PROBLEM 5
Steam leaves the boiler in the steam plant at 2MPa, 300 0c and is expanded to 3.5MPa
before entering the condenser. Compare the following cycles:
1. A superheated Rankine cycles.
2. A reheat with cycle, with steam reheated to 300 0c at the pressure when it becomes
saturated vapor.
3. A regenerative cycle, with an open feedwater heater operating at a pressure where
steam becomes saturated vapor.
4. A regenerative cycle, with a closed feedwater operating at a pressure where the
steam becomes saturated vapor.
Rankine cycle
Solution
Referring to figure 38, the steam table shows that:
h4 =3,025KJ/Kg
S4 =6.768 KJ/Kg-K
AT P =3.5kPa,
Sg =8.521 KJ/Kg-K
Sf =0.391 KJ/Kg-K
Since s5 =s4, steam at 5 is a mixture of liquid and vapor. The quality is found as
S 5−Sf
X5 =
Sfg
6.768−0.391
=
8.130
=0.758
Therefore,
h5 =hf+x5hfg
=112+0.785(2,458)
=2,023 KJ/Kg
Hence
W45 =h4-h5
=3,023-2,023
=1,002 KJ/Kg
Now
W12=h1-h2
=Vf(p1-p2)
=0.0010(0.0035-2)×103 KJ/Kg
=-2 KJ/Kg
Therefore, the net work output is
W =w45 + w12 =1,000 KJ/Kg
Heat input is
q42 = h4-h2
But
H2=H1-W12 = 112+2=114 KJ/Kg
Therefore,
Q42=3,025-114=2,911 KJ/Kg
Thus,
W 1,000
ղ= = =0.344.
q 12 2,911
also
3,600 3,600
specific steam consumption ¿ = = 3.6kg/kWh
w 1,000
Reheat cycle
(2) referring to figure 39’ and note that since
S5 = ssat =s4 =6.768 Kj/Kg-K
The pressure at reheat point 5 can be found using the steam table. Interpolation
between 0.55Mpa and 0.6Mpa gives
P5 = 0.588Mpa.
Then,
0.588−0.55
h5 = 2,753+ (2,757−2,7530)
0.60−0.55
0.038
=2,753+ ×4
0.05
=2,756kJ/kg
As 5 and 6 are also on the same isobar, by interpolation
0.588−0.5
h6 = 3,065+ (3,062−3,065)
0.60−0.5
0.088
=3.065+ ×(−3)
0.1
=3.062.4 kJ/kg
S6 = 7.460+0.88(7.373-7.460)
=7.460+0.88(-0.087)
=7.384 kJ/kg-k.
At p =3.5mpa,
Sg = 8.521 kJ/kg-k
Sf =0.391 kJ/kg-k
Since s7 = s6, the quality at 7 is found as
7.384−0.391
☓7 = 8.130
=0.86
Then
h1 =112+0.86(2,438)
=112+2,095 = 2,207 KJ/Kg
The net work output is given by
W = W45+W67+W12
=(3,025-2,765)+(3,062.4 - 2,207)-2
=1,1224
The heat input is
q = q42 + q65
=2,911+(h6-h5)
=2,911+(3,062 - 2,756)
=3,217.4
Therefore,
1,122.4
Ղ= =0.349
3,217.4
3,600 3,600
and s.s.c = = =3.2 kg /kWh.
w 1,122.4
Equipment schematic for regenerative cycle
Regenerative cycle
(3) refer to figures 40(a) and 40(b). the work done as in (b)
W45 = 269 KJ/Kg
Net to determine the amount of steam bled off at 5. Consider the energy balance for the
open feedwater heater with
h2’ = yhs – (1-y)h2
Which gives
'
h 2 −h 2
y= .
h 5−h2
To find the value of h2’, enter the steam table. T 5 the pressure is known (p=0.588Mpa)
and the state state of the steam is given in saturated vapor . therefore the interpolating
between the values of 0.5Mpa and 0.6Mpa , obtain
0.588−0.55
h2’= 656+ ( 670−656 )
0.60−0.55
0.038
= 656+ × 14
0.05
=666.6 KJ/kg
Then ,
666.6−114
y=
2,756−114
552.6
=
2,642
=0.209
Hence,
W56 = ((1-y)(h5-h6)
=0.791(2,756-2,023)
=580 KJ/kg
Also
w2’2’’ =vf(p2’-p2’’)
=0.0011(0.588-2)×103
=-1.1×1.412
=-1.55KJ/kg
Therefore,
W = w45+w56+w12+w2’2’’
=269+580-0.791-1.55
845.87 KJ/kg
The heat input is
q41=3,025-(666.6+1.55)
=2,356.8 KJ/kg
The efficiency of this cycle is
w 845.87
Ղ= = =0.3595
q 42 ’ ’ 2,356.8
3,600 3,600
And s.s.c = = =4.25 kg /kwh
w 845.9
Equipment diagram including closed heater
Regenerative cycle with closed heater
(4) refer to figure 41 (a) and 41 (b). The work is as in part (b).
w45 = 269kJ/kg
Heat balance of the heater as a closed system gives
h21 = yh5-(1-y)h2
giving
h 1−h 2
Y=
h5– h9
Now in finding the enthalpies in the feed line, it is usual to make the following
assumptions:
I. Neglect the feed pump term.
II. Assume the enthalpies of the closed to be the same as that of saturated liquid at the
same temperature.
III. Assume the states of the condensates extracted from the turbine, before and after
the throttling, to be the same as that of the saturated liquid at the lower pressure
of the throttled liquid.
Using these assumptions,
h2 = h1
h11 = h8
h9 = h10 =h1
whence
h 8−h1
y=
h 5−h 1
666.6−112
= =0.209 kJ / Kg
2,756−112
Also
w56 = 580kJ/Kg
Therefore,
w = w45+w56+w12
= 269+580-2 = 847 kJ/Kg
Heat input q411 = 2,358.4 kJ/Kg.
Then
w 847
ղ= = = 0.360
q 411 2,358.4
and
3,600 3,600
s.s.c. = = =4.25 kg /kwh.
w 847
PROBLEM 6
1) One kilogram of gas of air at 101.35 kPa, 21˚C is compressed in an Otto cycle
with the compression ratio of 7 to 1. During the combustion process, 953.66kJ of
heat is added to the air. Compute (a) the specific volume, pressure and the
temperature at four points in the cycle, (b) the air standard efficiency, and (c) the
MEP (mean effective pressure) and hp of the engine, if it uses 1kg/min of air.
2) calculate the efficiency for the Carnot cycle operating between the maximum and
the minimum temperatures of the Otto cycle (figure 42).
Otto cycle
SOLUTION
1) at stage 1,
p1 = 101.35kPa
T1 = 294K.
