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Echinodermata

Echinoderms are mainly marine animals eg starfish,sea urchins.

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amos4mat
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34 views8 pages

Echinodermata

Echinoderms are mainly marine animals eg starfish,sea urchins.

Uploaded by

amos4mat
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
atnnadih> . : \ “¢ SS) ' " PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA ntains about 6000 species, gets its name " Many-echinoderms actually do xists, exclusively in the sea, ‘ The phylum Echinodermata , which cor from the Greek, literally meaning “spiny skin. have "spiny" skin, but others do not. This phylum e: ' and cannot be found on land or in fresh water. Members of he phylum Echinodermata include sea stars (starfish), sea urchins, sea cucumbers, sand dollars, brittle stars, and feather stars. Echinoderms are the most closely related phylum to the phylum Chordata, which \includes*many complex organisms such as humans. : : General characteristics and classification of Phylum Echinodermata _ Chios: Spines; derma: Skin) ae} . Kingdom: Animalia i : . Habitat: These are exclusively marine . Grade of organization: organ system grade Germ layer: triploblastic Symmetry: Adults are'radially symmetrical while the larvae are bilaterally symmetrical. 7. Coelom: present ( coelomate) 8. Body without segmentation 9. The shape of the body is flat, star like, spherical or sioneated [Link] is absent [Link] of tube feet [Link] oy’ water vascular system [Link] is present on ventral side while anus is present on dorsal side [Link]: by papule, gills or clocal respiratory tree 15,Nervous system: absent, they-are brainless organism. [Link] system: is reduced, heart is absent - lood has no:pigment. [Link] system: complete . QvEVNe [Link] system: absent [Link]: mostly dioecious, rarely monocious [Link]: . + Sexual: by gamatic fusion + Asexual: regentration . . . _ [Link]: extemal i. [Link]' lopment: indirect with characteristic larvae ¢ a) at. The approximately 7,000 species of extant echinoderms fall into five well- ._ defined clades: Crinoidea (sea lilies and feather stars), Ophiuroidea (basket , stats and brittle stars), Asteroidea (starfishes), Echinoidea (sea urchins, sand dollars, and sea’biscuits), and Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers). Clastification of phylum Echinodermata It is divided into 5 classes: [Link] " 25,Ophiuroidea [Link] [Link] ‘ i [Link] * Class ] Asterbidea «Body is flattened star shaped with five arms - +. They possesses tube feet with a sucker «Presence of calcareous plates and movable spines. + Respiratory organ: papulae ‘ : « Examples: Asterias (Star fish), Astropecten, Zoraster, Oreaster , Class 2 Ophiuroidea = Body is flat with pentamerous disc + They possess @ long arm which is sharply demarcated from the central disc. . They possesses tube feet without sucker Anus and intestine are absent Respiratory organ: Bursae . Examples: Ophiderma, ophiothrix, Astrophyton, Amphuria, etc ¢ Zo ( ‘Class 3-‘Echinoidea + Body is*disc-like hemi-spherical iA -— +” They are devoid of arms r free-rays A ’ _ + They possesses'tube'feét with:a'sucker. « They possess compact skeleton arid movable spines. - «. Examples: Echinus (Sea urchin), Cidaris, Arbacia, Echinocardiuin Diadema i BR ul ote fred pa oan asi Bas aly PIS Sloe eds Chasprttistimaraea Se EE spooling like cucumber.” . ‘ing: ich is modified infeitentiales, ang form, 1220111 ssais2e390M8 A cirel8around mouth. © pauigao eu cc phansingia ere N90 IM) = : + “RespirBtory, organ: cloacal X Pa sat + Examples: Cucumaria (Se: iG, ia! fete | OM aN s a pouyyag. you steer 99068 Sree ee % : ~2. “ . * PW AU Ae ba). Pro 102 1g + The vertebrates 8) Phylum Chordata ‘The phylum Chorduta (chordate animals) include all those animals which at sometimes’ or ing rod: that lies another during their life history possess a notochord (an axial stiffer Gites to the nerve cord), : - ~> i General Characteristics of Chordates = + Their body is bilatgcally, symmetrical. . - + Inthe higher forms the body is divided into head, trunk and post anal tail region. ~ fey havea notochord lying ventral to the central nervous system, i = = oin te higher forms the-notochord:is replaced duritg development 10: greatet“or lesser 7 degree by the vertebral column, ~The sexes are separate, + The body is metamerically segmented. - + ‘The heart is ventral. + Typically the epidetmis of the body wall is stratified, . + The central nervous system is hollow, dorsal and tubular. . " haryiue possesses Iaterel openings or pouchis, which ‘appear only duiing lopment. 3 “ ification of Chordates ‘The phylum Chordata is divided into four subphyla: |. kfémichordua:- are marines end wormlike animals e.g, Balanoglossus, 2. Urodisidaa Tunicats) eg, Ciona, sea squirs, {3+ Cephalochordate (Acrania) eg. Branchiostoma (Amphioxus), 4, Vertebrata The fest three subphiya are collectively called Protochordata and they are entirely marines, . Subphylum Vertebrata é General Characteristics of Vertebrates ~The body is bilaterally symmetrical. “The body is divided into three regions; a head with en internalcrarfum, a trunkang apost *" anal tail. = ‘The head bears the mouth and the organs of special senses. ‘They are multicellular eninfal derived from embryos having three tissues (germ) layers: étoderm, Mesoderm end Endoderm lining the gut. = The 63d) cavity or coelom has separates openings for’ "outhend anus, “ + The notochord terminates at the cranium. . : ‘fhe notochord is supported and in advanced forms replaced. by, cartilaginous or bony elements, which constitute the vertebral column, as Sense organs are concentrated in the head, this is known es Cephalization.. = Acomplex brain is associeted with the orgens of special senses, if formed. . + [Link] is encased by the cranium, which supports and protects it. -" There is a well developed ventral heart, - Gonads are segmented. . - Kidneys are mesodermal in origin. Vertebrates Classification i ‘The sybphylum Vertebrata is divided into two superelasses: 1. Superdiass Agnatha (jawless): - divided into two classes viz Cyelostomata (lamgtty aid hagfishes) and Otracodermi (extinct). Superclass Gnathostomata (jaw bearing): - divided. into- two. groups based on the diversify of their habits, forms and structures, These as . Fishes (pisces): - comprising of three classes: Placodermi Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes. _ Tetrapods: - these are orgenisms with two pairs of appendages ending in five claws (peatadactyl) comprising of four classes: Amphibia, Réptil 6 ‘The Pisces . L 3, ‘The Tetrapods L ¢ ; Class Placodermi ‘a (fis class includes the earliest known Gnathostomes. “They dere mostly bottom dwelling animals and were dorso'ventrally flattened. * ‘They were diverse in structure. They pioneered gas bladder that were ultimately to become lungs. Class Chondriehthyes Cartilaginous fishes (skeleton made of cartilage). ‘They form a compact group. Nearly always merine and predaceous in habit, hunting by smell. Have high concentration of urea in blood. (ave no operculum over gills FertiRzation is external, Class Osteichthyes wa Bony fishes are the only vertebretes that have gills on egch side of the body in common chamber covered by moveble bony operculum. "S ‘They have bony skeleton. : geales are usually present. Their ‘They have paired fins dy is stream-lined, Class Amphibia e.g, toad, frogs, salemanders, etc, ‘Are animals thet spend past oftheir if in water end part on land. ee are fresh water and terrestrial; they cannot tolerate marine environmenis, hey gre pentadactyl Skin is without scales, Respiration through gills in larval forms and lungs, skin and buccal eavity in adults Sexes wre separates, Fertilization is mostly external. . Some have internal development. >) “ 62 : : + Upper jaws fused to the skull, Adaptations for Life on Land in Amphibia ‘The amphibians are believed to be the frst vertebrates to occupy-land. Various adaptations to ‘erestral life are found in diffrent amphibian groups; to a greater to lesser extent. es demanded by their various habits. The following are some of such adaptations: : 1. Loss of tail. in some and’ well developed liijbs, hind: limps are* specialized for hopping/jumping. ‘ v Some are limbless and theinskulls are solidly builds for ease burrowing, : 3, Ability to hold large amount of water inthe desert ie, z Appearance of pentadactyl limbs, : 5. Heavily-cornified layer in skin which is typical of land vertebrates d 6. Shoneing ofthe body isa chiraterisis change ftom aga totes life and itis seen in many amphibians especially in frogs andtozds, 7. Lungs and vascularized skin for respiration, ; : 5 A well developed tongue is the characterstc-organ for-cetching food end is one of the.» Special features required for terrestrial Life, TR 9: Mucus glands in skin help to’ keep skin moist. [Link] glandular secretion help Keep the eyes and-nostils clear of obstruction: this is demanded by terrestrial life, ce 2. Class Reptilia e.g, lizards, snakes, crocodiles, turtles, ete, . ‘ + "Skins dry and bears epidermal scales, : Respiration is exclusively by lungs, : ‘ > Limbs end in five di its with claws, ; ~ Eggs have large yolk and are enclosed in shells, Vertebral column is long and flexible with distinct neck, leart is completely divided into two halves external ear, ‘. nite “63 “+. Skull is jointed to the vertebral column, ~ Tre poikilothermie (cool bigoded): foes Hatched young ones are essentially similar in shape gd habits 10 their parents, 3. Clade Aves (bitds) e.g, ostrich, hen, ete. ; ORE - They warm blooded: . + They combine flight with bipiedalism ie. two footed locomotion, . “+ Feathers aré unique to birds. es + Forelimbs are modified es wings. i ~ Skin is covered by feathers, ; : ~The lovier part of the hind limbs is covered by scales, : + -They have horny beak; which is a modification of the jaw. + They have [Link] heart.. * i = They-bave no teeth.. ; C_Fenitizston is internal, 3 nw & . 4. Class Mammalia y af igtmuals are vertebrates thet have attained the most complete structural dnd: physiological “ modi@uion to, terrestrial life." few live-in the sea and fresh water: and gre modified accordingly. * + Young are nourished by milk produced by mammary glands, i ” Skin is covered by fur (hair). ~ Respiration is by lungs. + The brainis large. . + Fertiiz n is internal, 3 . ~ * They have external ear lobes, . : ee 7 ln most species embryo are noutished though’ special Connection to the female parent ~: called placenta, 7 Lee a Tpeyare warm blooded.. i : } + Heartis four chambered, * + Have high metabolic rate, *s 2 Hove smestand sebaceous lands, : a

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