could

potentially mitigate inflammation and pain linked to ailments such as rheumatism,
arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease.

[Link] Health:- Brahmi is applied topically to ease skin irritations, lower inflammation,
and accelerate the healing of wounds. Acne, psoriasis, and eczema are among the skin
disorders that it might help treat.

Family -Moringaceae-The family Moringaceae is well-known for its useful and

adaptable species, chief among them being Moringa oleifera. The edible components of
these tropical trees include their leaves, flowers, pods, and seeds. They also feature
compound pinnate leaves. They are important for both nutrition and traditional medicine
since they are nutrient-rich, quickly-growing plants with a variety of therapeutic
applications.

Planta-7-Moringa oleifera-Moringa oleifera is the species of [Link] in Hindi is

also called the Moringa, and which is a member of the Moringaceae family.

Root and stem - The taproot system of the moringa plant (Moringa oleifera) is
characterised by a strong, deep primary root that serves as the plant's anchor in the
ground. Lateral roots grow outward from this taproot, supporting the plant and allowing it
to take up nutrients and water from the soil.
Usually thick, woody, and upright, the stem of the moringa plant sprouts branches at
nodes along its length. The size of the stem might vary based on the plant's age and
development environment. Its smooth, grayish-brown bark covers it most of the time.
The stem transfers nutrients and water from the roots to the remainder of the plant,
maintaining the structure of the plant.
 39

Leves- The Moringa oleifera plant's leaves are compound and pinnately organised,
consisting of many leaflets positioned on either side of a central axis. A solitary terminal
leaflet is present at the end of each leaf, which normally has an odd number of
leaflets—between three and nine. The leaflets are smooth-textured, tiny, and elliptical to
ovate in form. Moringa leaves are useful for both culinary and medical applications
since they are extremely nutrient-dense and packed with vitamins, minerals, and
antioxidants. They are frequently eaten either fresh or dried and added to a variety of
foods, beverages, and supplements.

Flower -The Moringa plant (Moringa oleifera) produces tiny, white blooms with five
petals placed symmetrically. Usually, they develop in clusters along the stem or at the
tips of branches. Moringa blossoms draw pollinators like bees and butterflies with their
subtle scent. The plant's decorative attractiveness is enhanced by the combined
appearance of its rather insignificant individual blossoms.

Seed- The long, slender pods that surround the seeds of the Moringa plant (Moringa
oleifera) are commonly referred to as "drumsticks." These pods, which can reach
lengths of one to two feet, are filled with many seeds that are held in place by a fibrous
pulp. Each tiny, spherical, brownish-gray moringa seed has three papery wings affixed
to it. These seeds are useful in industry, medicine, and cooking because of their high oil
content.

Medicinal values -Known by several names, including "drumstick tree" and "miracle
tree," Moringa oleifera is well known for numerous medical uses. Its main medical
benefits are as follows:

[Link] powerhouse:- Because moringa leaves are high in vital amino acids,
minerals (calcium, potassium, iron), and vitamins (A, C, E, and numerous B vitamins),
they are an excellent source of nourishment.

2. Antioxidant properties:- Its strong antioxidant content includes flavonoids,

polyphenols, and vitamin C, which work to counteract damaging free radicals in the
body and lessen inflammation and oxidative stress.

[Link]-inflammatory effects:- Studies have demonstrated the anti-inflammatory

qualities of compounds included in moringa, which may help reduce the symptoms of a
variety of inflammatory diseases.
 40

[Link] blood sugar levels:- Moringa may be helpful for those with diabetes or those
who are at risk of getting the disease because some research indicates that it may help
control blood sugar levels.

[Link] cholesterol:- Studies on the plant have demonstrated lowering cholesterol

levels, especially LDL cholesterol (the "bad" cholesterol), which can lower the risk of
stroke and heart disease.

[Link] immune function:- The body is able to fend off infections and illnesses
thanks to the high concentration of nutrients and antioxidants in it.

[Link] digestive health:- Fibre and naturally occurring digestive enzymes found
in moringa support a healthy gut microbiota and facilitate digestion.

[Link] properties:-The antibacterial action of compounds found in moringa

has been shown against a variety of pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, and fungus,
and may aid in the prevention of infections.

[Link] healing:- Because of the anti-inflammatory and antibacterial qualities of

moringa extracts, they have been traditionally used to aid in the healing of wounds.

[Link]-cancer potential:- Although additional research is required to prove moringa's

efficacy in cancer prevention and treatment, several preliminary studies suggest that it
may have anticancer effects.
Throughout history, traditional medical systems all around the world have utilised
moringa oleifera for its many medicinal benefits. But before taking supplements
containing moringa, you should definitely speak with a doctor, particularly if you are
taking medication or have any pre-existing medical conditions.

Family -Apiaceae: Often referred to as the parsley or carrot family, the Apiaceae family
comprises a variety of flowering plants that are distinguished by their characteristic
umbels, or umbrella-shaped flower clusters. Typically, these plants are herbaceous,
having finely split leaves and hollow stems. This family contains many aromatic species
that have distinctive flavours and aromas due to the presence of essential oils. Carrots,
parsley, celery, dill, fennel, and coriander are a few well-known plants in the Apiaceae
family. In addition to some extremely hazardous species, this family contains both edible
and therapeutic plants.
 41

Plant-8- Centella asiatica- In Hindi, gotu kola is another name for the plant species
Centella asiatica, which is a member of the Apiaceae family.

Root and stem - The roots of gotu kola are thin and creeping, extending horizontally
across the earth. Because of their relative thinness and fibrousness, these roots help
the plant spread and take over marshy, damp places. Though the plant's aerial parts are
more frequently employed, the roots are occasionally used for medicinal purposes in
traditional medical systems like Ayurveda and Traditional Chinese Medicine.
The thin, creeping or trailing stems of gotu kola usually grow in close proximity to the
ground. Their characteristic spherical form and silky feel define them. When the stems
come into touch with the soil, the leaves generally root at the nodes that give rise to the
leaves. Vascular tissues seen in the green stems carry nutrition, water, and

Leaves -Gotu kola leaves are smooth-textured, dark green, and have a round to oval
form. They are prized for their therapeutic qualities, which include improving cognition
and healing wounds, and they grow sporadically along the plant's stems. Moreover, they
are utilised in a variety of Southeast Asian culinary recipes.

Flower -Known by its official name, Centella asiatica, the Gotu kola plant has tiny,
delicate blooms that are clustered in thick clusters known as umbels. Usually, a flower
consists of five little petals that vary in colour from pink to white. These blooms appear
at the extremities of the stems, usually from the axils of the leaves. Despite their lack of
visual appeal, they are essential to the plant's reproductive cycle because they draw
pollinators like butterflies and bees.

Seed- As part of its reproductive cycle, gotu kola, also known by its scientific name,
Centella asiatica, yields tiny seeds. But compared to other plant parts like the leaves or
stems, the seeds are not as frequently used or discussed. Small, round, and brownish
in hue, these seeds are typical. Following pollination, they grow inside the blooms and
are then released to germinate and produce new plants in other areas. Although the
seeds are a vital component of the plant's life cycle, unlike other plant parts, they are
not usually collected or used in food or medicine.

Medicinal values -For generations, the herbaceous plant known technically as

Centella asiatica, or gotu kola, has been utilised in traditional medicine. Many
therapeutic benefits are thought to exist for it, such as:

1. Cognitive Enhancement:- Gotu kola is frequently promoted as having the ability to

enhance memory, focus, and general cognitive performance. According to certain
research, it might improve cognitive function and brain health.
 42

2. Wound Healing:- Gotu kola has been applied topically to promote the healing of
wounds. Cuts, burns, and other wounds may heal more quickly if it is believed to
stimulate the formation of collagen and improve local circulation.

3. Anti-inflammatory Properties:- Compounds in the plant with anti-inflammatory

qualities may help lower bodily inflammation and lessen the symptoms of inflammatory
diseases like arthritis and skin irritation.

4. Antioxidant Effects:- Antioxidants, which can help shield cells from harm brought on
by free radicals, are abundant in gotu kola. This could be a factor in its potential to
prevent ageing and to advance general health and wellbeing.

[Link] Effects:- According to certain studies, gotu kola may have anxiolytic
qualities, which means it may aid in lowering anxiety and fostering calm. This explains
why it's a well-liked herb in conventional medicine for stress and anxiety relief.

6. Improved Circulation:- Blood circulation is said to be boosted by gotu kola, which

can have a number of positive health effects, including as better wound healing,
enhanced cognitive function, and support for cardiovascular health.

7. Skin Health:- Because of its alleged capacity to increase skin suppleness, lessen
wrinkles, and accelerate wound healing, gotu kola extracts are frequently found in
skincare products. It's thought to increase collagen synthesis and enhance the general
health of the skin.

[Link] Cancer Prevention:-To completely comprehend gotu kola's potential in

cancer prevention and therapy, additional research is necessary, but some studies
indicate that specific chemicals contained in the plant may have anticancer qualities.

Family -Asteraceae-With more than 32,000 species, the Asteraceae family of flowering
plants is one of the biggest and most varied. Its blooms are distinct, with numerous tiny
florets arranged in dense clusters. Asteraceae plants are found in many different types
of ecosystems all over the world. Among its economically significant species are food
crops, decorative flowers, and medicinal herbs. They perform vital ecological activities
and generate a vast array of chemical substances. There are species that cause
allergies.

Plant-9 Taraxacum officinale- In Hindi, "dandelion" also refers to the plant species
Taraxacum officinale, a member of the Asteraceae family.
 43

Root and Steam-With a long, deep taproot that holds the plant firmly in the ground, the
dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) has a taproot system. This plump, thick taproot stores
water and nutrients for the plant. It can reach many inches below the surface of the soil.
The dandelion's hollow, smooth stem can grow as tall as 30 centimetres (12 inches). It
appears from the centre of the leaf basal rosette. A milky latex liquid is released when
dandelion stems are split; aside from a few tiny leaves near the base, they are leafless.

Leaves -The dandelion plant (Taraxacum officinale) has basal rosette-forming leaves,
which are arranged in a circular pattern and crowded close to the base of the plant.
Although the morphology of these deeply lobed leaves varies, they usually have
serrated margins. They are smooth, glossy, and, depending on the species and growth
environment, can have colours ranging from deep green to purple. Because dandelion
leaves are high in minerals like calcium and iron and vitamins A, C, and K, they're a
popular addition to salads and herbal beverages.

Flower -The dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) plant produces its seeds inside a fluffy,
spherical structure known as a "pappus" or "seed head." Numerous tiny seeds are
found on each seed head, which are held in place by white, hair-like structures called
parachutes. These parachutes help disperse the seeds by allowing the wind to carry
them across great distances. Because dandelion seeds are easily disseminated, the
plant can swiftly spread to new locations. A tuft of fine hairs on each seed serves as a
parachute, allowing the seed to be blown by the wind to new areas where it will
germinate.

Medicinal values -The fluffy, spherical structure known as a "pappus" or "seed head" is
where the dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) plant produces its seeds. Each seed head
has many tiny seeds, called parachutes, which are structures that resemble white hair
and hold the seeds in place. The seeds are dispersed by the wind thanks to these
parachutes, which enable them to travel long distances. Dandelion plants can spread
quickly to new areas due to the ease with which their seeds can be distributed. Every
seed has a little tuft of fine hairs that acts as a parachute, allowing the wind to carry the
seed to new locations where it will sprout.

[Link] Health:- It is thought that dandelion supports liver health by encouraging bile
production, which facilitates cleansing and digestion. Additionally, it might promote
general liver health and enhance liver function.
 44

[Link] Aid:- The use of dandelion as a digestive aid is well-established. It can

ease gastrointestinal symptoms, encourage a healthy digestive system, increase
appetite, and cure constipation.

[Link] Properties:- Because of its natural diuretic properties, dandelion aids in the
elimination of extra fluid from the body by encouraging the production of urine. This
characteristic renders it beneficial for ailments such as mild edema, bloating, and water
retention.

[Link]-inflammatory Effects:- Compounds in dandelion have anti-inflammatory

qualities, which may help lessen inflammation all over the body. For ailments including
gout, arthritis, and other inflammatory diseases, this may be helpful.

[Link] Activity:- Vitamin C, phenolic compounds, and flavonoids are just a few
of the antioxidants found in dandelion. Antioxidants aid in the body's defense against
damaging free radicals, shielding cells from deterioration and lowering the chance of
developing chronic illnesses.

[Link] Sugar Regulation:- Dandelion may be advantageous for people with diabetes
or those at risk of getting the disease since some studies indicate that it may help
control blood sugar levels.

[Link] Health:- Applying dandelion topically has been used to relieve eczema, acne,
and other skin irritations. Its anti-inflammatory and antibacterial qualities might aid in
reducing inflammation and accelerating skin healing.

[Link] Support:- Vitamin C and zinc, two vitamins and minerals that boost immune
function, are found in dandelions. Including dandelion in the diet has the potential to
improve general health and boost the immune system.

Family - Ginkgoaceae-The genus Ginkgo, which includes only one extant species,
Ginkgo biloba, also referred to as the ginkgo tree or maidenhair tree, makes up the
family Ginkgoaceae. As the only surviving member of a group of plants that date back
over 270 million years and have stayed essentially unchanged for millions of years,
Ginkgo biloba is referred to as a "living fossil" of the Ginkgoaceae family. The family is
distinguished by its distinct reproductive systems, fan-shaped leaves, and dioecious
(separate male and female) reproductive system. Ginkgo trees are widely used as
ornamental and shade trees throughout the world due to their resistance to diseases,
pests, and urban pollutants. Additionally, traditional medicine uses Ginkgo biloba leaf
extracts for a variety of health advantages, though scientific proof
 45

Plant -10-Ginkgo biloba-The Ginkgo biloba plant species. Ginkgo biloba, which is also known
as such in Hindi, is a member of the Ginkgoaceae family.

Root and stem-The Ginkgo biloba plant has relatively shallow, spreading roots that are enhanced
by a fibrous structure that aids in soil anchoring and nutrition and water absorption.
The Ginkgo biloba tree's stem, or trunk, is robust and upright, with smooth grayish-brown bark
that becomes severely furrowed with age. The leaves on the branches are distributed erratically
in fan shapes and are spaced irregularly along the trunk.

Leaves -The Ginkgo biloba tree has alternating fan-shaped leaves that are placed along the
stems. They resemble a hand with its fingers outstretched, giving them a very distinctive look.
Typically, ginkgo leaves are green in the growing season, but in the autumn, they change to a
vivid golden-yellow color before dropping from the tree. Typically ranging in length from 2 to 5
inches, each leaf has a slightly leathery feel and a waxy texture.

Flower -The blossoms of the Ginkgo biloba tree are not particularly eye-catching. Due to the
dioecious nature of these flowers, individual trees can only be male or female. A fleshy outer
layer known as an ovule encloses round, plum-like seeds produced by female trees, while male
trees produce little, cylindrical structures called catkins that carry pollen. The tree's unusual
fan-shaped leaves frequently draw attention to the flowers, which lack striking petals or sepals.

Seed- An ovule, or fleshy outer layer resembling a little plum, encloses the seeds of the Ginkgo
biloba tree. Because of the potent and disagreeable stench that these crushed ovules release,
female trees are rarely planted in urban settings. The rigid shell that encloses the seed inside the
ovule shields it. A little, spherical almond is frequently used to describe the unique shape and
size of ginkgo seeds. In certain civilizations, they are also utilized in cooking in addition to being
gathered for their therapeutic qualities.

Medicinal values -Ginkgo biloba—also referred to as maidenhair tree or ginkgo—is well

known for its possible therapeutic uses. Its main medical benefits are as follows:

1. Cognitive Function:- Many people take ginkgo biloba extract to enhance their memory and
cognitive performance. In people with age-related cognitive decline or cognitive impairments, it
is thought to promote blood circulation in the brain, which may aid with cognitive performance,
focus, and memory.

[Link] Properties:- Strong antioxidants found in ginkgo biloba, such as flavonoids and
terpenoids, aid in scavenging dangerous free radicals from the body. Antioxidant activity has the
 46

potential to lower inflammation, safeguard cells from oxidative damage, and improve general
health.

3. Peripheral Circulation:- Blood circulation is known to be enhanced by ginkgo biloba,

especially in the veins and arteries of the extremities. Leg pain, Raynaud's illness, and cold hands
and feet are a few ailments with low circulation that it might help with.

[Link] Health:- According to some research, ginkgo biloba may enhance blood flow to the
eyes and shield retinal cells from harm, therefore supporting eye health and vision. Conditions
including glaucoma and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) might benefit from it.

5. Anxiety and Depression:- Studies have been conducted on the possible effects of ginkgo
biloba on mood disorders, including depression and anxiety. Some studies indicate that it may
have antidepressant and anxiolytic benefits; these effects may be related to its effects on
neurotransmitters and brain circulation, but more research is necessary.

[Link] and Tinnitus:- Through increased blood flow to the inner ear and decreased
inflammation, ginkgo biloba may help relieve the symptoms of tinnitus (ear ringing) and vertigo
(dizziness). For these ailments, it is frequently used as an adjunctive therapy.

[Link]-inflammatory Effects:- The anti-inflammatory qualities of ginkgo biloba may aid in

lowering inflammation all over the body. For ailments like inflammatory skin disorders, asthma,
and arthritis, this may be helpful.

[Link]:- Ginkgo biloba extract may help shield nerve cells from deterioration and
injury by exerting neuroprotective properties. It is a topic of interest for study into
neurodegenerative illnesses including Parkinson's and Alzheimer's because of its possible
benefit.
 47

CHAPTER- 4

RESULTS and DISCUSSION

 48

CHAPTER- 4

RESULTS

Ethno-botanical research in Uttar Pradesh, focusing on regions like Jaunpur and

Banaras, delves into the intricate relationships between local communities and their
surrounding plant biodiversity. Detailed studies involve extensive fieldwork to document
traditional knowledge related to plant identification, cultivation techniques, medicinal
properties, and cultural significance. Researchers work closely with indigenous
communities, herbal healers, and traditional practitioners to compile comprehensive
databases of plant uses, often passed down through oral traditions over generations.

These studies reveal a wealth of information about the diverse flora of the region and its
multifaceted roles in daily life, ranging from medicinal remedies for various ailments to
culinary ingredients, religious rituals, and handicraft materials. Moreover,
ethno-botanical research sheds light on sustainable harvesting practices and
conservation strategies, aiming to preserve both biological diversity and cultural
heritage.

In addition to documenting traditional knowledge, ethno-botanical research in Uttar

Pradesh often involves scientific validation of medicinal plants through phytochemical
and pharmacological analyses. This interdisciplinary approach helps identify bioactive
compounds with therapeutic potential, contributing to the development of new drugs and
healthcare solutions.
 49

DISCUSSION

Root stem leaves flower fruits seed, inflorescence .

The study of ethnobotany in Jaunpur and Banaras would likely explore the traditional
knowledge and uses of plants by the local communities in these areas. It would involve
documenting the medicinal, cultural, and economic significance of various plant species,
as well as the indigenous practices associated with their use. Such research could
contribute to conservation efforts, sustainable resource management, and potentially
the development of new medicines or products derived from local flora.

an ethnobotanical study in Jaunpur and Banaras would involve fieldwork to identify,

document, and analyze the plant species used by the local people for various purposes
such as medicine, food, rituals, and crafts. Researchers would interact with
communities to understand their traditional knowledge, beliefs, and practices related to
plants.

This research could uncover unique uses of plants, traditional healing methods, and
cultural significance attached to certain species. Additionally, it may shed light on how
urbanization, globalization, and environmental changes are affecting traditional plant
knowledge and practices in these regions. The findings could inform conservation
strategies, promote sustainable utilization of plant resources, and potentially lead to
collaborations between traditional healers and modern medicine practitioners for
developing new treatments.

In Uttar Pradesh (UP) and Jaunpur Banash, ethno-botanical studies delve into the
knowledge systems passed down through generations, highlighting the diverse flora
and the intricate ways local communities interact with them. Researchers explore not
only the botanical properties of plants but also the cultural significance attached to
them, shedding light on sustainable practices and traditional ecological knowledge that
can inform conservation efforts and modern medicine.
 50

CHAPTER- 5

Conclusion
 51

CHAPTER -5

Conclusion

The conclusion of the ethnobotanical study in Uttar Pradesh (UP), specifically in

Jaunpur and Banash districts, likely reflects on the rich traditional knowledge of plant
use among local communities. It may discuss the significance of preserving this
knowledge for medicinal, cultural, and ecological purposes. Additionally, it might
highlight the importance of collaboration between indigenous communities, researchers,
and policymakers to promote sustainable practices and conservation efforts.
Furthermore, the conclusion could suggest practical applications of the research
findings, such as the development of herbal medicines or the identification of potential
bioactive compounds for pharmaceutical purposes.

In addition to summarizing the findings and emphasizing the importance of traditional

plant knowledge, the conclusion of the ethnobotanical study in Jaunpur and Banash
districts might also discuss the need for documentation and preservation of indigenous
plant species. It could address challenges faced by local communities, such as habitat
loss, overharvesting, and cultural erosion, and propose strategies for mitigating these
threats. Furthermore, the conclusion might advocate for the integration of
ethnobotanical knowledge into conservation policies and educational programs to
promote sustainable management of plant resources and foster cultural appreciation.

Ethnobotanical study in Jaunpur and Banash, there could be a call to action for further
interdisciplinary research, involving botanists, anthropologists, pharmacologists, and
local community members, to deepen our understanding of plant-human interactions. It
might also emphasize the importance of respecting indigenous knowledge systems and
fostering partnerships based on mutual respect and benefit-sharing. Additionally, the
conclusion could underscore the role of ethnobotanical studies in promoting biodiversity
conservation, supporting sustainable livelihoods, and preserving cultural heritage for
future generations.
 52

CHAPTER- 6

References
 53

CHAPTER- 6

References

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 56

Azardica indica Withania somnifera

Zingiber officinale Curcuma longa

 57

Allium sativum Bacopa monnieri

Moringa oleifera Centella asiatica

 58

Taraxacum officinale

Ginkgo biloba