Lecture #2.
Introduction to Power System
Operation and Control
Dr. Salman Harasis
Fall-2021
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Stability of a Power System
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Generation Units
It contains three basic units:
1- Synchronous generator.
2- Exciter and Automatic voltage regulator.
3- Turbine and Governing system
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A) Synchronous Generator:
➢ Can be classified into:
1- High speed generators, driven by steam or gas turbine (1500 or 3000 rpm).
2- Low speed generators, driven by water turbine (500 or below rpm).
➢ Generators have two main magnetic parts manufactured from magnetic steel:
1- Stator winding: it carries the load current and supplies power.
2- Rotor winding: it contains DC excitation winding produces rotating magnetic
flux to synchronize the rotating speed.
➢ Modern synchronous generators have combined cycle gas turbine(CCGT) plant
utilizing air-cooled generators.
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B) Exciter and Automatic voltage regulators (AVR):
- Its function is to supply and control generator DC field current.
- The power rating of the exciter is usually in the range 0.2-0.8% of the generator's
MW rating.
1) Exciters:
- Exciters can be classified as: Rotating exciters or Static exciters.
2) AVR: it regulates the generator terminal voltage by controlling the amount of
current supplied to the generator field winding by the exciter.
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➢ - Types of exciters:
(a) cascaded DC (c) inside-out synchronous generator with
(b) reluctance machine with rotating rectifier
generators; rectifier
(d) controlled rectifier fed from (e) controlled rectifier fed from the (f) controlled rectifier fed by the
the auxiliary supply; generator terminals generator’s voltage and current
SG: synchronous generator / SR: slip rings / ME: main exciter / AE: auxiliary exciter /
RR: rotating rectifier / ET, excitation transformer / AS: auxiliary service busbars / 6
CT: current transformer / AVR: automatic voltage regulator
➢ - Types of exciters:
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Block diagram of exciter and AVR system
detailed scheme
Simplified Scheme
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▪ The amplifier (gain) is limited with a
number of limiters to protect the AVR,
exciter, and generator from excessive
voltages and currents.
▪ The load compensation is used to
compensate the voltage drop across the
compensating impedance (Zc).
▪ The regulation process is stabilized
using a negative feedback loop taken
directly from either the amplifier or the
exciter.
▪ Power system stabilizer (PSS) is added
to help damp power swings in the
system.
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Power System Stabilizer (PSS)
• A power system stabilizer (PSS) is added to the AVR subsystem to help damp
power swings in the system.
• PSS is a differentiating element with phase shifting corrective elements.
• Its input signals may be proportional to rotor speed, generator output frequency or
the electrical real power output of the generator.
• The AVR parameters have to be chosen appropriately to maintain the voltage
regulation (VR).
• For small disturbances, that quality can be assessed by observing the dynamic
voltage response of a generator to a step change in the reference value. V = Vref+ -
Vref-.
Typical recommended value/ dynamics
tε ≤ 0.3 s for static exciters
tε ≤ 1.0 s for rotating exciters
εp ≤ 10%
1
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C) Turbines and governing systems:
1) Turbine: is a device used to drive the synchronous generator.
- Four types of turbine:
1- Steam turbine.
2- Gas turbine.
3- Combined cycle gas turbine.
4- Hydro turbine.
1- Steam turbine:
uses coal, oil, or nuclear power to produce high pressure and temperature steam is a boiler.
The energy in the steam rotates blades converting
thermal energy into mechanical energy.
- Steam turbines can be:
1- Non-reheat (for generators below 100 MW).
2- Single reheat: three stages (HP 30%, IP 40%, LP 30%).
3- Double reheat: four stages (VHP 20%, HP 20%, IP 30%, LP 30%).
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2- Gas turbine:
uses gas thermal energy with compressed air to rotate blades
converting thermal energy into mechanical energy.
- Typical efficiency of gas turbine is 35%.
3- Combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT):
it is a gas turbine uses its exhaust heat to raise steam in heat recovery boiler and
generate more electricity using smaller steam turbine.
- Typical efficiency of CCGT is 55%.
- It is better than steam turbine and gas turbine according to technical and
environmental issues.
4- Hydro turbine:
uses water flow or fall potential energy (head) to rotate the turbine's blades.
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Hydro turbines
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Combined cycle power plant video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KVjtFXWe9Eo
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2) Governing system: is a device used to control the turbine by which it can be started, run-up to the
operating speed, and operate on load with the required power output.
- Two types of governor:
1- Mechanical –hydraulic: old and uses Watt centrifugal mechanism.
2- Electro-hydraulic: have no deadbands and have high accuracy.
Simplified more and
more
Electro-hydraulic
Turbine Characteristics
The coefficient KA corresponds to the amplification gain of the servomotor; coefficient R corresponds to the gain of the feedback
loop.
TG = 1/(KAR) and is the effective governor time constant.
Pref is the load reference set point expressed as a fraction of the nominal or rated power, Pn. (Pref < Pn)
• Physically droop can be interpreted as the percentage change in speed required to move the valves from fully open to fully
closed.
Droop characteristics
