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INTRODUCTION TO MINOR TACTICS

AND GROSSARY OF TACTICAL TERMS

AIM
1. The aim of this subject is to teach O/Cdts attending
the Cdts Course what they must know to train an
infantry Pl and Command in battle.

ROLE OF THE INFANTRY

2. The primary role of the infantry is to close with the
enemy and kill him.

TYPES OF WAR
3. Broadly speaking, there are three types of war for
which our army must be trained. These are:-
a. Limited war, which is, limited geographically
and the use of weapons, but in future
may involve the use of nuclear weapon.
b. Internal security operations.
c. Total war involves many countries and the use
of nuclear weapon e.g. WW II.

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NEED FOR PLANNING
4. The time available for training is always too short,
the platoon commander will rarely have time to do all he
wants to do. He must therefore plan all his training with
care to make the best use of the time available. The first
essential in all planning is a clear aim. Before he begins
to plan any training the platoon commander must be
quite clear about his aim in his own mind.

TACTICS
5. Minor tactics is the application of weapons and
formations to ground. Every platoon and section
commander must master:-
a. Weapon handling.
b. Fire control.
c. Field craft and appreciation of ground.
d. Selection and construction of the positions.
e. Concealment and construction of cover.

6. Once a battalion has been committed into battle

success or failure depends almost entirely on the
initiative of the junior leaders and the efficiency with
which they handle their commands.

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7. Tactics are essentially common sense and officers
and NCOs should regard them as such. There are certain
factors which are constant, these are:-
a. The aim.
b. Surprise.
c. Simplicity of plan.

8. A leader must first of all have the confidence of his

men, and to gain this he must have confidence in
himself. Knowing the job brings about confidence. A
leader must be decisive.

9. Loyalty is an essential of leadership; unless a

leader is himself loyal to his superiors he cannot
expect loyal support from his subordinates.
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10. A leader must understand discipline. He must

command the man under him firmly but with
common sense firmness. He must give clear orders
and must insist on them being efficiently carried out.

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COMMON TACTICAL TERMS

ALL ROUND DEFENCE

1. Position organized and sited to give 360o of
observation and fire.

ARC OF FIRE
2. This denotes the area of ground for which the
fire unit is responsible and within which it will
engage targets. An arc of fire must not be confused
with a field of fire.

ASSEMBLY AREA – ASSY AREA

3. An area in which a command is assembled
preparatory to further action.

AXIS OF ADVANCE
4. A line of advance assigned for purpose of
control: often a road or a group of roads or a
designated series of locations, extending in the
direction of the enemy.

BATTLE PROCEDURE
5. The process by which a commander receives
warning order, makes map recce, receives order,
makes physical recce, makes plan and issues orders
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to subordinate commanders then finally commit
troops into battle.

BATTLE POSITION
6. Position from which a unit or sub –Unit fights
its battle.

BOUNDARY – BDRY
7. An artificial division to define the limits of
responsibility or manoeuvre. Boundaries delineate
the frontage assigned and may vary in accordance
with the task of the unit or formation.

BOUND
8. Single movement, usually from cover to cover
made by troops often under artillery fire or small
arms fire.

CODE WORD
9. A word, which conveys a meaning other its
common one, prearranged by the correspondents.

CONCENTRATION AREA – CONC AREA

10. a. An area, usually in the theatre of operations,
where troops are assembled before
beginning active operation.
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b. A limited area on which a volume of gun

fire is placed within a limited time.
COUNTER – ATTACK
11. Attack by a part or all of defending force against an
enemy attacking force, for such specific purposes as
regaining ground lost or cutting off or destroying enemy
advance Units, and with the general objective of denying
to the enemy the attainment of his purpose. In sustained
defensive operations it is undertaken to restore the battle
position and is directed at limited objectives.

COVERING FIRE
12. Fire used to protect troops when are within range of
enemy small arms fire.

DEAD GROUND
13. Any portion of a ground, which an observer cannot
see when looking in the direction of that particular piece
of ground.

DEFENDED LOCALITY
14. An area on the ground organized for all round
Defence, e.g. a platoon or company locality. The general

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line of foremost localities will be known as the line of
forward Defended Localities.

DEFILADE:
15. a. Protection from hostile ground observation and
fire provided by an obstacle such as hill
ridge or bank..
b. To shield from enemy fire or observation by
using natural or artificial obstacles.

DELIBERATE ATTACK
16. A careful planned, deliberately staged, closely
coordinated attack against organized defences.

DIRECT SUPPORT – DS
17. The support provided by a unit or formation not
attached or under command of the supported unit or
formation,but it is required to give the support required
by that unit or formation.

DEFENDED POST
18. A piece of ground put in a state of defence by a
section.

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EFFECTIVE RANGE
19. The maximum distance at which a weapon may be
expected to fire accurately to inflict casualties or
damage.

ENFILADE FIRE
20. Weapon fire originating from a flank.

FIELD OF FIRE
21. The area which a weapon or a group of weapons
may cover effectively with fire from a given position.

FIRE UNIT
22. Any number of men firing under the command of
one man; usually an infantry section.
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HARASSING FIRE -HF

23. Fire designed to disturb the enemy troops when at
rest,moving or when doing any other activity so as to
curtail all movements of the enemy by threatening the en
forces to lower down their morale.

FORMING UP PLACE – FUP

24. The last position occupied by the assault echelon
before crossing the start line/line of departure.
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FORWARD SLOPE
25 Any slope which descends towards the enemy.

GROUP ZERO – GZ
26. The point on the surface of land or water at, or
vertically below or above, the center of the bust of a
nuclear weapon.

H HOUR
27. a. The specific hour on D day on which hostilities
commence.
b. When used in connection with planned
operations, it is the specific hour on which the
operation commences.

IN LOCALITY
28. An area which provides concealment and from
which units situated within another units or sub-units
area of responsibility is engage in a task for a higher
formation.

JUNCTION POINT
29. An agreed point between two adjacent forces where
they establish contact.

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MUTUAL SUPPORT
30. That support which units render each other against
an enemy, because of their assigned tasks,their position
relative to each other and to the enemy and their inherent
capabilities.

OBJECTIVE-OBJ
31. The physical object of the action taken, e.g. definite
tactical feature, the seizure and/or holding of which is
essential to the commander’s plan.

OBSERVATION POST – OP
32. A position from which military observations are
made, fire directed and adjusted, and which possesses
appropriate communications may be by airborne.

ORDERS GROUP – OGP

33. Consists of those personnel to whom the commander
issues his orders.

PASS WORD
34. A secret word of distinctive sound, which consists of
two, used to reply to a challenge.

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RECONNAISSANCE GROUP – RECCE GP

35, Consists of the commander and those personnels
whom it is essential for him to have with him on this
reconnaissance.
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REFERENCE POINTS
36. A series of points on the ground used to control
movements, for reporting locations and for directing fire.
Usually described by nicknames with or without
numbers.

REPORTLINE
37. The line utilized for control and Co-ordination of
military operations.

RENDEZVOUS – RV
38. A selected place for sub – units or individuals to
meet.

STARTLINE – SL
39. A line designated to co-ordinate the departure of
attack or assaulting elements.

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STRONG POINT
40. A key point in a defensive position, usually strongly
fortified and heavily armed with automatic weapons,
around which other positions are grouped for its
protection.

TWO UP
41. A formation with two elements disposed forward,
the remaining elements in rear.

DEFILE
3. Any natural or artificial feature or structure that
restricts the front of moving column.

PRINCIPLES OF WAR

INTRODUCTION
42. The military experience of the past has been reduced
to the form of rules of action the observance of which
may help to bring success in war.

APPLICATION
43 The principles of war apply at section as well as any
other level. Their application may alter, following

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changes in weapons and tactics, but the principles
themselves will not change.

PRINCIPLES
44 a. Selection and Maintenance of the Aim
It is important that in the conduct of a military
operation no matter how simple it may
be to SELECT and clearly define the aim. Once
the aim is defined all efforts must be
directed toward its attainment. This principle is
called the master principle and is
always placed first.
b. Maintenance of Morale
Success in war depends on morale than on
physical qualities. Few things which may help
to keep the morale high are:-

(1) Brief in the cause. The soldier must be

made to know that the war is just and it
is vital for nation future to win.

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(2) The soldier must be made to feel that the
men of his country are better than the
enemy.
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(3) The soldier must be made to feel that he is a
part and a necessary equipment of
the establishment or sub unit he belongs to.
c. Offensive Action
Victory can never be won by passive defence
which merely serves to vet defeat. Offensive
action is the necessary fore runner of victory, it
may be delayed, but until the initiative is seized
and the offensive taken, victory is impossible.
d. Security
A sufficient degree of security is essential in
order to obtain freedom of action to launch an
offensive action.
e. Surprise
Every effort must be made to surprise the
enemy. By doing so you will get the maximum
rewards of your efforts.
f. Concentration of Forces
In order to gain victory in war it is important to
concentrate superior force to that of the enemy
at the decisive time and place.
g. Economy of Effort
This implies a balanced employment of forces
and a judicious expenditure of all resources with
the object of achieving concentration of force at
the decisive time and place.
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h. Flexibility
Modern warfare demands a high degree of
flexibility the ability to enable pre –arranged
plans to be altered to meet changing situations
and unexpected developments. Flexibility also
implies the capability of transferring force
rapidly from place and to maintain it in action.
j. Co – operation
This bases on aim work and involves the co-
ordination of all units so as to achieve the
maximum combined effort from the whole.
k. Administration
Without good Adm arrangements the morale of
troops breaks the efficiency lowers and the
achievement of the aim becomes very difficult.

SUMMARY
45 a. These principles require intelligent perception
hence copying of details must be
Discouraged.
b. Here are the principles stated once again:-
(1) The selection and maintenance of Aim
(2) Maintenance of morale
(3) Offensive action
(4) Security
(5) Surprise
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(6) Concentration of force
(7) Economy of effort
(8) Flexibility
(9) Co-operation
(10) Administration.

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FIRE AND MOVEMENT

INTRODUCTION
46. The section must be taught fire and movement for
the following reason:-
a. It serves unnecessary casualties especially in the
withdrawal
b. It teaches basic principles of all tactical doctrine
that serves as an introduction to higher tactics
for junior leaders.
c. It exercises most of the basic infantry skills,
which are needed in this kind of operation field
craft, weapon handling, physical fitness, team
work, fire control command and leadership.
d. It develops an offensive spirit in the soldier.
e. It produces an offensive and therefore effective
fire section in support of a platoon attack.
f. It is useful for fighting patrols.
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g. It is a basic battle drill in jungle fighting.

PRINCIPLE OF FIRE AND MOVEMENT

47. There are five principles for sec and platoon fire and
movement, once contact with the enemy has been made:-
a. Control by the commander.
b. Speed.
c. Movement on exposed ground without covering
fire should be reduced to the minimum.
d. Angle of covering fire should be as wide as
possible without loss of control and time.
e. Use of ground and available cover within the
limits of boundaries laid down, the use of
smoke, the light mortar or grenades will always
be considered.

SECTION LEVEL
48. The section Comd may be faced with possible
situation:-
a. If caught in the open within changing distance,
the only possible course is to assault.
b. If stopped by the enemy small arms fire at
normal range he must decide:-
(1) Direction of assault
(2) Position of the LMG

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His direction it depends on the ground but if
the LMG is already committed on one flank
it will usually have to get into a fire position
on that flank, moving the LMG from one
flank to another within 200 yards of the
enemy is generally not feasible.
MOVEMENT
49. In the section of nine men the strength of LMG will
be three, section 2i/c will be responsible for the
following:-
a. Maintaining ammunition supply.
b. Observing and directing fire of the LMG.
c. Relaying the sec Comd orders to the No 1 LMG.
d. Observing the movement and position of the
rifle group in the assault.
e. Giving local protection to the LMG group.

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FIRE POSITION
50. The selection of the fire position is great and
important task. In the defence concealment and cover is
one of very important to select the best fire position,
much imagination must be shown sometimes it may be
necessary to use trees, roof tops or wall etc.

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FIRE CONTROL
51. In the battle fire control is the task of sec Comd and
2i/c Sec Comd to control his section, to obtain the best
fire effect, the sec Comd must know:-
a. How to locate and indicate target.
b. What weapon to use.
c. How to estimate range accurately.
d. What type of fire to order.
e. How to position himself, so as to control the fire
of his sec, he must keep a constant supply on the
ammunition and maintain an adequate reserve.

VERBAL ORDERS

INTRODUCTION
52. Operational orders will always be issued depending
on tasks at hand, which will always determine the phase
of war to be conducted. Orders for Advance, Attack,
Defence or withdrawal phases of war are given
purposely and by sequence. At Bn level and below,
operation orders will normally be given verbally. It is
therefore important for commanders at such level to
prepare them-selves in receiving and issuing orders
verbally and when necessary by radio. Comds receiving
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orders must extract orders such as to suit their group
only and others, which do not involve their groups, may
be regarded as information.

ORDERS AND BRIEFINGS

53. Orders and briefs are issued for the following
reasons:-
a. To enable subordinates understand what their
Comds intends to do.
b. How is it going to be done.
c. What part they themselves have to play.

METHODS
54. Orders may be passed down from higher authorities
by the following methods:-
a. Verbally.
b. Message.
c. Note form or writing – here the receiver only
takes down all that himself is concerned
with,

NECESSITIES
55. The preparation and issuing of operational orders
calls for the attention of the following necessities:-
a. Wide imagination:-
(1) Ask yourself – will it be possible?.
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(2) Are the resources available enough?.
(3) Will the time space be sufficient?
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b. Understand battle technique.

(1) Tactical deployment of troops, weapons
grouping etc.
(2) Characteristics.
(3) Capability.
c. Efficient and correct practical for orders, etc this
will instill confidence among troops.
d. Confidence. This helps in:-
(1) Morale.
(2) Correct sequence.
(3) Enhancement.
(4) Clarity.
Note:- Do not be overconfident.

SEQUENCE
56. Orders in the army are issued in fixed sequence
(format) key word SMEAC. The sequence in detail
for any operational orders depending on the phase of
war with guiding note will be discussed later on this
is used because:-
a. Subordinate Comds know what is coming
next.
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b. Tired Comds are less likely to omit vital
points,
c. This sequence is logical easy to follow and
remember.
d. Subordinate Comds can easily grasp quickly
and make relevant extracts.
e. The sequence is standard throughout the
army.

GROUND
57. Is always described before orders are issued.
This gives the “Orders Group” a mental picture of
the country over which the action will take place and
will make the details easier to grasp. It is described
from left to right and reference points and nicknames
are given. This may be carried out by:-
a. Using the actual ground, from where the
“O” gp can see the entire ground of
operation but remembers protection and
cover.
b. By using maps and air photo or
c. Sand model to present the ground of
operation. Here explain or describe the
following:-
(1) Suitable and unsuitable areas for March.
(2) Dead ground and covered approaches.
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Orders group proceeding to an RV for
orders eg Pl Comd attending Coy Comd
orders group must equip themselves with
Notebooks, pencil, map Aids memoire and
other items as listed in the SOI. In order to
save the time it is advice able to have a
sequence of issuing orders as follows. After
the ground description order will be issued
with the opening “GENTLEMEN
ORDERS” under following headings (see
Annex A)
Situation
Mission

Execution
Adm & Log
Comd and signal.
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LAYOUT OF AN OPERATIONAL ORDER

ANNEX “A”
TO OPS O
Describe the ground: From left to right.
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SITUATION
1. a. Enemy
(1) Strength
(2) Aim
(3) Weapon
(4) Morale
(5) What do they wear/uniforms).
b. Friendly Forces
(1) Who are you “ We are Pl.
(2) Right
(3) Left.
c. Attachments and Detachments
(1) Attachments if any
(2) Detachment if any

MISSION
2. 1 Pl shall attack en at Lashaine hill by 1700 Hrs
today (Read this paragraph twice always).

EXECUTION
3. a. General outline: Pl shall attack en by two up
formation.
b. Grouping and Tasks
(1) Sec No 1
(2) Sec No 2
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(3) Sec No 3
(4) Mor rep (if there is any)
(5) Ant Tank rep (if there is any)
(6) Fd Engr rep (if there is any)
c. Co-ordinating instruction:-
(1) Timing
(a) H-hour
(b) From assy area to FUP
(c) From FUP to SL
(2) Location
(a) Assy area
(b) FUP
(c) SL
(d) Reorganization
(e)
(3) Order of March
(4) Rate of advance

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ADMINISTRATION AND LOGISTIC
4. a. Dress
b. Feeding arrangements
c. Causalities
d. Ammunition
e. POW

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COMMAND AND SIGNALS
5. a. Who will Comd
Position of comd
b. Radio frequency
c. Signals for:-
(1) Starting to attack
(2) Success
(3) Reorganization
d. Password

NOTE: a. Give time to your sec comd to go through

their orders.
b. Ask questions for confirmation.
c. Remember to synchronize watches.

APPRECIATION
INTRODUCTION
58. Appreciation of the situation is a logical process or
sequence of reasoning from known relevant factors,
which lead to the best of action to adopt in any given
circumstance. The essence of any appreciation is a clear
thought and logical reasoning.

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AIM
59. To teach O/Cdts the outline of simple combat
appreciation at a platoon level.

THE TYPES OF APPRECIATION

60. a. Quick or combat appreciation
b. Formal or written appreciation

COMBAT APPRECIATION
61. These are made mentally all commanders when
faced with tactical problems requiring a quick solution.
WRITTIEN APPRECIATION
62. a. Written or formal appreciation are made when
time permits in order to consider and solve
more complicated problems or to present
and argued case to enable a commander to take
b. a sound decision.

THE SEQUENCE OF THE COMBAT

APPRECIATION
63. The sequence of the thought appreciation as
follows:-
a. Aim
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c. Factors
d. Course Open
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e. The plan

THE AIM
64. The aim to be achieved will probably be the
immediate task or mission or the commander concerned,
however there may as well be limitations to the aim.
The aim must therefore be within the bounds of
immediate planning. The plan, which finally emerges,
must satisfy the aim and any imitations must be
considered in factors as it sets limits to the whole
appreciation.

Eg: If ordered to capture Lashaine hill by 1000 hrs,

your aim would be “To capture Lashaine hill
with the limitations” Hill to be captured by 1600
hrs.

FACTORS AFFECTING ACHIEVEMENT OF THE

AIM
65. Consider only those factors which really affect the
achievement of your aim for statement made ask
yourself “So what? This will test its relevance and get
the most outline of the factors to which the statement
referred.
a. Enemy
b. Own Forces
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c. Time & Space
d. Ground
e. Meteorology
f. Relative combat power
g. Assessment of Tasks
h. State of Moon

IN ATTACK
66. This is an important factor at platoon level and
should be considered as follows:-
a. ATTACK
Divide the ground into left, center and right
approaches, if you have already come under
Effective fire on using one approaches consider
other approaches under headings listed
For each approach considered:-
(1) Assault position
(a) Cover for deployment into assault
formation.
(b) Distance to objective from assault
position.
(c) Cover and going to object.
(d) Surprise.
(2) Route to assault Position
(b) Distance to assault position.

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(c) Cover and going to assault position
including obstacles.
(d) Surprise.

(e) Likely route enemy interference from

objective.
(2) Position of Covering fire
(a) Positions
(b) Cover from view and fire.
(c) Range with capability of weapon used.
(d) Direction of fire in relation to direction
of assault.
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b. IN DEFENCE
Consider enemy approaches from left, center
and right are as follows:-
(1) Ground – Dominating the approaches field
of fire should be 100 – 300 meters.
(2) Obstacles – Natural and artificial in relation
to approaches.
(3) Concealment – What ground can be used to
achieve surprise.
(4) Observation – Ability to observe enemy
movement by sentries and standing patrols.

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COURSE OPEN
67. Consider own course for example in defences you
would consider alternative layout that will enable you to
carry out tasks. Compare them with course open to
enemy. Select one which is most closed to the principles
of defence applicable. At a platoon level in a position.
Eg: a. Depth
b. Mutual support
c. Concealment.
d. All round defence.
e. Good communications.
PLAN
68. Make your plan giving just enough detail to enable a
Pl Comd to issue a warning order. The plan should
include or most of the following:-
a. Mission
b. Execution.
(1) General outline.
(2) Tasks.
(3) Assault posn.
(4) Route to assault posn.
(5) Formation.
(6) H – Hour
(7) Signals.
c. Administration and Logistics.
e. Command and Signals.
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BATTLE PROCEDURE
AIM
69. The aim of this précis is to outline battle procedure
at platoon level.

PURPOSE
2. The purpose of battle procedure is to assist the
commander in exercising his command and effective
deployment with the minimum delay, minimum orders
and maximum efficiency.

DEFINITION
70. Battle procedure can be defined as “The process
whereby a commander receives orders, makes map
recce,physical recce,prepares a plan and issue orders to
his subordinates and deploy the troops under his
command ready for battle.

ESSENTIAL OF GOOD BATTLE PROCEDURE

71. There are three essential ingredients to good battle
procedure:-
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a. Passing of Orders and Information

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Commanders should pass on to their
subordinates new orders or information about any
impending operation, at the first possible
moment. This enables their subordinates to get
with their own preparations.
b. Recce
Arrangements should be made for recce and
orders of commanders on the one hand, and
the Administrative preparation of troop on the
other, to take simultaneously. This is
termed “CONCURRENT ACTIVITY”.
c. TIME
Commanders should ensure that their
subordinates get sufficient time to do their own
recce, Planning and orders by working out the
time available between receipt of the original
orders and the start of the operation.

PRINCIPLES OF BATTLE PROCEDURE

72. Good battle procedure is achieved by observing the
following principles:-
a. Anticipation of future tasks.
Commanders at all level must think and plan
ahead beyond immediate tasks.
b. Efficient drills

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Well practiced drills based on good SOP for
movement make quick reaction.
c. Concurrent Activities
Concurrent activities must happen at all level
and should be initiated by a warning order.
d. A thorough Knowledge of Grouping System
Every soldier in a coy or pl must know who is
involved in the recce of future tasks and
who will receive the orders for them.

GROUPING
73. The process of battle procedure can be applied at all
levels and must be understood by all ranks. This is based
on the formation of groups. These groups are:-
a. The Reconnaissance Group (RGP)
This group composition varies at every level but
members should be kept to a minimum to aid
concealment.
(1) Pl Recce Group Consists of
(a) Pl Comd
(b) Runner
(c) Radio operator
(d) SP Wpn representative (if available).
(2) Coy Recce Group Consist of
(a) OC
(b) Runner
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(c) Radio operator
(d) SP Wpn representative (if available)

b. The Orders Group (OGP)

The O gp includes all who must directly receive
the commander’s orders:-
(1) Pl O GP” Consist of:-
(a) Pl recce group.
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(b) Section Comds.

(c) Pl Sgt (if possible)
(2) Coy “O GP” Consist of:-
(a) Coy recce group.
(b) Pl Comds
(c) Coy 2i/c
(d) CQMS
(e) CSM (if possible)
c. The Main Body
At Pl level, the main body is the remainder of
the platoon less the “R” and “O” GPS.
NOTE: Pl Sgt may not be available at times so
the Pl Comd will have to brief him later.

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74. Before conducting his recce commander will not
normally know all of his details of the coming operation.
He must, however, have certain information such as:-
a. The nature of he operations.
b. The general area of operations and
d. The time frame in which it will take place or the
time by which it must be completed.

75. Based on this information and applying his military

experience a commander can estimate:-
a. How much time he will require to make his
recce, plan and issue his orders.
b. When his troops must begin to move to the
battle area and what tactical control measures
will be necessary.
c. How subunits under his Command are like to be
grouped, and
d. The order in which his troops should arrive in
the battle area.

76. This estimate will form the basis of warning order,

which will be issued as early as possible to all subunits
under his Comd. Junior leaders, however, invariably
receive wng O from their superiors and they will issue
theirs based on that. The sooner the wng “O” can be
issued the sooner battle procedure can begin. Often it
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can be issued prior to the Commanders departure to
receive his orders.

CONTENTS OF A WARNING ORDER

77. a. Wng “O” Must Include:-
(1) A brief outline of the intended operation.
(2) RV and time for the “O” GP
(3) Earliest time for move/definite orders for
move of main body or “No move before .
Hrs or be at . Hrs notice to move from
.. hrs.

b. It should include when such information is

Known or can be estimated:-
(1) Any orders for move of advance parties or
other preliminary moves.
(2) Administrative instructions affecting the
resting or feeding of troops, regrouping
of troops, issue of ammunition, moves to
assembly area etc.

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/16
c. Example of a Wng “O”
WNG “O”
PL WILL ATTACK EN POSN AT GR 384325
(.) “O” GP RV AT GR 397284 AT 1100
HRS (.) NO MOVE BEFORE 1045 HRS
EXCEPT FOR THE RECCE PARTY (.)
FIRST LINE AMMO TO BE ISSUED (.) ACK
(.)///

TIME APPRECIATION
78. We have already seen that one of the essentials of
good battle procedure is the correct appreciation of time.
In appreciating time, you must bear in mind one of the
most important ingredients of good battle procedure is
CONCURRENT ACTIVITIES. You must allot time
sensibly to various activities, bearing in mind the fact
that some activities can take place simultaneously eg
recce, attending orders, rest etc.

CONCLUSION
79. You as a junior commander must understand
thoroughly well the mechanics
and importance of
80.

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good battle procedure. Remember that battle procedure
is a preclude to victory. See Annex “A” for an example
of Pl battle procedure in attack.

ANNEX “A” TO PLATOON

BATTLE PROCEDURE

PLATOON BATTLE PROCEUDURE – ATTACK

S/NO TIME ACTION PL ACTION BY ACTION

COMD SEC COMD BY MAIN
BODY
01. 0600 Receive Coy
Comds Wng
“O”
02. 0610- Makes Map
0640 Recce
03. 0640- Prepares and Receives
0730 issue Wng Wng “O”
“O”
04. 0730- Makes, Prepares Receives
0930 physical issues Wng Wng “O”
recce “O”
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05. 0930 Makes Preparation
–1100 appreciation and Battle
& Plan supervision Preparation
for section.
06. 1100- Prepares and Receives Feeding and
1230 issue orders Orders Rest
07. 1230 – Briefs the Pl Prepares and Receives
1300 Sgt issue “O” Orders
08. 1300- Feeding & Feeding & Rehearsal
1400 Rehearsal Rehearsal
09. 1400 Marrying up Marrying up Marrying up
–1410
10. 1410 – Moves from Assembly Area to FUP
1450
11. 1450 – Moves from FUP to Start line (SL)
1500
12. 1500 – H – HR
1530

./17
SECTION BATTLE DRILLS

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AIM
80. The aim of this précis is to outline the section
battle drills in the attack.

INTRODUCTION
81. Battle drills embrace a number of section and
platoon battle drills. These drills together form the
logical action to enable a section or a platoon to
overcome minor opposition using the principles of the
fire and movement. Every soldier in the section must
master these drills and be able to apply them
intelligently. Everyman must learn his job as a member
of the team and must be able, with minimum of orders
to apply the drills to different situations and variations of
ground.

82. The section attack has been broken into six basic
drills. Together form the logical sequence to enable a sec
Comd to overcome minor oppositions using fire and
movement.

SECTION BATTLE DRILL I BATTLE

PREPARATION
83. a. Personal camouflage. Break up the
outline of steel helmets, heavy sacks etc.

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b. Check that weapons are clean, serviceable and
properly oiled.
c. Check that ammo is clean, that
magazines and clips are properly loaded and that
Grenades are correctly prepared and primed
tracer for target indication distributed.
d. Check if radios are working properly.
e. Section Comds orders. The section
Comd will first number his men. He will then
give under the following headings:-
(1) Ground to include reference points
if possible
(2) Followed by SMEAC.
f. There are times sec Comd will have to
issue anticipatory orders on the advance.

SECTION BATTLE DRILL 2 – REACTION TO

EFFECTIVE ENEMY FIRE
84. Section must be trained to continue the advance
in spite of the noise of fire directed at someone else and
even in spite of stray rounds in their vicinity. Effective
enemy fire in these circumstances is enemy small arms
fire, which would cause causalities if the section
continued in its course.

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85. It is instinctive to most men to drop down on the
ground when under effective fire. This is wrong since
the enemy will often open fire when the target is in a
place with little or no cover. The best course of action
is:-
a. The Executive Order: “Take
cover” will be given by the section commander.
b. Every man will dash. Dive to the nearest
cover. Or that indicated by the sec Comd in
his Anticipatory orders. No man will run
more than 10 meters except when running
for Cover already by the sec Comd. The
most important thing is to seek cover and not
to go in the open.
c. Every man will dive drop into cover and
CRAWL away so that the enemy will not get
his sights on anyone when they reappear.
d. Every man will then come up to a position of
observation.
e. Section will to its utmost locate the
enemy and fire back immediately.
f. Bunching will be avoided at all times.

./18

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g. The process can be summarized as “TAKE
COVER” ordered by sec Comd “ RUN –
DASH-DOWN-CRAWL-OBSERVE-SIGHT
SET – FIRE”.

SECTION BATTLE DRILL 3 – LOCATION OF

ENEMY
86. Location of enemy is usually not easy. Failure to
locate the enemy means that the section will be unable
to move without suffering casualties, and may lead to
loss of initiative by the section and the halting of the
platoon advance.

87. There are three stages in the location of enemy

drill:-
a. By Observation
Look in the area from which the thump come
and try to spot anything unusual. If nothing is seen
after about 30 seconds, it is unlikely for the
enemy to be located by observation.
b. By Fire
Sec Comd will give a fire control order to a
couple of riflemen to fire shots into likely
enemy cover. At the time the rest of the
section must be observing and listening

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carefully. If there is no answering fire, the sec
Comd should try another likely target.
c. By Movement
The sec Comd will order two riflemen to get
up and double forward about 10 meters
to different cover. He might do this again
if it draws no fire, if there is still no enemy
reaction then he must continue the advance.

TARGET INDICATION
88. If any soldier in the section should locate the enemy
before the sec Comd, he will insert tracer in his rifle and
shout out loudly “WATCH MY TRACER” and fire, and
continue to fire until the sec Comd issued a fire control
order.

SECTION BATTLE DRILL 4 WINNING THE

FIRE FIGHT
890. As soon as the sec Comd knows the enemies
position, he must give a fire control order to bring
sufficient weight of fire out of the sight of the enemy to
neutralize them.

SECTION BATTLE DRILL 5 – THE ASSAULT

90. The sec Comds battle orders should be as brief as
possible. He need not mention the enemy’s position as
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this will be already known to all as it was included in his
fire control order.

91. During the Assault:-

a. The sec Comd will lead the rifle group. Groups
will move alternative until the LMG is in
a position from which it can support the assault
from a good angle.
b. Covering fire is needed for all movement in the
open. The angle of this covering fire
Should be as wide as possible. The rifle group
can help by swinging slightly LEFT OR
RIGHT as the assault goes in.
c. When the rifle group gets down in to a fire
position after a bound, the LMG must move
forward into a new position automatically,
which they can hear the rifle group firing.
d. The assault should be as fast as possible bearing
in mind that control is essential. During
the assault if any rifleman sees a good target he
will fire a quick aimed shot from the
Shoulder. If for some good reasons, these is a
pause in the support fire from the LMG, the
Sec Comd thinks that more fire is required on
the enemy; he may order “BULLETS” then

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the section will each fire one aimed short from
the shoulder? For the final assault the sec

./19
Comd will order “CHARGE”.

SECTION BATTLE DRILL 6 RE-ORGANISATION

92. Once the assault is made, the following will take
place as a drill:-
a. The LMG group will rejoin the rifle group at the
double immediately it sees the rifle
group takes cover after the assault.
b. The Sec Comd will organize a search of the area
of the objective for any enemy hiding or
Wounded. Two riflemen will normally do this,
one covering the other.
c. The Sec Comd will check positions for riflemen
and the LMG group; allot rough areas of
observation and detail reference points.
d. The Sec Comd will check:
(1) Casualties
(2) Ammunition
(3) Re-filling of magazines and re-distribution
of ammo.

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e. The Sec Comd will wait the Pl Comd for further
order.

PLATOON BATTLE DRILLS

INTRODUCTION
93. The platoon attack has been broken into four basic
drills, each can be taught as a separate lesson and the
drills together form the logical sequence of action to
enable a platoon to overcome minor opposition using
fire and movement.

PLATOON BATTLE DRILLS

94. There are four basic drills at a platoon level in
attack:-
a. Battle preparation.
b. Reaction to point section coming under effective
enemy fire.
c. Attack
d. Re-organization.

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BATTLE PREPARATION
95. The platoon commander will arrange a whistle
signals or any other type of communication within the
platoon. The following is suggested:-
a. Section Identification
(1) One short blast for No 1 Sec.
(2) Two short blast for No 2 Sec.
(3) Three short blast for No 3 Sec. On hearing
his section identification signal the sec
Comd will look in towards the platoon
commander and acknowledge.
b. Executive Order Detailing the Fire Section
This signal would follow the Sec identification
signal.
c. Formations
The normal formation for a Pl advancing is one
sec up and battle drills are laid down to
suit this formation for:-

./20
(1) Moving down a road.
(2) Moving cross-country.
d. Control
A Pl Comd must be able to control his Pl
throughout the attack.

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REACTION WHEN A POINT SECTION COMES
UNDER EFFECTIVE ENEMY FIRE
96. This drill will be carried out in three stages:-
a. First Stage
(1) Pl Comd will send CONTACT WAIT OUT
to Coy Comd.
(2) The Pl Comd with his part will move
forward to a position from which he can see
what is happening and report contact with
the enemy to his Coy Comd by radio.
(3) The Pl Sgt will keep the rest of the Pl as far
forward as possible without involving them
in the point sections battle. The Pl Sgt must
understand that if he allows any of his part
of the Pl to be pinned under enemy fire, he
will spoil the chance of successful Pl fire
and movement.
(4) As soon as the Pl Sgt has ordered a halt, he
will summon the two rear sec Comd and
hold them ready to an “O: group.

b. Second Stage
As soon as the Pl Comd reckons that the point
sec cannot overcome the enemy using its
own fire and movement he will make a battle
appreciation and act as follows:-
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(1) Send his runner to the Pl Sgt with a verbal
message giving:-
(a) RV for O gp.
(b) RV for the platoon.
(2) Signal the point sec ordering it to act as fire
sec and indicating the flank from
Which the Pl will assault.
(3) Report the situation by radio to the Coy
Comd, with the following content
At – time of contact.
At – place of contact in GR
What – is it (strength of en).
What – happened?
What- your decision.
c. Third Stage
(1) As soon as the Pl Comd runner arrives, the
Pl Sgt will:-
(a) Send the rear sec Comds to the O gp RV
with the runner.
(b) Organize the move of the rest of the Pl
to the Platoon RV. On arrival, take up a
position of all-round defence.
(2) Simultaneously, the Pl Comd moves to the
O gp RV and as soon as assault sec
Comds have assembled he will issue his
battle orders.
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ATTACK
97. The Pl Comd will give a battle order to his O gp.
The only heading necessary are:-
a. Enemy position.
b. Mission.
c. Left or right flanking.
d. Position of fire section if not already clear.
e. Route and assault position.

/21
f. Any variations of the battle drill.

98. The Assault – when moving to the assault position,

if the Pl meets opposition actually in the covered
approach this must be cleared before the attack can
continue. This drill is for the leading sec to act as point
sec advancing if this sec cannot overcome the opposition
the Pl Comd will order it to act as another fire sec while
he assaults the new position with his third sec.

REORGANISATION
99. Once the assault has been made, the Pl will take up a
defensive position, which may be forward of the
captured post having all round of fire. This
reorganization will be carried out as a drill as follows:-
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a. The leading sec in the flanking order of March
will take the center on the original axis of
advance.
b. The second assault sec will go straight on across
the objective to the far bank.
c. The a fire sec will take the remaining exposed
flank.
d. Pl HQ will rally in the center.
e. The Pl Comd will go round the position at once
to check sec areas, especially the LMG
areas.
f. The Pl Sgt will check casualties and ammo, re-
distributing holdings as necessary.
g. The Pl Comd will report by radio to his Coy
Comd.
Notes Starting with the situation report and
then causalities report.
(1) CONTACT REPORT
AT - Time
AT - GR
WHAT - What is it
WHAT – What happened?
WHAT - Decision (what you intend to do).
(2) SITUATION REPORT (STIREP)
ENEMY FORCES
OWN FORCES
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ADM & LOG
(3) CASUALTY REPORT (CASREP)
C - Total strength
X - Killed
Y - Wounded
Z - Missing
A - Evacuated due to accident.
B - Evacuated due to sickness
ZR - Missing now returned.

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ORGANIZATION OF RIFLE COMPANY

AIM
100. To teach O/Cdt Organization of the rifle Coy.
WHAT IS ORGANIZATION
101. Organization is any layout, which helps in
distribution of task in a group in order to be accomplish
the intended tasks. Therefore to get a good efficiency of
particular tasks there must be an organization.

RIFLE COMPANY
102. The rifle Coy consists of Coy HQ three rifle
platoons and fire platoon.
a. Coy HQ Consists of:-
(1) Command Element:-
(a) OC
(b) 2i/c
(c) CSM
(2) Adm section under CQMS

b. Rifle Platoon consists:-

(1) Platoon HQ
(a) Pl Comd
(b) Pl Sgt
(c) Runner
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(d) Operator
(e) Signaler

(2) 3 Rifle section of 9 men each

c. Fire Platoon Consists

(1) Pl HQ
(a) Platoon Comd
(b) Pl Sgt
(c) Radio Operator.
(2) Mortar Section.

(3) Machine gun (MG) section.

(4) Anti-tank section (ATK).

/23

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LAYOUT OF RIFLE COY
RIFLE
COY

(2 – 13)

COY HQ

RIFLE PL
(1- 31)3 FIRE PL
(1 – 17)

RIFLE PL

(1 – 2)
HQ
RIFLE PL

PL HQ (1 – 4)
RIFLE SEC MOR MMG ATK

RIFLE
(0- 9) 3
(0-5) SEC
RIFLE
SEC
(0-6) (0-4)
NB
COY HQ
(1) 2 Offrs
- OC Personnel
-2I/C (1) Lt Mortar
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(2) 13 Men Section Comd - 1
- CSM Mor Man - 4
- CQMS
- Med Asst (2) MG Sec
- Comm Op – 2 Sec Comd - 1
- Cook –2 Machine Gunners -
5
- Storeman – 1
- Clerk – 1 (3) ATK Sec
- Runner – 1 Sec Comd - 1
- Driver –3 ATK Man - 3
(3) Weapons
Lt Mor – 60 mm – 2 Pieces
MG – 7.62 MMG – 2 Pieces
ATK – 75 mm RR – 2 Pieces

./4
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INTRODUCTION TO MAJOR TACTICS

INTRODUCTION
103. In Minor tactics you have just covered what is
basic for your study in your military Skills and
knowledge towards the forthcoming study of major
tactics. Major tactics covers the offensive, defensive and
special operations. In other words it covers all phases of
war. Offensive operations are the ADVANCE and the
ATTACK operations. Defensive operations are the
DEFENCE and WITHDRAWAL and instances of
special operations are the FIBUA, Raids, crossing water
obstacle, Tank hunting, heliborne operation, Air support,
etc. The types and principles of each phase of war will
come to you in each respective phase of war.

THE ADVANCE
104. As an offensive operation is conducted to gain
or re-establish contact with the enemy, and to develop
the situation sufficiently to determine whether a hasty or
deliberate attack is in order. When you come to the deep
study of the advance remember the Latin proverb that
says “opportunity is often lost by pausing”.

3. Aims of the advance may be:-

a. To seize ground of tactical importance.
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b. To destroy enemy forces.
c. To seize and maintain the initiative.

THE ATTACK
105. The attack being offensive ops, whether day or
night operation has a primary reason of destroying
enemy forces. This may be by breaking the enemy’s will
to fight, seize the key terrain or the capture of his
soldiers, supplies and equipment. In this operation we
force the enemy to accept our terms.

106. The aims may include:-

a. To destroy enemy forces.
b. To secure key terrain.
c. To gain information.
d. To divert the enemy.
e. To deprive the enemy of resources.
f. To hold (fix) the enemy in position
g. To support another operation, etc.
NB “You may do anything with bayonets, except
sitting on them”. By Napoleon Bayonets.

THE DEFENCE
107. Defence is considered as a basic operation of
war, in that it is necessary to ensure the security of own
forces irrespective of the nature of operation. Generally
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Defence is a co-coordinated effort by forces to defeat an
attacker and prevent him from obtaining his objectives.
It must be aggressive ops. The aims do cover as far as:-
a. Canalization of enemy forces.
b. To develop a favourable conditions for future
offensive OPs.

./25
c. To reduce en capability for offensive action.
d. To contain the enemy in one area while
offensive operations are conducted elsewhere.
e. To deny an enemy access or entry in vital areas.

THE WITHDRAWAL
108. As an operation of war is associated with
political and tactical disgrace. It is the most difficult
operation whose smooth execution demands the highest
standard of leadership and training. The aim of
withdrawal is generally to extricate the forces in contact
and occupy as new defensive area with minimum
casualty in spite of enemy interference.

CONLUSION
109. When you come to study each phase of war
concentrate to the details there stipulated for your good
foundation in MSK.
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THE ADVANCE

INTRODUCTION
110. During war, the advance is performed mainly by
the infantry, whose task is to defeat the enemy by skilful
use of manpower and manoeuvre by tanks, artillery,
engineers and where possible, the Air force or Navy.
AIM
111. The aim of the advance is to bring a unit or a
formation without loss or disorganization, into the most
favourable position to combat the enemy. After contact,
to produce a quick simple and coordinated plan for
defeating the enemy.

TYPE OF ADVANCE
112. The advance can be conducted under a variety of
condition which falls into main categories, each with a
different aspect:-
a. Advance to contact.
b. Advance in contact
c. Pursuit.

113. Advance to contact

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When contact between opposing forces has been lost
or not yet made..

114. Advance in Contact

When contact has been made with en covering
forces, intermediate posns or main def zone.

115. Pursuit
When the en has lost the initiative completely,
possibly after a defeat and is withdrawing off
balance.

THE PRINCIPLES OF THE ADVANCE

117. Conduct of the advance is based on the
following principles:-

a. Wide Recce
When the situation is vague and the operations
flexible, a wide reconnaissance should be
conducted to enable the commander to obtain a
clear picture so that he can anticipate future
plans and enemy reactions. The BN Comd in
this case can maintain the initiative by
knowing:-
(1) Terrain conditions ahead.

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(2) Enemy positions, movements, his likely
threats and his weak points.
(3) Engineer information, obstacles, mines
bridges etc.
Note Rather than bringing the whole column
to a halt, the commander with advanced
recce info can plan deviations round
obstructed area
b. Correct Grouping and Order of March
The force should be correctly grouped and
balanced such that immediate action can be
achieved after contact. Grouping should be
such that the force can tackle any opposition
that it might meet. The initiative must not be
surrendered. Correct order of March ensures that
various groups are moving at places where they
can be immediately committed. The following
factors will affect grouping:-
(1) Nature of En and degree of enemy
opposition.
(2) The ground
(3) The need to accomplish certain missions on
route. Capturing certain objectives
(4) The direction of possible enemy threats

c. Maintenance of Momentum
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Momentum can be maintained by continuation
of offensive action. Maintenance of contact with en,
destruction of minor opposition and By passing the
major opposition (where situation allows). If the
opposition not be by Passed, correct grouping can
be quickly mounted to maintain the momentum of
the
Advance. The enemy is not allowed to carry out
an organized withdrawal and is
Allowed no respite. Good communication and
deployment drill will take the
Operation automatic.
d. Concentration
Rapid concentration of the main striking force to
meet any en threat from
any direction is required. Emphasis is laid on the
ability to impose max support at
any time. The deployment of tanks falls in this
aspect. Note that weak points in the
enemy force must be exploited first

e. Speed
Speed is required both in planning and
execution. Quick decisions are
Essential. Decentralization will be required and
much initiative left with the junior
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Leaders. Balanced grouping and a broad front to
look for the enemy weakest points
Coupled with determination to press on will
achieve the speed, control. However.
Should not be sacrificed for speed.
f. Flexibility
The commanders’ methods of deployment must
be flexible in order to Save time. In the orders
the commanders should be given general
directions and distant objectives. They should be
allowed plenty of freedom to carry out the
Mission. When specific lines of adv are given
such as roads or track the forces should go on a
broad front and should not stick itself too closely
to that line.
Decentralization will also save time.
./27
g. Use of Air Power
When used correctly, the force can be used
locate the enemy well In advance and also to strike the
enemy beyond our artillery range.
118. The successful application of the principles
depends mainly on:-
a. A suitable order of March to meet all enemy
situations

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b. The ability to change the order of March when
necessary
c. The commander must aim at capturing the
tactical features which will benefit the
development of the advance further and must do
it quickly

CONTROL
119. Success of this operation depends on control
which is dependent on the following factors:-
a. Good initial orders. The briefing must be
simple and straight forward.
b. Good communications – both forward and
rear wireless being the Primary means
c. Commanders at all levels moving well
forward, so as to be easily informed and to be in the
battle picture, but not so far forward that they
interfere the junior Commanders or become
casualties.
e. Good battle procedure will allow the smooth
operation and can not involve the
Commander into too much detail
120. The advance is controlled by the allotment
of Axes. Centre lines bounds and report lines
a. Axes

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Axes are used to show the general line
astride which formations, units will move.
b. Centre Line
Centre lines are the route along which the
HQs of formations, units or sub-units will
move.
c. Bounds
Bounds are the tactical features which can
be held if necessary, but
Troops will not normally halt at a bound
unless order to do so by higher comd so
As To conform to the situation elsewhere or
in order to examine the situation
ahead. The Bound, therefore, in this case is
one means of controlling the advance.
e. Report Line
Report lines are imaginary lines draw across
the axis of advance
These lines are the purpose of reporting
progress by the advance force. When
The report line is crossed, the nickname of
that line is sent over the radio to the
Comd Report lines should coincide with
objects or features on the ground in order to
be accurate.

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ORGANISATION OF ANADVACING FORCE
121. An advancing force will be divided as
follows:-
a. Mobile troops (when available) to lead on a
wide front for recce (Sometimes called
covering troops)
b. An advance guard which is divided into van
guard and main guard
c. When necessary a flank guard.
d. The main body, which consists of the
remainder of a formations
e. Rear Guard

../28
COVERING TROOPS
122. a. Mobile Troops
Operate ahead of the advance guard and
perform the
(1) Reconnaissance on a wide front to
provide early warning of
Enemy movement, strength etc.
(2) Clear minor opposition or may by pass it
(with permission of the
Higher commander).
(3) Secure feature of tactical importance
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b. Flank Guards
Watch exposed flanks and give early
warning of enemy approach

ADVANCE GUARD
123. This will normally be a balanced force of all
arms including Armour if available, artillery to give fire
support and detachments of Engineers to deal with
obstacles. Advance guard moves ahead of the main
body and provide security from the front. The advance
guard for its own security sends forward a vanguard. The
remaining portion of the advance guard is called the
main guard.

VANGUARD
124. a. The composition of the vanguard will
depend upon the task, nature of terrain, availability
Of troops and likely enemy actions. Normally a
vanguard is a company group with
Supporting arms artillery and mortars
FOO/MFC plus a few elements of Bn Engineers
Etc. Similarly, another company group in the
main guard behind the vanguard coy will be
Prepared to take over the task of the vanguard
coy. This coy is termed as the follow up
Company.
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b. The task of the vanguard are as follows:-

(1) To drive in minor opposition preventing
unnecessary delay of the Bn.
(2) To cover the advance of the main guard,
protect it from surprise and enemy action
from the front.
(3) When the opposition is too strong, to secure
the ground of tactical importance and cover
the deployment of the main guard (or Bn).
(4) To clear the center line.
MAIN GUARD
125. a. The main guard consists of the remaining
companies of the advance guard. The control of
the main guard is in accordance with the
battalion commander’s orders. Dispersion of
these sub units will depend on the nature of the
enemy air threat.
b. The task of the main guard is the same as for the
vanguard. This main guard is a
reinforcement of the vanguard which both
together are responsible for their own
protection and early warning to the main body
behind
THE MAIN BODY

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126. This comprises the bulk of the forces fighting
power; the units of the main body are so positioned to
permit maximum flexibility for employment after
contact with the enemy forces. The movement of these
units is controlled by leapfrogging. There is plenty of
flexibility, the order of march often varied and care is
taken against enemy air attack.

./29

GENERAL ORGANISATION OF AN
ADVANCING FORCE

MOBILE TROOPS
(OR COVERING TROOPS)

VAN
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MAIN GUARD

FL
A
N
K
G
U
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D
R
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GU
AR
FL

MAIN BODY

REAR GUARD

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THE RIFLE COMPANY IN THE ADVANCE

(AS PART OF THE BATTALION)

INTRODUCTION
127. The battalion, when given the task of advance
guard will have several supporting arms attached to it
and will perform the following duties:-
a. To protect the main force against any enemy that
has been bypassed or overlooked by the mobile forces.
b. To gain further info about the enemy.
c. To Prevent the enemy from gaining info about
our force.
d. To take over the ground captured and held by the
main force.
e. To clear minor opposition and prevent the main
force being delayed by such opposition.

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f. To seize and hold ground of tactical importance
in order to cover the deployment of the main force when
a major opposition is found.
128. The composition of this advance guard is as
follows:-
a. Advance guard mobile element (if available the
recce tps)
b. Vanguard
c. Main guard HQ
129. a. The advance guard commander must know
the intentions of his superior comd in order to act.
b. The comd must give specific orders and define
the responsibilities.
c. He must know the activities in the axis, the
starting time and point, and time ahead of him, also
the report lines and bounds which will govern the
main body.

THE VANGUARD
130. The vanguard company group is sent forward of
the advance guard by the advance guard commander for
the purpose of:-
a. Covering the advance.
b. Clearing minor opposition
c Locating the enemy and his flank when they
find that he is too strong for them and deploy quickly in
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a position to support the attack launched by the
remainder of the advance guard.

MOVEMENT OF VANGUARD
131. The movement is quick and tactical. Where
possible transport can be used to achieve more speed but
most of the time the infantry moves on foot. The
vanguard moves by bound allocated by the advance
guard comd. Halting will depend on seriousness of the
tactical situation. Dispersion while on the move will
depend on the terrain and degree of enemy air threat.
Concentration is only necessary when a strong action is
designed against the enemy. The vanguard commanders
will co-ordinate his moves from bound to bound
depending on the report of his point commander on
likely enemy opposition. Report lines when crossed will
be reported back to advance guard. Speed should be
governed throughout during the advance.

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ACTION ON MEETING THE ENEMY
132. The leading elements will send a contact report.
The coy comd (vanguard Comd) makes decision
whether to deal with the situation himself, by using the
whole coy or only the point platoon. When he finds be
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can not cope with the situation he will pass the info back
to the adv guard commander who will take action.
Meanwhile, the vanguard comd should contain the
enemy thoroughly such that the enemy cannot launch a
counter attack before the main assault comes in from the
adv guard main guard.

THE POINT PLATOON

133. The point platoon or just the leading element of

the vanguard.

132. Tasks of point platoon:-

a. To clear minor opposition within their capacity
along the axis to prevent delay of main
Force.
b. To give early warning gain info and provide
close recce for commander of the vanguard.
c. To from firm base for Coy attack (or
vanguard).

OPERATION OF THE PLATOON

133. a. The point platoon leads ahead of the
vanguard by one tactical bound with speed and in
accordance with the orders of the coy comd.
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(3) Movement is tactical and is from bound to
bound as ordered. The Pl Comd reports all
bounds clear
and will not halt unnecessarily between them. Report
line will be reported
to Coy HQ.
(4) On encountering serious opposition, pl Comd
should send info to coy comd and while
waiting should work to locate the exact flanks of
the enemy and all ether info of value to
the vanguard comd who will evaluate the action
to be taken.
(5) It is essential that the platoon should have pre-
arranged drills to meet all situations. This
will enable the comd to have more time to act on
the unforeseen and more essential tasks.
Normally the Pl Comd divides his Pl to perform
these duties:-
(1) Security - By point section
(2) Command - By platoon Hq
(3) Fighting - By remaining sections
(4) Support - Pl atk wpns and other
supporting arms such as tanks.
e. The Point Section
The point section is sent forward by the point
platoon one tactical bound ahead of pl Hq. The
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section may have sports in front when
observation is not so good.
(6) Movement of Section
The section comd will select bounds which
will be objectives where he can have
good cover and observation or field of fire.
Length of the bound will depend on
terrain and the nature of the anticipated
opposition. Sections is moved in a bound
together except where there is hostile enemy
fire.
(7) Movement Under Fire
(Sometimes called short bounds) the section
should not be halted by ineffective
harassing fire. However, when fire is
effective, men can be ordered to move one
at a time in short bounds. Also one man can
be ordered to make a short bound in
order to assist in location of enemy fire
positions by attracting his fire.
Note: A clever enemy always opens his
fire when he is sure that it will be
./32
(3) Section Formations
These will depend on the likelihood of
enemy threat and the terrain. It is
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Important that the section comd has ready
practiced signals to change to various
Formations as the situation demands.
Control and all round observation in most
important

f. The Platoon Hq
Moves one bound behind the point section. The
Pl Hq should not get involved with the fire that
may hit point platoon. Movement therefore
should be to preserve the Hq at the same time
obtaining a clear picture of the event forward.
g. Support Weapons
The commanders of the supporting arms should
move with the point platoon commander
when possible so that they can have early and
correct information. The weapons
however can move from one fire position to
another and also should keep up with the
rate of the advance.
h. Action of Encountering Enemy
When the point section has come across the
enemy or has been stopped by his effective
Fires the pl Comd will move forward observe
and decide his action. Before that he sends

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Contact report to his Coy Comd and says his
probable course of action. He will also send
a warning order to his Pl and RV for “O” group.
The point Pl Comd must decide:-
(1) Whether the clearance of that enemy is
within his sub unit capacity.
(2) Whether to call for extra fire support or use
his whole sub unit to clear the resistance or
only one or two sections only.
(3) Whether he will be required to make a
frontal assault, flanking assault, or cover the
assault of the vanguard.
(4) Whether it is a small enemy requiring only a
small detachment to destroy. When the
decision has been taken and is within his
capacity, he will prepare the plan and
execute it. Plenty of flexibility on methods
is allowed.
(5) If it is decision of the vanguard commander
to deploy his vanguard. The Pl comd will
assist in all ways to make the operation a
success.
j. Clearing the enemy
This carried too as an attack normally and the
attacking troops reorganize as quickly as

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Possible facing the axis ready to continue with
the advance.

CONLUSION
134. The success of the advance on speed, initiative,
boldness good field craft and sound tactics. The attacks
performed on route must be decisive, hence keeping
alive the urge the always moving forward.

THE ATTACK
INTRODUCTION
135. This précis is provided to officer cadets for the
purpose of cleaning the general aspects of the attack.
Emphasis is laid on company level.

AIM OF ATTACK
136. The aim of the attack is to destroy the enemy by
either capturing ground of tactical importance or actual
destruction of the enemy force.
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TYPES OF ATTACK
136. Attack falls into two main types:-
a. Quick attack and encounter battle.
b. Deliberate attack.
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137. a. The Quick Attack
Is put to take advantage of the unpreparedness of
the enemy defence. The need for speed may cut
down the time available for recce. Speed will be
obtained by having a well-established procedure and
a simple plan of attack.
b. Encounter Battle
Takes place when two opposing forces approach
one another such as the platoon attacks. The aim is to
break through quickly to seize tactical features. In this
sort of battle, there is consideration for initiative and
manoeuvre, but fire support from other arms is limited.

THE DELIBERATE ATTACK

138. a. This attack is normally mounted against strongly
prepared positions with the aim of breaking through the
defence to enable mobile forces to pass through and
exploit.
b. Assaulting troops may be restricted in
manoeuvre but this disadvantage is
compensated by the weight of fire support from
the supporting arms.

TERMINOLOGY AND PROCEDURES

139. a. Phase. The initial attack on the forward
locations of enemy forces and the subsequent passing
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through of fresh troops to maintain the momentum of the
attack. The number of phases required is governed by
the troops and fire SP available, also the size and depth
of the objective. Consequent attacks on a big objective
can mean different phase.

b. H Hour
The time when assaulting troops in a deplored
formation cross the start line. All timings for the move
of troops and the fire support programme are given in
relation to “H” Hour.
c. ‘K’ Hour
“K” Hours used for denoting the time troops
cross the start line for phase II.
d. Concentration Area
Where the troops taking part will meet, be
briefed and if possible rehearse their role. It should
be out of range of enemy arty, concealed from the
air and have room for dispersal.

e. Assembly Area
(1) The area allotted to a unit for temporary
occupation prior to move fwd. It is usually
selected from a map and is 1 – 5 miles from
the FEBA. (Fwd Edge of Battle Area).

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(2) A good assembly area is free from enemy
observation and harassing fire, has
good vehicle entrances, exits and provides
cover from the air.
(3) It is here that the companies marry up with
their supporting arms,
/34

take the necessary admin action concerning

meals, ammo etc prepare weapons and
equipment for battle and radio sets. Normally
shell scrapes will be dug, sentries will be posted
and subunits will all stand to position for local
protection.
f. Forming Up Place (FUP)
(1) Where the assault troops of all arms deploy
into battle formation it should be out of
enemy view and clear of their aimed small
arms fire be spent in the FUP due to
the danger of enemy DFs.
(2) Tanks may share the same FUP with the
infantry they are supporting. In this case
timing of arrival, formations and the effect
of noise must be considered.
g. Start Line (SL)

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The line which assaulting troops cross at H hour.
It may be artificial that is taped, or natural. It should
not be behind an obstacle but must be easily
recognized, secure from enemy interference and at
night angles to the axis advance.
h. Boundaries (bdry)
These lay down the limit of a unit responsibility.
They should be recognizable on the ground and
a definite platoon made responsible for them. Pl
Comds is possible should allot section
boundaries on the objective. They are given line
and axis to a named unit.
j. Assault Platoons (Aslt Pls)
Platoons detailed to capture objectives of each
phase.
k. Reserve Platoon
Platoon detailed in the role of reserve. It can be
used to deal with the unexpected, exploit beyond
the objective if the opportunity arises and
provide depth to the reorg position.
l. Mopping Up
The systematic elimination of the enemy.
Assault Platoons must mop as they advance
unless other troops have been detailed for the
task. En action to the flanks must not hold up the
advance.
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m. Reorganization (Reorg)
The process whereby a unit establishes itself
firmly on the ground already captured. Speed is
essential so as to be fully prepared for the enemy
counter attack which in most cases is inevitable.
The following takes place but not necessarily in
this sequence:-
(1) Pl Comds go quickly round their position
and sections to co-ordinate the defence
layout and ensure their area has been
thoroughly searched.
(2) The Coy Comd will visit platoons and co-
ordinate the defence layout of the whole
Coy. He will send out patrols for local
defence and early warning.
(3) Supporting weapons will be ordered up
forward and the weapons dug in.
(4) All offrs and NCOs must ensure that the
men dig in rapidly and sentries are alert.
(5) Pl Comds will report Cas and ammo state to
Coy HQ (this information is usually
collected by Pl sergeant).
n. Exploitation
Action beyond the captured position to upset and
give early warning of enemy action. A limit is

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laid down to assist sp arms engage tgts suitably
without danger to own troops.

PRINCIPLES OF ATTACK
140. There are seven principles or fundamentals of
attack:-
a. Seize and control of Ground of Tactical
importance. This can be done by:-
(1) Patrols
./35

(2) Obstacles
(3) Deployment of OPs
b. Speed and Violence
(1) Maintain impetus of attack.
(2) Use of battalion SP weapons.

(3) Deny enemy time for counter attack.

c. Reconnaissance: To gain info about.
(1) Enemy obstacles.
(2) Strength.
(3) Defensive fire.
(4) Reserve force.
d. Surprise: This can be achieved by:-
(1) Secrecy.
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(2) Deception.
e. Depth
To counter any attack.
f. Flexibility
(1) Simple plan.
(2) Clear orders.
g. Firm Base

PLANNING POINTS
140. When planning the attack, the following eight
points must be considered.
a. The attack must be organized in depth.
b. The start line must be secured.
c. The attack must be supported by maximum
supporting fire available.
d. The Assault Inf and Tanks must keep close up to
the supporting fire.
e. The momentum of the attack must be
maintained.
f. Support wpns must go forward quickly in order
to assist in reorg.
g. After reorg no man’s land must be dominated by
keeping the initiative.
h. Reorganization must be rapid to ensure that the
ground captured is held.

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PLANNING
142. After receiving his orders, the Coy Comd
should:-
a. Make out his appreciation to ensure that
subordinate Comds have maximum time
available for recce, planning the issue of orders
and that the troops have sufficient time to move
forward in position for the attack.
b. Issue of orders. (See format on Annex “A”).
c. Make his own appreciation of the situation as
how to complete his task with the force available
and within the time allowed. He should seek the
advice of his Sp arms Comds or representatives.
d. The plan must be a logical conclusion of the
appreciation.

./36
THE PL COMDS PLAN MUST INCLUDE
144. a. Allocation of objectives to assault sections
with intersections boundaries.
b. Attack formations.
c. Allocation of tools, weapons and ammo within
the platoon.

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d.Allocation of section and Pl HQ to APCs or
vehicles if necessary to be used.
e. Layout in assy area and FUP.
f. Method of crossing obstacles.
g. Detail of the SP and Infantry/Tank Target
indication.

h. Reorganization.
j. Limit of exploitation.

CONTROL
145. In the deliberate attack it is essential that the Pl
Comd exercise full and effective control throughout the
whole operation. Assault formations must be released
and this will help control. During the assault stage, the
pl Comd should be between the assault section. In the
final assault and exploitation, he must use his voice and
ensure sections not to go beyond his control.

BRIEFING AND ORDERS

146, whenever possible the section Comds should be
able to have the chance of looking at the ground. If this
is not possible, a thorough briefing on a sand Model
should be given. This must be followed by clear and
concise orders, (according to aide memoire). Even the
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most laid plans go astray if the soldier are no briefed
properly and rehearsed.

ARMOUR AND ARTY SUPPORT

147. In the group deliberate attack the principles of
fire and movements still apply. The fire Sp is largely
provided by the armour the artillery and the battalion
Mortars.

a. The Armour May be:-

(1) Under Command- This means that the
infantry comd has complete responsibility for the armour
in addition to its tactical employment.
(2) In Sp: The infantry Comd is only
responsible for co-coordinating its tactical
employment.
NOTE
(Normally a tank Coy is attached to a
battalion and tank platoon to a Company)
b. The Artillery may be-
(1) In direct Sp (DS)
(2) In SP
(3) At priority (Pri Call)

BATTLE PROCEDURE

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148. Correct battle procedure is the key to mounting
the deliberate attack speedily and efficiently concurrent
activity and automatic drills are very essential.

./37
ACTION IN THE ASSEMBLY AREA
148. On arrival, the Pl Comd must:-
a. Post sentries
b. Carry out a final inspection of his Pl to ensure
that every man is fully
prepared for battle.
c. Supervise changes of magazines.
d. Test radio if ordered.
e. Rehearse formations and other of March for the
move to FUP.
f. Order equipments to be taken off if there is time
for men to rest.
g. Supervise feeding if time allows.

ACTION IN THE FUP

149. On arrival in FUP, Pl Comds should:-
a. Note the time of arrival so that he is ready when
the time comes to move.
b. Check that, the Pl formation is correct.
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c. Insist on absolute silence.
d. Takes his compass and checks the bearing for
the move to the SL.
e. Order his men to kneel or lie down.

150. All in all, a successful attack depends on:-

a. Good Planning.
b. Good battle procedure.
c. Clear orders and briefing.
d. Good control and communication.
e. Detailed exception.
f. Rapid Organization.
g. Good Administration.

ANNEX “A” TO
DAY DELIBERATE ATTACK

ORDERS FOR DELIBERATE ATTACK

1. The orders for a deliberate attack do not differ from

any other orders the format is the same. The emphasis
should be on the use of a sand model.

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GROUND
2. Should be explained as it appears on a sand model
(Obstacles, high and low ground etc).

SITUATION
3. a. Enemy
(1) Dispositions
(2) Strength
(3) Likely intentions
(4) Morale etc

b. Friendly Forces
(1) Any SP arms allotted to Coy.
(2) Art SP/Armour.

MISSION
4 This should include who will do what, when, where
and if possible why and how.
Pl/Coy will capture ..

EXECUTION
5. a. General Outline
Pl/Coy will attack the enemy by using two
formations.

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b. Grouping and Tasks
(1) 1 Pl
(a) Grouping Nil
(b) Tasks front left clear and capture

(2) 2Pl
(a) Grouping Nil
(b) Tasks capture .

(3) 3Pl
(a) Grouping Nil
(b) Tasks: Depth, act as reserve ready to
SP the asslt Pls.

(4) Mortar
Tasks . etc.
c. Co-coordinating Instructions
(1) Timings
(a) H Hrs ..
(b) Move from assy area to FUP.

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(2) Locations
(a) Assy area .
(b) FUP
(c) SL ..
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(3) Boundaries
(4) Reorganization.
(5) Order of March.
(6) Rate of advance.
(7) Limit of Exploitation.
(8) Fire plan.

ADMINISTRATIVE AND LOGISTICS

5. a. Ammo
b. Feeding
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c. Dress and equipment.

d. Medical.
e. PW.

COMMAND AND CONTROL

6. a. Loc of Pl/Coy HQ
b. Frequency to be used.
c. Signals:
(1) Success .
(2) Reorg ..
d. Pass word

Note: Synchronise watches.

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(1) Give time for subordinate Comd to pass
through their orders.
(2) Le them ask questions.
(3) Confirm your orders by asking questions.
(4) Synchronize watches

THE NIGHT ATTACK

INTRODUCTION
151. The surprise gained by night operations is an
important means of off setting superiority in numbers of
personnel, aircraft or equipments. Almost movements
and high proportion of attack will take place at night
owing to the difficulties of control in darkness, it is
necessary to learn the night attack thoroughly to spend a
high proportion of training time on night operations.

AIM
152. To teach O/Cdt the aspects of the night attack
ops.

ADANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF NIGHT

ATTACKS
153. a. Advantages
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(1) The cover afforded by darkness which
makes it difficult for the enemy to see or
Observe.
(2) Surprise may be achieved.
(3) A night attack may adversely affect the
enemy ‘ s morale.
b. Disadvantages
(1) Control is difficult
(2) Plans tend to be more rigid than daylight ops
due to darkness.
(3) Tank co-operation is limited.

REASONS FOR NIGHT ATTACK

154. The night attack may be undertaken for the
following reasons:-
a. Reducing causality.
b. Achieve surprise.
c. Exploit success of day attack.
./40
d. Maintain momentum.
e. Minimize effectiveness of a daylight attack
f. Counter attack.

TYPE OF NIGHT ATTACK

155. a. Noisy Attack

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Use all available fire support throughout when
there is no chance of achieving surprise.
b. Silent Attack
One way of achieving surprise, fire is arranged,
and fire support is used when surprise is
lost.
ILLUMINATION ATTACK
156. A night attack can either be illuminated when
surprise is lost or non-illuminated when there is a
chance to achieve surprise.

PRINCIPLES OF NIGHT ATTACK

157. Are the same of day attack, but the additional
principles must be included:-
a. Information
(1) On enemy posn.
(2) Enemy patrols routes.
(3) Obstacles and en defensive fire (DF)
b. Simplicity
(1) Simple planning.
(2) Clear briefing and order –use of a sand
model will greatly be necessary.
(3) Control measures.

PLANNING THE NIGHT ATTACK

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158. The same as day attacks, but the following
should be considered:-
a. Much day light recce is needed.
b. Object must be easy identifiable.
c. FUP, SL must be clearly marked.
d. Coy Comd should consider the following
points:-
(1) Terrain.
(2) Visibility.
(3) Distances.
(4) H – Hour.

BATTLE PROCEDURE
159. a. Route, FUP, SL (if possible marked).
(1) Night navigation is important.
(2) Under worst condition of darkness artificial
aids ro route marking may be used:-
(a) White tap.
(b) Rifle cross.
(c) Hurricane lamps.
(d) Torches.
b. Marking of routes – assy area to FUP, use of
guides and artificial aids:-
c. Marking FUP and SL.
(1) NCO appointed by Coy comd to establish
RV at the entrance to FUP.
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(2) A centerline must be marked.
./41

(3) Guide should be posted.

(4) must be at right angle to the direction of
assault.

NAVIGATION PLAN
160. a. Route to be selected within the limits of
enemy surveillance device.
b. Features which could be easily identified at
night.
c. Select route direct to objective.
d. Bearing should be taken at each leg and map
marked.

REORGANISATION AND EXPLOITATION

161. a. Reorg must be conducted rapidly.
b. All round protection measures should be
considered.
c. Pl To dig shell scrapes or occupy trenches left
by the enemy.
d. Checking of causalities and sending of reports
by radio.
e. Patrols to be sent out to check the possibility of
the enemy counter attacks.
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USE OF SP ARMS
162. a. Pre-arranged fire from the artillery can be
arranged, to neutralize the enemy objective.
b. The possibility of using air support is very
limited.
c. Also tank SP is limited during the night attacks

CONCLUSION
163. Success of a night attack requires a simple plan,
good issuing of orders, a well rehearsed pl or Coy and
good command and control measures.

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Objective

SL .. . . .
SL

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FUP

(Light) (Light)
(Light)
GUIDE

Sec 1 Sec 2
Sec 1 Sec 2

PL HQ
PL HQ

Sec 3
Sec 3
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COY HQ

Sec 2 Sec 1

PL HQ

Sec 3

RV (GUIDE)

THE DEFENCE

DEFINITIONS
164. Deliberate Defence
A deliberate defensive position is one selected and
prepared when of contact with the enemy. There will be
time for detailed reconnaissance and planning on ground

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of our own choosing and digging and concealing
positions without enemy ground interference.
165. Hasty Defence
In the case, defence be built up under threat from in
the face of the enemy. In may not be possible to choose
the best ground and such a defence may be protracted, in
which case it might be necessary to re-plan recite the
position on more suitable ground. Use is sometimes
made of newly-won enemy positions which were
originally sited to face in the opposite directions.
166. Defended Area:
An area of operational responsibility containing a
group of localities organized in depth such as a battalion
area.
167. Defended Locality
An area organized for defence by a company or
platoon. The general line of foremost localities will be
known as the forward defended localities (FDLS).
168. Defend Post
A position held by a small Sub – unit such as an
infantry section. In non-nuclear conditions. Posts are
grouped together in mutual support to from a defended
locality.
169. Mutual Support
The defended posts within a defended locality are
said to be in mutual support when they are sited so that
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an enemy assault in any one of them, can be engaged
directly with small arms fire from at least one another.
170. Forward edge of the battle area: (FEBA)
The foremost general line of own troops, excluding
patrols, nearest to the enemy.
171. Defensive Fire (DF)
Pre-arranged fire which can be brought down
quickly in depth on the front of actual or suspected
enemy movement. It will include:-
a. Tasks close in the defended localities to break
up the enemy attack.
b. Tasks in depth to disorganize enemy
preparations just before and during his attack.
172. Defensive Fire Tasks (SOS)
DF (SOS) tasks cover the most vulnerable
approaches close in to the position. DF (SOS) tasks can
only be allotted to guns in direct support. These guns
will remain loaded and laid on their – DF (SOS) tasks
when not otherwise engaged.

GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF DEFENCE

173. a. Ground of tactical importance must be
denied to the enemy.
b. The defence must be sighted in:-
(1) Depth
(2) Mutual support
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(3) Concealment (air, ground)
(4) All round defence
c. No man’s land must be dominated
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d. Reliable communications

RECONNAISSANCE
174. a. Preparations:
Before the platoon commander goes on his
reconnaissance, he should arrange to be
accompanied by a runner for his personal
protection and signaler through whom he can
communicate with his platoon.
b. Field of Fire
In deliberate defence, the platoon commander
will site each trench personally. To do this
he must lie down in each position with his line
close to the ground to ensure that the fire
can carry out the task, which he intends to give
him. The fire trench must have a good
clear field of fire usually not less than 100 mtrs.
It my be shorter in some reverse slope
positions, while in very close country as little as
50 mtrs my have to be accepted. The
infantry soldier should be a skilled man – at –
arms, he must be taught to kill the enemy
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with his LMG at rangers up to 400 mtrs and with
rifle up to 300 mtrs
c. Observation
Although very long fields of fire are not
essential, platoon and section commanders,
should, if possible, have observation over longer
ranges. This prevent them being
surprised and gives time to prepare to meet an
attack and in the case of the platoon
commander, to call for mortar and artillery
support.
d. Frontage
The size of locality, which can be physically,
held a platoon in limited to that over which
The platoon commander can maintain voice
control and by the need for mutual support
between sections. The platoon commander
must not forget that ground should be
covered by fire, not men, in open country,
therefore, larger frontages can be covered than
in close country or built – up areas.
e. Sitting
Where possible, the platoon commander should
first look at this position from the
Enemy’s point of view. He will then be able to
decide his probable approaches and can
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site his own weapons accordingly. The sitting of
the LMGS it the most important part of
the reconnaissance as their tasks provide the
framework around which the defence of the
Platoon locality is built. They should therefore
be sited first and the rest of each section
fitted in accordingly. Reverse slopes are a great
aid to concealment from enemy ground
observation and to surprise. The field of fire
must, however, adequate and the ground
alone will dictate whether a forward or reverse
slope should be occupied.

THE FIRE PLAN

175. To help the platoon hold its position, certain DF
tasks for artillery, 60 mm mortars and MMGs will be
planned. A platoon Commander is not usually
authorized to call for DF tasks but he.

176. Must always know where such tasks are on the

map and on the ground. If he wants a task fired , he
should send back quick and accurate information to
company HQ stating.

a. Enemy strength.

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b. Enemy location. Grid reference or its relation to
a DF task.
c. Direction in which the enemy is moving.
d. Time seen.

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OBSTACLES
176. natural obstacles such as deep waterways are
always the most economical and generally the most
effective. Others such as ditches, sunken lanes and thick
hedges can be improved and strengthened with barbed
wire and mines. Gaps between obstacles can be filled
with anti-personnel or mixed minefield. No obstacle is
really effective unless it is covered by fire as the enemy
can simply remove, cross or gap in unhindered.
a. Mines
Well-sited and carefully concealed minefield
covered by fire is an effective obstacle. The
platoon may be called upon to lay minefields.
Details are given in field Engineering and
mine warfare subject.
b. Wire obstacles
Wiring is a quick way of providing an obstacle
to enemy. Infantry or improving an
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existing one, a little better than none at all. The
object of wiring is to slow down the
enemy’s advance to give a better change of
killing him with fire. Wire must be sited so as
to check the enemy outside grenade throwing
ranges of the platoon positions. Wire not
Covered by fire is useless low-wire
entanglement. The platoon must be well trained in
constructing both.
c. Trip Flares
Trip flares are used in defence to give early
warning of enemy approach. They are usually
sited along wire obstacles, minefields,
hedgerows running towards the position and in
gaps in the wire and lanes in the minefields. The
must be covered by fire. The flares burn
brightly for about a minute and clearly
silhouette-men with 25m and up to 50m if they are
between the flare and the defenders.

DIGGING DEFENSIVE POSITION

177. a. Sitting Plan
Commanders at all levels always think two
levels down when sitting defensive position.
A divisional commander tries to visualize each
of his battalion on the ground at battalion
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commander looks for platoon localities, the
platoon commander sites each weapon slit.
He must a complete plan or paper showing the
layout of his platoon for a protracted
defence before he allows digging to begin. The
paper layout must include projected
communication trenches. This will facilitate
lining up the trench system as the position
develops.
b. Platoon Headquarters (HQ)
The platoon sergeant is responsible for the
detailed layout of platoon HQ once its position
on the ground has been pointed out to him by the
platoon commander. Pl HQ usually
consists of two to four-men trenches unless the
rocket launcher has been allocated to one
of the sections or another platoon. The platoon
commander occupies a four-men trench
with his batman/operator and Nos 1 and 2 of the
light mortar. The platoon wireless set
must be given protection below ground level
using the ground conversing kit, the aerial
must not be screened from company HQ.
c. Defence Stores
Platoon commanders are not likely to get a
complete issue of defence stores. They must
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make the most of anything they do get and take
a pride in being able to improvise with
any suitable local material. All stores allotted to
and otherwise obtained by the platoon
should be centralized in a platoon dump. The
platoon sergeant should be in charge of this
../46
dump. He should divide the platoon’s holdings
of defence store into section packets.
Section commanders in turn, must make the
most of what they get and realize that the
strength of their positions will depend primarily
on improvisation of local material.

d. Earthworks
A section at battle is strength occupies two to
four-men slits. Where members vary of
ground dictates, a combination of two-man and
four-man slits may be dug. Three –man
Slits are uneconomical to dig and should be
avoided if possible. Drainage is always a
problem but some of channels can be dug
according to the slopes of the ground. Shelter
trenches must not run downhill.
h. Sanitation

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The platoon shallow trench latrine should be dug
as soon as possible after work begins.
Shallow trench latrines must be filled in daily.
There should also be at least a shell-
scrape nearby to protect anyone caught in the
open by enemy fire. On a forward slope,
alertness may only be unable by night. Each
section position must include a latrine recess.
Until this is available, it may be necessary to
keep tins in fire trenches in case of need. Section
refuses pits should also be dug. They should be
about two feet and must be concealed.

i. Platoon Tasks
The various tasks in case to be carried out by the
platoon must be fairly allotted between
Platoon HQ and the sections. These tasks may
include:-
(1) Sentries
(2) Patrols.
(3) Digging.
(4) Wiring.
(5) Mining.
(6) Setting trip flares.
(7) Helping supporting detachments in the
platoon locality.
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(8) Battalion or Company Tasks: OPS etc.
(9) Section commanders range cards.

j. Alarm Scheme:
While the position is being dug, there must be an
alarm scheme, this must be rehearsed
Troops will take up position in or near their own
weapons slits, according to progress
men working away from section areas must
know what to do there is an alarm
k. Personal equipment.
During digging personal equipment should be
disposed as follows:-
(1) Items needed for fighting if there is an
alarm, such as weapon pouches and steel
helment, must be put in front of or besides
the pit and taken with the man
whenever he leaves the section locality. In
reserve battalions, however, platoon
may be local orders that only arms needed
be carried.
(2) Other of personal equipment must be
concealed in a place where they can easily
be found in the and where they will not be
covered by soil.
l. Wiring Parties
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Wiring parties which often near the enemy must
take the following precautions:-
(1) The must have local protection
(2) They must work quietly
../47

(3) As few men as possible should work on the

enemy side of the fence.
(4) Arms, pouches and respirators, if issued,
should be at hand for immediate use.
(5) Men not working must be disposed so as to
give added protection to the wiring party.
k. Duties of Section Commanders:
The section commander is responsible for
ensuring that:-
(1) Section weapons are so placed that each
man can fire on the ground allotted to him.
The section commander must site each
individual position with his eyes close to the
ground.
(2) Precautions are taken to prevent his section
being suppressed by enemy.
(3) Track discipline is strictly observed by his
section.
(4) His section is properly dug in.

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(5) His section is effectively concealed from
enemy ground observation.
(6) A proper routine is observed.
(7) A range card is made.

l. Priority of Work
The sequence of work will naturally vary
according to the situation. The following is
Recommended:-
(1) Digging of fire trench
(2) Clearance of Field of Fire.
(3) Posting of sentries
(4) Digging shelter trench
(5) Putting OHC.

ORDERS AND BRIEFING

178. The Pl Comd orders for the occupation of a
defensive position should be given under the headings
shown in the following paragraphs:-
a. Ground
To be explained as it appears on the ground e.g.
high ground, valleys, forests, rivers etc.
b. Situation
(1) Enemy
(a) Strength
(b) Equipments
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(c) Morale
(d) Tactics
(2) Friendly Forces
The positions of neighbouring localities.
(3) Attachment and Detachment
(a) Attachment – if any

(b) Detachment
c. Mission
No 2 Pl will occupy ..
d. Execution

./48
(1) General Outline
Pl will occupy the locality with two sections
up, left No 1 Pl, right No 2 Pl and 3
Pl in depth.
(2) Grouping and Tasks
(a) 1 PL
(1) Grouping
1 det MMG
(ii) Tasks
Occupy left posn, and defend the
area from enemy penetration.
(b) 2 Pl
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(c) 3 Pl ..
(d) 60 Mortar ect.
(3) Co-ordinating Instructions
(a) Timings
(i) Pons to be occupied by
hrs
(ii) Digging stage one to be completed
at hrs
(iii) Stage 3 to be completed at
.hrs
(iv) Stand too
(v) Stand down
(b) Patrols
(c) Sentries
(d) Boundaries
(e) Track discipline
(f) Obstacles
(g) Alarm system
e. Administration and Logistic
(1) Wpn and Ammo
(2) Defensive store
(3) Feeding
(4) Medical
(5) Dress

f. Command and Signal

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(1) Loc of Pl and Coy HQ
(2) Runner routes
(3) Frequency
(4) Pass word
g. Briefing
As well as giving orders to section commanders,
the platoon commander should, if possible,
brief the whole platoon. This briefing should
include:-
(1) A general outline of the defence plan.
(2) Plans for counter attack
(3) The policy governing the defence and the
reason for that policy. The need for
aggressive defensive should be stressed and
men should be told the range and targets at
which they should open fire by day and by
night

./49
CONDUCT OF THE DEFENSIVE BATTLE
179. a. Morale
Living underground for long periods is a severe
test of morale. Under these conditions,
high morale depends on:-

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(1) A sound defensive plan: Every man must
understand the plain and the part he has to
play.
(2) Aggressive action: every pair of eyes in the
platoon is a potential :OP: by
information must be passed back quickly so
that the supporting arms can hit the
enemy as soon as he shows himself: by
night, the ground forward of the FDIS
must be dominated by patrols, listening
and watching, ready to call for fire to
hit the enemy as soon as he appears
(3) Regular information
(4) Good discipline: This is the result of good
leadership. Well-disciplined troops stand
and fight under the worst conditions,
undisciplined troops does not.
(5) Good Administration: The Platoon
Commanders should carry out routine tours
of inspection to check personal cleanliness,
latrines and refuse pits.
(6) Reliable communications: As important to
the infantryman as his weapons.
b. Communications:
The four means of communications are wireless,
line light signals and runner, but during
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the battle, only wireless is reable. Gunfire and
tanks cut lines. Light signals are easily
missed or misunderstood, runners may become
causality. The wireless link to the
company commander is so important for the
conduct of the defence that, in quite periods.
Line should be used to save batteries. Within
the platoon, the battle is controlled by the
platoon commander
c. Conduct When Attacked
Troops is prepared localities must understand
clearly that they have to stand fast and fight
it out where they are. There must be no thought
of withdrawal or looking over the
shoulder. The only reasons which justify troops
bearing their positions during an attack
are:-
(1) To carry out an immediate counter attack.
(2) To fight off attack from an unexpected
quarter.
As soon as the enemy is seen forming up or
advancing to attack, information must be
wirelesses back to the company commander
who will then call for DF from supporting
artillery and other weapons. Within the
platoon itself fire must be controlled to be
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effective. Platoon and section commanders
must therefore ensure that good fire
discipline is observed. This is particularly
important since the introduction of self-
loading rifles. At night the control of light
is usually in the hands of the company
commander because one flare could give the
whole position away. At times, especially
during a battle, platoon commanders may be
allowed to fire illuminates at their own
discretion. An enemy whose attack has been
halted is in a most unfavorable situation.
This is the climax of the defensive battle
when the enemy must be attacked and
driven back.

ROUTINE IN THE DEFENCE

180. a. Information
Between battles, the constant requirement is to
obtain information and at the same time
deny information to the enemy. The usual ways
of doing this are:-
(1) OP’s the platoon will always have its own
OP. An Op consists of a sentry suitably
./50

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posted, using field glasses if available.
(2) Patrolling.
(3) Shelreps/morteps.
(4) Observation from weapons slits, primarily
by sentries.
(5) Denying information by:-
(a) Concealment: Track discipline and strict
attention to camouflage.
(b) Strict fire discipline.
b. Communication
Communication should be tested regularly to
ensure that they are in reliable working
order.
c. Arms and Equipment
The platoon commander must issue clear orders
on dress, equipment to be worn and arms
tobe carried. He should include:-
(1) Orders about when steel helmets; boots and
pouches are to be worn. They should
be worn by sentries by any one leaving his
section area and by everyone at stand-
to.
(2) An order forbidding troops to leave kit lying
about anywhere outside the weapon
slits.

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(3) Orders about drying towels, clothing and
blankets. These will depend on the air
situation and whether the platoon is in a
forward or reverse slope position.
(4) An order laying down times of cleaning for
LMGs. These times must be staggered so
that not more than one LMG is stripped at
any one time
(5) An order regarding bayonets: Usually they
will be fixed.

d. Inspections
Inspections by the platoon commanders help to
ensure a high standard of readiness. His
routine inspections should include arms,
ammunition, wireless equipment, tools,
clothing, personal cleanliness of troops and the
general cleanliness of his platoon
position.
e. Platoon HQ
Routine duties in platoon HQ include:-
(1) Command:
Either the platoon commander or sergeant
must be in the platoon area. Messengers
should deal with the platoon sergeant when
the platoon commanders are asleep. Field
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glasses, compass, notebook and pencil
should be readily available to the
commander.
(2) Communications
The platoon sergeant must ensure that the
telephone is always manned; this will be
another task for the platoon HQ sentry.
(3) Illumination:
At night, the platoon HQ sentry must have
illuminates ready to put up at one if
necessary.

(4) Anti-Tank
The platoon ant-tank team should not be
thought of as an integral part of platoon
HQ. The weapon will be located where it
can best carry out its task. In contact, it
should always be manned.
../51

f. Rest
No one can give of his beast for long without
sleep, junior leaders must always try to see
that they themselves and their men get enough
rest. The only way to ensure this is to

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organize rest in the same way as any other duly
is organizes. Rest will mostly be taken in
the day time especially on a forward slope.
g. Stand - to
Troops stand –to in defence so that their
commanders can ensure that all is ready to meet
an attack at the start of each day and night. The
times of stand-to are influenced by the
enemy’s habits and the existing threat from
shelling. Matters, which the platoon
commander should check on stand-to are:-
(1) Arc’s of fire.
(2) LMG fixed lines or arc’s of fire
(3) Sentries.
(4) Range cards.
(5) Communications.
(6) Storage of equipment.
(7) Dress
When the platoon commander has been
round his platoon and satisfied himself that
it is ready in all respects, he will report to
his company commander.

WITHDRAWAL

INTRODUCTION
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181. In any non-nuclear withdrawal the aim of the
Comd will be to withdraw intact, and without
interference from conduct with the enemy to a new
defence position. To enable him to do this he will
always try to make a clear break.

AIM
182. The aim of this lesson is to describe the general
principles and conduct of a withdrawal in non-nuclear
war with particular reference to a rifle Coy.

REASONS FOR WDR

183. There are four reasons for withdrawing:-
a. Disengagement from unsuccessful battle.
b. To conform with the move flanking formations.
c. To gain time for arrival of reinforcement.
d. To shorter the frontage.

PRINCIPLES
184. There are three basic principles to be observed
in the withdrawal:-
a. Maintenance of morale.
b. Control.
c. Secrecy.

MAINTENANCE OF MORALE
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185. The following are some ways of maintenance of
morale:-
a. High standard of discipline and show of
confidence by Comds of all level.
../52
b. Information once the wdr has started. Reliable
info about what is happening must be
passed on all ranks. This will stop the spread to
dispressing remours, and the consequent
lowering of morale.
c. Administration. There must be good adm
arrangement for the repleshment of ammo and
feeding of troops.
d. Training wdr must be practiced in training as in
the attack or defence battle, so that when
it comes necessary in war troops will treat it as
operation and no panic.

CONTROL
186. a. Good Control is required at all level.
Nothing helps more than a simple and flexible
plan, clear orders and good communication.
These communication plus system of check
points and RV’S will assist the Comd to control
his whole unit during the whole wdr
Ops.
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b. Orders must get down to the subordinates Comd
in good time to allow them to make a
considered plan. These orders will be based on
three basic timings:-
(1) Time up to which the position will be denied
to the enemy.
(2) Time up to which there will be no rear ward
more except for recce parties.
(3) Time position will be finally abandoned or
time to be a clear of a line of the position.
(4) Time to start thinning out.

c. Rear recce parties.

It is normal for the Comds of units and subunits
to remain forward with their troops, so
that they can fight the battle if necessary,
sending their 2i/c’s back to recce the new
position in rear. Coy and Bn rear recce parties
will normal include repleshments of SP
Coy and SP arms.
d. RV and Check Points
(1) Each unit and subunit should have an RV
selected to enable the Comd to regain
control of his whole Comd. It is a tactical
halt and therefore will require
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“Protection” it should be sited in dead
group.
(2) Check Points
Established at an easily recognizable place
where the subunits routes back to RV
converge to enable firstly, comd to gain
information of progress of their subunits
during withdrawal and secondly to check
that all troops have left the position.
Subunits do not halt at a check points.
e. Traffic Control
Efficient and comprehensive arrangements for
traffic control are essential. All
unnecessary vehicle must be sent back from the
position at the earliest opportunity.

SECRECY
187. from the back situation it will be usually
apparent to the enemy that a wdr is imminent. A Comd
can nevertheless do much deceive the enemy as to actual
time that is to take place hence the advantage of night
withdrawal. To maintain secrecy and therefore gain
surprise the following point should be observed:-

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a. Order to the troops should be issued at the latest

possible moment consistent with the
planning requirements.
b. Continue the normal pattern of activities on the
front right up to the time of withdrawal,
eg –normal patrol activity and harassing fire.
c. No abnormal increase or decrease in radio traffic
strict radio security. Make full use of
line and runner for massages of secret nature.
d. All abnormal movement, include vehicle should
take place during darkness and should be
voted in dead ground to avoid surveillance
system.
e. A plan to include harassing fire to cover noise of
rearward move of tanks vehicles.

PREPARATION FOR AWITHDRAWAL

188. Information required by forward Pl Comd if a
wdr is to take place, the Comd of forward platoon will
need to know:-
a. Who will order him to withdrawal.
b. Where is he to withdrawal to.
c. The time up on which he must deny his position
to the enemy and at which he may
withdrawal his reserve sections.
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d. The time by which he must clear of any line or
the position is to be abandoned.
e. The position of any troops through which he is
to withdrawal.
m. The location of his Pl RV.
n. The route to the Coy check point and RV (troops
using this route must not mark the fire of troops
holding position in rear).
o. The withdrawal plan of plan of SP tanks and of
troops on the flanks.

SECURITY
189. Precaution must be taken to ensure that no
alarmist remote area allowed spreading. Troops must
also be warned not to leave behind anything of value
such as ammo, papers, marked maps or stores of any
kind.

RECCE
190. Two separated recce are required:-
a. Withdrawal Routes
The Coy Comd may select the RV for each
platoon, which will be close behind the Pl
position and out direct enemy fire. The Pl Comd
must decide up or the routes which the

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sections will use to reach the RV from their
present position and will make the section
Comd walk and memorize their own routes. The
Coy Comd will decide the routes to be
taken by the platoon from RV to the Coy check
point and Coy RV’s and the Pl Comd,
with section Comd if possible, must walk and
memories it.
b. The new Position
Each rifle Pl forms rear recce part consisting of
the Pl Sgt and one or guides. The three-
Rifle platoons rear recce parties plus more NCO
from each see of Sp Coy under the Coy
2i/c from the rear recce party.

REMOVAL OF SURPLUS STORES

191. This cannot normally be left until the last
moment. Stocks, which cannot give any reason removed,
may have to be destroyed but this may cause a problem
of secrecy.

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WITHDRAWAL BY NIGHT
192. a. A Coy is more likely to achieve surprise by
night withdrawal. If a normal activity
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continues on the front until the last moment, it
will be difficult for the enemy to
determine the exact time of withdrawal.
b. By night the rear most subunit withdrawal first
and forward subunits last in battalions it
will be usual for reserve Coys to withdrawal first
and forward Coys holding the position
until the time comes for it to be abandoned.
c. Forward Coy will normally start to “thin out
some 20 –30 minutes before the time gives
up to which the position will be denied to the
enemy.
d. Forward Pl “thin out” by withdrawing the
reserve sections and Pl Hq less Pl Comd, radio
off and time given up to which the position will
be denied to the enemy forward sections
remain further by which time the reserve sec
will have organized and protected the Pl RV.
e. Before moving off each sec Comd must
physically check that his section is complete and
ready to move and he will then lead it to the Pl
RV. The Pl Comd will leave the position
last, first checking that everyone else in clear.

SEQUENCE OF A NIGHT WDR BY A COY

GROUP
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193. The following is a suggested example of how a
Coy group with tanks in Sp night withdraw by night
when in contact with the enemy, when last light is at
1800 hrs and the position is to be denied to the enemy
until 2400 hrs.
-No rearward move before 1800hrs
-CQMS out with back loaded stores 2000hrs
-A tank starts withdrawing 2200 hrs
-Replacement Pl back to org Coy RV 2330 hrs
-Coy Hq (less coy Comd, Radio, inner coy RV) 2345 hrs
-Patrol in 2350 hrs
-Dated time 2400 hrs
-Repleshment sees of fwd pls and RV’s 2400 hrs
-Pl Hq (less Pl Comd, radio inner) back to Pl RV 2400
hrs
-Tanks withdrawal 2400 hrs
-Fwd sec back to Pl RV 005 hrs
-Coy Comd, radioman, runner back to RV 005 hrs
-Coy Comd, radio Ops op offrs and MFC to Coy RV 005
hrs
-Fwd Pl’s leave Pl RV for Coy RV 0010 hrs
-Position abandoned 0015 hrs
-Move to Bn RV 0030 hrs

WIHDRAWAL BY DAY IN CLOSE CONTACT

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194. a. It is likely to be a very difficult and costly
operation especially if enemy has general an
superiority, troops will have to fight their way
back by bound cover by maximum of Sp
fire from artillery, tanks and air power.
b. It will be normal for the forward sub-units to
withdrawal first covered by the reserve sub-
units.
c. Tanks are ideal weapons to be included in the
rear guard on account of their speed
good Cross-country performance and great fire
power. They can often out and the last infantry
to abandon the position

/55
DIAGRAMMATIC LAYOUT OF A BN
WITHDRAWAL

1Sec 2 Sec 3 Sec

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Pl Check Point: Manned

by Pl Sgt.Troops do no

halt, led through by Sec Comds

Pl Reorg: Platoon withdrawal

while protected by reserve Sec

Pl
RV

2 Pl 3 Pl

Coy
Check Point: Manned by CSM
Coy
Comd rover. Troops do not halt,

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led
through by Pl Comds

A
COY RV Coy Reorg: Reserve Pl

withdrawal first

B COY
C COY

Bn Check
Point: Manned by Officer.
Radio on
Bn net. Troops pass through led
By Coy
Comd. No halt.
BN RV

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BN
EMBUSSING protected by reserve Coy
./56

RELIEF IN THE BATTLE AREA

INTRODUCTION
195. Relief in the battle area is one of the commonest
operations in war. Both the out going and in coming unit
will have troops in the forward area at the same time.
The troops are very vulnerable at this time and if the
enemy attacks, command and control becomes very
difficult to exercise. Troops first introduction to a new
area should be conducted calmly and with speed and
efficiency.

AIM
196. At platoon level, the aim is to relieve another
platoon without the enemy’s knowledge at the same time
maintaining the position intact. The aim is similar at all
levels throughout the battalion.

197. If this aim is to be achieved there must be:-

a. Security
b. Speed.
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c. Normal noise and activity.
d. Control.

198. The enemy must not even suspect that a relief is

to take place or is taking place, otherwise he can be
expected to react violently and heavy casualties to out
troops may result. The most usual way of losing secrecy
are:-
a. Too much movement and poor battle discipline
by the advance party.
b. Bad wireless discipline, especially when relief is
in progress.

SPEED
199. Men of both units should spend the minimum
time together in position, to achieve this the commanders
at all levels must have a through knowledge of relief
drill. In the platoon, simple but detailed orders must be
given to the men so that they all understand what to do
and how to do it.

NOISE
160. Night operations call for silence. Noise travels a
long way at night and it is the most likely way to lose
secrecy and draw enemy fire. The need for silence may
even outweigh the need for speed. Arrangements for
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control must therefore be such that silence is not broken
unnecessarily.

CONTROL
161. Good control is the basic secrecy. Careful
thought must therefore be given before hand to the
preparation of detailed orders covering all such matters
as guides. Check point route marking and movement in
transport and on foot must be carefully controlled.

DAYLIGHT RELIEF
162. A relief operation will almost invariably take
place at night. The only possible occasions for daylight
relief would be:-
a. When we have air supremacy and the position to
be relieved is cut out of sight of the
enemy.
For example, on reverse slope.
b. When the country makes a night relief too
difficult.

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PLANNING AND PREPARATIONS
163. Warning order: a battalion can usually expect to
receive its warning order about 48 hours in advance.
The platoon commander receives all available
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information from the company commander. After
passing this information to the Pl sergeant is required to
go forward with the advance party. Whenever possible
the platoon commander and runner should go forward to
see the ground in daylight.

164. Advance party duties. The duties of the platoon

commander in the advance party are:-
a. To live with his opposite number in the battle
area and get the maximum possible
information about the position and the enemy.
b. To make sure that all the necessary
arrangements are made to be carried out swiftly and
smoothly.

165. The platoon commander should list the points on

which information is needed before he leave with
advance party as there are far too many to carry in his
head. They include:-
a. Enemy Forces
(1) Opposing units/formations.
(2) Enemy locations.
(3) Minefields wire and obstacles.
(4) Shelling.
(5) Known DFS
(6) Habits.
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(7) Patrol activity.
(8) Observation posts (Ops).
(9) Morale.
(10) Probable intention.
b. Friendly Forces
(1) General layout of the battalion with special
regale to flanking platoons.
(2) Detailed dispositions for the platoon
including the number of fire trenches for
each section.
(3) Section arcs of fire.
(4) LMG fixed lines and arc of fire.
(5) Rocket Launcher arc of fire.
(6) Position of trip flares.
(7) Position on the ground of DF and DF (FPF)
tasks and how they are called for .
(8) Position and tasks of any support weapon in
the platoon locality or firing across
the platoon front and how this is called for.
(9). Range cards
(10) Maps and photographs
(11) Ops and details of patrols out.
(12) Wire obstacles and minefields, and gaps
through the.
c. Administration and Logistics
(1) Reserve ammunition.
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(2) A defence store extra wire and mines.
(3) Casualty evacuation.
(4) Water supply.
(5) Feeding arrangements including reserve
rations.
(6) Sanitary arrangements.

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d. Command and Signal
(1) Track plan and runners routes.
(2) Location of neighbouring platoon HQ.
(3) Position of lines if laid.
(4) Light signals
(5) The alarm signal for enemy air, gas or
nuclear attack,
(6) Inter-trench communication system,
(7) Out - going unit’s pass- word.

PLATOON PREPARATIONS
166. While the platoon commander is away with the
advance party. The platoon sergeant must ensure that the
normal administrative preparations are completed. These
include bathing, provision of canteen supplies
inspections and replacing deficiencies.

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167. The platoon commander will do as much of the
briefing as possible before he leaves with the advance
party. He will not usually be able to return to do any
final briefing, which will normally be done by the
company. The following must be include:-
a. An explanation of the ground together with the
procedure for relief and the system of
check points.
b. Action if attacked.
c. What to do and what to expect is the way of
lights and shelling.
d. Emphasis on silence, keeping contact with the
man in front and speed.

REHEARSALS SHOULD INCLUDE

168. a. Debussing.
b. Taking over platoon and section localities in
detail.

RELIEF PROCEDURE
169. The arrangements for control of the relief are
considered under the following headings:-
a. System of control points and guides,
b. Action in platoon and section localities.
c. Communications.
d. Protection during the relief.
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e. Change of command.

SYSTEM OF CONTROL POINTS AND GUIDES

170. Four control points in the battalion area affect
the platoon:-
a. The debussing Point
If the initial move is TCVS this point will as far
forward as possible without giving away
secrecy through the noise of the vehicle engine.
The company with its supporting units
will arrive under the company second in
command. The point will be marked by light.
An officer and a protection party from the in
coming battalion will be on duty near by. A
guide from the outgoing battalion will be
allocated to lead the company group forward or
to dispersed area if there is any held up. The
debussing must be rehearsed paying regard
to:-
(1) Embussing in reverse order to the order of
march from the debussing point forward.
(2) Which side of the vehicle men is to get out.
/59
(3) Debussing under shell fire.

b. Battalion Check Point

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This is set up so that the commanding officer
can check the progress of the relief. If there
is any hold up, a dispersal point is allotted for
use but usually there is no halting at this check
point and companies march straight through.
c. Company Check Point
This is where the advance party, usually platoon
commander and his runner wait for the
Platoon. Also waiting at the company check
point are:-
(1) The company commander and his batman.
(2) The other platoon advance party.
(3) A guide for each platoon from the outgoing
battalion.
(4) NCOs in command of support weapons in
company area.
(5) The CSM of the out going company will be
in charge of this point.

d. Platoon RV
This will be close to platoon HQ. The platoon
commander or platoon sergeant must know
the route to this RV from the company in event
of a hold up. On the move to the platoon
lead the platoon and Pl Comd and Sgt move
behind the leading section to reduce the
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chances of the guide and himself becoming
casualties at the same time. The sergeant or
platoon commander should check the platoon
through the company check point and bring
up the rear. At the platoon RV guides from the
outgoing platoon meet each section.
There is no halting, section are led off to their
respecting positions.

PLATOON AND SECTION LOCATIONS

171. a. Before the platoon arrives the advance party
gives names of the men in each section to
Outgoing section commander and arranges
which trenches they are to occupy. The
Outgoing section commander leads the incoming
section to their trenches in pairs or
Fours as the case may be.
b. On reaching the trenches, the incoming men at
once occupy the shelter trenches so as
Not to stay exposed above ground. They must be
clear of kit belonging to the out going section,
which will be standing to through out the relief.
c. The out going section commander then briefs his
counter party showing him arcs of fire
and any other important details all of which
must be noted by the in coming section
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commander
d. Next all in coming section commanders report to
their platoon commander that they are
ready to take over. The platoon commander
informs his company commander and asks
permission to complete the relief.
e. When this is given, the two platoon
commander’s stay at platoon HQ ready for any
emergency, while the platoon sergeants together
go round each section in turn ordering
outgoing section to withdrawal to the platoon
RV.
f. When this has been done, the platoon sergeants
will report to their platoon commander
and the outgoing platoon commander with his
HQ will move back to the platoon RV.
This platoon will not wait there longer than is
necessary to ensure that it is complete
before moving on to the companies check point
and company RV.
g. After the outgoing platoon have left, the
incoming platoon commander will report that the
relief has been completed to have company
commander.

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h. When the relief has been completed, the
incoming commander will send two runners to
Company HQ. One will come back, the other
will stay. This ensures that at least two men
know the routes. The runner to come back will
usually be one who was with platoon
commander on the advance party.
j. The incoming platoon will continue to stand too
until the company commander orders it
is to stand down.

COMMUNICATIONS
172. a. There are three means communication
available during the relief and they should be used
in used the following order of priority;-
(1) Line
(2) Outgoing battalion’s wireless set,
(3) Incoming battalion’s wireless set.
b. Wireless traffic must be kept at the normal level
so as not to lose secrecy. When this
Cannot be ensured, traffic must be confined to
the outgoing battalion’s net which is
already known to the enemy.
c. On company sets there will be two companies
on each channel, one from each battalion.

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The outgoing unit should use short call signs
throughout and the incoming unit should
use Long call signs.
d. The incoming battalion must keep wireless
silence for as long as possible and rules for
breaking wireless silence will be laid and must
be observed strictly

PROTECTION DURING THE RELIEF

173. before the relief the incoming battalion arranges
for the protection of its debussing point and check point.
Protection for the relief itself is given by reconnaissance
and fighting patrols:-
a. Reconnaissance patrols are located within the
defence perimeter. They can be changed
over during the relief in company areas after the
in coming platoons have taken over. If
possible, these patrols should go forward with
the advance party and be in position before
the main relief
b. Fighting Patrols
(1) Responsibility for providing these is with
the outgoing battalion unless the
commanding officers agree otherwise.
(3) Sometimes these patrols come from the
incoming battalion in all such cases, patrol
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commanders and members of the patrol must go
forward with the advance party and be given the
usual opportunities for reconnaissance and
briefing. It is helpful if these patrol commanders
can go out the night before with a patrol from
the outgoing battalion so as to get to know the
ground.

CHANGE OF COMMAND
173. The arrangements and time for the change of
command are agreed between the commanding officers
before the relief takes place and orders for it are down to
platoons. Command normally passes at each level as
follows:
a. Platoon
When all three sections have been relieved.
b. Company
when two or more platoons, including the
forward platoons, have completed relief.

/61
c. Battalion
When two or more companies, including the
forward companies have completed relief.

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DIAGRAM FOR RELIEF OPS
   
 

  





Pl check Point
Pl Check point Pl Check Point Pl
Check point

Pl RV   
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


Pl Check pt Pl Check pt

Pl RV
Coy Check Point
Coy Checkpoint

Coy RV
Coy Debasing Point

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NB: Single arrow indicates the out going
unit
Double arrow indicates the incoming unit.
Coy Embossing Point .
../62

PATROLS

INTRODUCTION
174. In war a Comd cannot plan a successful
operation without accurate and up to date information.
Patrolling is one of the most reliable means of obtaining
this.

AIMS OF PATROLLING
175. The aims of patrolling are:-
a. To obtain information.
b. To dominate the no man’s land and gaps
between formation and units.
c. To destroy or disrupt enemy forces.

176. Dominating of no man’s land implies winning

and keeping moral and physical ascendancy over it. This
makes it easier and safer for more and more of out patrol
to move in this area and to obtain more information.
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Conversely, it makes it harder and more dangerous for
the enemy to do so. Gaps between units must be
patrolled to prevent large bodies of enemy infiltrating or
forming up for an attack unobserved.

177. Patrolling is carried out by both sides by day and

night in all phases or war. Successful patrolling calls for
good planning, a high standard of individual training,
good team work, efficient execution and initiative and
determination on the part of patrol Comd. infact it’s the
peak of infantry training. Also, of course it boosts the
unit’s morale and conversely lowers the enemy’s morale.

178. Patrolling enables the defence to be conducted in

an aggressive manner. In peacetime it is an excellent
stimulant to training because it creates keep interest and
can so easily be made realistic. The foundation of
successful patrolling is thorough preparation.

TYPES OF PATROL
179. There are two main types of patrols:-
a. Reconnaissance patrols.
b. Fighting patrols.

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RECONNAISSANCE PATROLS
180. The roles in which reconnaissance patrols may
be employed include:-
a. Collecting topographical information of features,
tracks and the state of
the ground.
b. Obtaining details of enemy minefields and the
extent of enemy positions.
c. Locating enemy LMG’s and DF areas.
d. Investigating noises made by the enemy, enemy
habits and patrol routes.
e. Checking out wire and/or minefields at first or
last light.
f. Acting as listening posts to give early warning
of enemy approach and
with the ability to call down fire.

FIGHTING PATROLS
181. These are patrols organized for a particular task
with sufficient strength and armament to accept combat.

/63
182. The roles in which fighting patrols a may be
employed include:-
a. Denying enemy patrols freedom of action in No
man’s land.
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b. Driving enemy protective patrols.
c. Interfering with enemy working parties.
d. Distracting enemy attention from other
activities.
e. Carrying out raids.
f. Capturing prisoners for identification purposes.
g. Tank hunting.
h. Laying ambushes.
j. Protecting reconnaissance and working parties
of other arms.
k. Escorting stretcher parties.

STRENGTH AND COMPOSITION

183. The strength and composition of a patrol must
be related to its role. As a guide, fighting patrols and
ambushes are merely less than one officer and fifteen
other ranks. This is related to the number, which
can be effectively controlled by one man at night, the
size of enemy patrols, whether a patrol base is to be
formed and the mission given to the fighting patrol.
Reconnaissance patrols may consist of an officer or
NCO and one to four men, relying mainly on stealth to
avoid detection. A second –in command must be
detailed for every patrol.

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184. The decision to use a reconnaissance or fighting
patrol for a particular mission is matter of appreciation.
The principles of patrolling are the same for both. See
Annex “A” for the composition for both recce fighting
patrol.

CO-ORDINATION AND PLANNING

185. Within the battalion, the company commander is
generally responsible for the briefing and interrogation
of patrols but the intelligence officer will usually provide
any information about the enemy, or troops, ground and
in particular any information acquired by previous,
patrols. The commanding officer may do this himself,
for example, if the task is of special importance.

186. It is usual for the company commander to

control all local patrols operating on his front and special
patrols outside the radio of battalion Hq. He should
therefore brief and debrief such patrols.

AIM
187. The aim of each patrol ordered out most be
clearly defined and understood.

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TIME FOR PLANNING
188. Patrols should be planned sufficiently far ahead
to enable the battalion commander and his representative
to brief the patrol leader fully. Sufficient time must be
allowed for the patrol leader himself to study maps and
air photographs and make reconnaissance. The time
required for this will depend on the task and whether the
members of the patrol are familiar with the ground.

SEQUENCE OF PREPARATION
189. A suggested logical sequence might be:-
a. Warning order from battalion HQ.
b. Company Commander or CO and probably, the
IO, brief the patrol leader.
c. Selection of OP’s from the map.
/64

d. Warning order detailing troops concerned, time

and place of RV and any special
administrative arrangements.
e. Reconnaissance from Ops.
f. Appreciation and plan.
g. Prepare orders
h. Prepare model
j. Meet patrol and point out ground from OP.
k. Issue orders.
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l. Rehearsals.
m. Preparation and inspection of arms and
equipment.
n. Rest.
o. Food.
p. Night rehearsal.
q. Final check of arms and equipment.
r. Checking up on patrol.
s. Patrol action.
t. Interrogation and patrol report.

WHAT THE PATROL MUST KNOW

190. The patrol leader must;-
a. Check that he has been provided with all the
information he can obtain such as map air
photographs and report of previous patrols.
b. Plan and carry out a detailed reconnaissance.
c. Study the ground with the following in mind:-
(1) Routines.
(2) Obstacles.
(3) Landmarks.
(4) Ops.
(5) Dead ground covered approaches.
(6) Places where ambushes may be met or laid.
(7) Enemy positions likely positions and DF
areas.
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(8) Effect of the moon or movement light if any.
d. Check very carefully distance and
compass bearing of bounds or legs on
routes; also timing.
e. Keep his plan as simple as possible
particularly if the patrol is to be done at
night.

PHYSICAL FITNESS.
191. Men selected fro the patrol should be free from
coughs and colds and otherwise physically fit

PATROL LEADERS ORDERS.

192. The success of the patrol will depend on the
contents of these orders and the manner in which
the
patrol leader gives them. This will take time since they
must be detailed and must cater for every contingency
but some time can be saved if certain actions are
mentioned in outline only and practiced in detail later
during rehearsal. Patrol orders will always be given to
the whole patrol. They must be
given slowly and stages, the members being allowed to
ask questions as the various points arise. After
/65

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the orders have been given, the leader must be confident
that every member not only knows his own job
thoroughly but is capable of taking charge in and
emergency, even of completing the mission by
himself should be need arise.

193. The essentials of the patrol order may be given

in the following sequence:-
a. Ground should be described on a model and
from Ops. Enemy and out positions,
landmarks and routes should be pointed out.
b. Mission will include the task allotted. This is
best expressed in the form of a question in
the case of a reconnaissance patrol or an order
in the case of fighting patrol “We
will .”
c. Execution must include:-
(1) Position and job of each man.
(2) Patrol formation (rehearse).
(3) Routes out and in, legs bearings, distances in
peaces and type of country and gradients on
each leg.
(4) Time out and in.
(5) Action at halts.
(6) Action at RV/Firm base.
(7) Action on reaching the objective (Rehearse).
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(8) Action when crossing obstacles.
(9) Action on illumination or trip flares
(Rehearse)
d. Administrations and Logistics:-
(1) Timings:-
Day rehearses hrs
Inspections . hrs
Rest . hrs
Food . hrs
Night rehearsals . hrs
Final inspection . hrs
(2) Preparation and distribution on of weapons,
ammunition equipment and clothing.
(3) Medical, morphia, Collection and disposal
of wounded.
e. Command and Signal:-
(1) Patrol signals including opening fire.
(2) Password.
(3) Instruction for the use of Radio, including
any restrictions.

REHEARSALS
194. All actions of the patrol must be thoroughly
rehearsed before it goes out. The leader must be quite
clear as to what be wants to rehearse, vague rehearsal of

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formations alone are of little use. A daylight rehearsal
should be held to practice the following:-
a. Order of march and individual positions in all
formations to be used.
b. Method of changing formation.
c. Obstacle crossing.
d. Action on meeting the enemy on the route.
e. Action on the objective.
f. Signals for everything.
g. Action at halts.
h. Action at light.
../66
j. Casualty evacuation and prisoner escort.
k. Rehearsals should be repeated at night.

195. The patrol leader should check the

administrative arrangements for the reception of his
patrol when it returns. Shelter, dry clothing a meal and a
hot drink should be available whatever the time. This
gives all members confidence in the interest taken in
their welfare. If possible, arrangements should also be
made to enable to get a few hours undisturbed sleep.

PATROL REPORT
196. Although it may be customary for a patrol to
report verbally to his company commander as soon as he
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returns, a written report of the patrol must always be
made for records purpose. The patrol report will be
completed by the officer interrogating the patrol with the
patrol leader and will on completion, be forwarded to the
next highest authority. A specimen performs for a patrol
report is shown at Annex “B”.

197. The patrol leader, and on some occasions, the

members of the patrol, should be interrogated as soon as
possible after return, this should be done by the Officer
who conducted the briefing. The interrogation should be
planned and dealt with in the order of events as they
happened during the patrol.

EQUIPMET
198. The weapons and equipment to be taken and the
dress to be worn will depend on the patrol task. As a
general rule, patrol should operate as lightly equipped as
possible. Patrols may be cut of and have to lie up in no
man’s land until the next night, they should therefore
generally take with them water bottles and emergency
rations.

WEAPONS
199. Fighting patrols must be able to produce the
maximum fire quickly. Automatic weapons and
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grenades will be the principle weapons. LMGs though
rather heavy and cumber-some, should be take if
possible provided that carrying them does not hinder the
patrol. On some occasions, the increased fire power of
SI rifle may enable the patrol to dispense with LMGs.
Weapons should be loaded with actions cocked and
safety catches applied. Bayonets should be fixed and
blackened. Both HE and smoke grenades should be
taken. Grenade pins must be checked to ensure that they
are readily removable but safe.

EQUIPMENT
200. This will depend on climate and weather but
should be comfortable, protect the wearer
and enable him to move silently without tiring
him. In general, the following should be
avoided:-
a. Smooth surfaces likely to shine in
moonlight or under flares.
b. Colour contrasts.
c. Stiff clothing, this rustles during
movement.

FOOTWEAR
201. Footwear should be soft but must protect the
feet. If they are available, suitable quite boots should be
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worn. Gym shoes do not give sufficient support or
protection to the ankles and on hard rough ground.

SPECIAL EQUIPMENT
202. Patrol leaders will generally find the following
useful:-
./67

a. Thick writing paper and soft black pencil.

b. Compass with luminous dial and lanyard.
c. Watch with luminous face and lanyard (watch in
pocket).
d. Field glasses: These are valuable at night.
e. Wire cutters, sacking and tape.
f. Torch.
g. Morphia, in case anyone is wounded, and a
stretcher, a stretcher can be improvised from
a blanket and spare rifle slings.

FINAL INSPECTIONS
203. Before setting out on patrol, the leader must
carry out a final inspection to ensure that the men are
properly armed and equipped and that their arms and
equipment do not rattle. No one must carry anything that
might give away valuable information.

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FIELDCRAFT
204. The patrol should see or hear the enemy before it
is itself seen or heard. This demands greapatience,
skilful and silent movement and good observation
frequent listening halts are essential. The patrols should
lie down, so as take advantage of the skyline and should
observe in all directions. They must observe carefully,
the leader using his field glasses to see the ground. The
patrol must also keep perfectly still and listen intently.
At night, the cars revel more then the eyes. The patrol
should not move until certain that there is no one also
near by. These halts are made frequently and take up a
lot of time but they are essential to the success of the
patrol. Between halt the patrol should move at the best
possible speed.

FORMATIONS
205. The formations adopted on the type of patrol, its
size, ground, control, protection and concealment.
Formations should be kept as simple as possible. Useful
formations are file and with the patrol disposed in the
diamond shaped formation. The distance between
individuals is governed by the visibility. When contact
with the enemy is likely it is often advisable to have a
scout group as the leading element of the patrol. This
group moves ahead of the patrol leader in short bounds,
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according to the degree of darkness. The radio operator
should be close to the patrol leader. He should keep his
headset on all the time and because of the nature of his
work, it is suggested that he be given a protection man.
He must stay on listening watch. The patrol leader, radio
operator and his protection man are the Comd group they
should normally move behind the scout group.

ROUTES
206. Routes out/in should be different. They should
be broken down into “Legs” each having a magnetic
bearing and known distance. Legs should be measured
from the map to the nearest 50 pieces finishing at or near
feature easily recognizable at night. Everyone in the
patrol must know these legs. If the patrol should be
dispersed, all members should return to an RV at the end
of the previous leg.
This drill enables the patrol leader to regain control as
quickly as possible. When enemy interference makes
this impossible, the only practical alternative is for the
members of the patrol to return to their starting point.
Too many legs may complicate matters and are difficult
to remember but they should not be too long.

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207. By night except perhaps in bright moonlight, the
route should avoid prominent cover such as corners and
hedges of woods, tracks, hedges and deep defiles, as
these are likely places for enemy ambushes or standing
patrols to be located. The patrols should use open
ground rather than cover. When moving along high
ground increases the risk of being seen against the
skyline. When crossing a ridge, the patrol should crawl
and try to make use of any background available.

208. By day, concealment is all-important. Routes

should be chosen to take advantage of all possible cover.

NIGHT NAVIGATION
209. It is essential that a patrol should be able to find
its way accurately. This can be difficult on a really dark
night or in fog. The best aid to keeping direction at
night is the compass. Careful study of maps and air
photographs will help but the surest way of reaching the
objective is to march on chosen bearing, counting paces
taken on each leg. This method of marching in legs is
described in paragraph 33 above. Features and
landmarks help in checking position. Much practice is
required to reach a high standard in the use of the
compass at night. Other aids which are sometimes
available are the stars, artillery fire, and movement light.
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APPROACH TO THE OBJECTIVES

210. On approaching the objective, movement will be
slow and halts frequent. Any unnecessary noise at this
stage might betray the patrol.

OBSTACLES
212. All obstacles whether natural or artificial must
be examined by the patrol leader. The crossing of
obstacles by the patrol should be done in drills as
previously rehearsed. To avoid confusion it is best to
keep the same pre-arranged order for crossing all
obstacles. All movements through or across an obstacle
must be carried out carefully; they should not be rushed,
as this is a time when the patrol is unavoidably spread
out and vulnerable. At least one member should be ready
to fire his weapon or throw if the patrol is surprised by
the enemy while crossing the obstacle.

WATER OBSTACLES
213. Sometimes it is necessary for patrols to cross or
make a reconnaissance of water obstacle, it may be
possible to wade or swim across but more often a boat,
which will be difficult to carry, or some improvised
means of crossing is needed. Whatever arrangements
are made, they must be thoroughly rehearsed in the dark.
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An operation of this kind calls for care, as a small
mistake may prejudice success.

ACTION ON THE OBJECTIVE

214.It is difficult to plan action on the objective in detail,
especially if it cannot be seen clearly from the Ops.
Often only an outline plan can be prepared. On arriving
near the objective, the patrol leader should quickly:-
a. Search the area, especially the RV, for an
unexpected enemy.
b. Make a brief reconnaissance to enable him to
plan how to carry out the patrol’s task.
c. Tell the patrol how the task is to be done. The
plan must be simple, particularly if part of the patrol is to
be ready to support the rest with fire.

RV ON THE OBJECTIVE
215. There must always be an RV near the
objective to which the patrol goes if
there has been contact with the enemy.
This RV must be easy to find but not too
obvious. It must be pointed out to all
members of the patrol on their approach
to the objective so that they can
recognize it and the way to it when they

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are ordered to withdraw from the
objective.

ACTION ON LIGHTS
216. When flare is fired, there is usually time to fall
flat before the light takes full effect. When caught by
light, however, it is usually best to freeze. It is
movement which is most likely to give the patrol away.
One eye should be closed to avoid night blindness when
the flare goes out.

ACTION ON SETTING OFF A TRIP FLARE

217. Trip flares are easy to conceal easy to off and
when set off they light at once and last for some time.
The flare also gives off smoke, which may silhouette the
patrol effectively. Trip flares are sited to give early
warning to the enemy of anyone approaching his
position and they will usually be covered by fire. To
help overcome this danger, the patrol leader is advised to
carry with him a light stick or wire to feel if the patrol
leader can find the flare itself, he may be able to disarm
it but this operation is difficult since flares are spurring
loaded. The best course is to mark the wire and flare
with white tape and avoid it. If the patrol should set off
a trip flare, it must move away rapidly to avoid enemy
reaction.
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SPLITING THE PATROL

218.Splitting the patrol should be avoided but it will be
necessary in the case of large patrols when a few men
can be used in the final stage. When a patrol is split,
there is a danger of the two parties clashing or losing
each other. Also one party is engaged by the enemy, it
may be difficult to re-unite the patrol,

ACTION IF SURPRISED
219. Action if surprised must be simple. It must be
planned and rehearsed before the patrol sets out. It will
depend on the type of patrol, the strength of the enemy
and the ground on which he is encountered. A patrol
should not be given more than two alternative. The
patrol leader must have a clear means of indicating
which action is to be taken.

230. Possible courses of action are:-

a. The patrol leader throws a smoke grenade and
the patrol runs a pre-arraigned distance or
follows the leader in the direction he shouts.
b. An immediate physical assault firing weapons.
c. Get down, fire weapons and throw grenades
until the leader signals on his whistle, then
runs as in sub paragraph (a) above.
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SUPPORTING FIRE
231. Fire support can be called for over the wireless
or may be pre-planned. Possible fire tasks in support of
a patrol include:-
a. Distracting the enemy’s attention while a patrol
crosses an obstacle or approaches the objective.
b. Helping a patrol to extricate itself in an
emergence.
c. Support on the objective.

CASUALTIES
232. All casualties must be brought back, not only for
reasons of morale, but also to deny information to the
enemy. Wounded must be attended and made
comfortable as soon as possible, man wounded on the
way to the objective may have to be left to be collected
on the way back. It may be possible to summon another
patrol by radio to pick him up if is left by an easily
identified feature. When men are wounded on the way
back, the problem is not so great. Unless a man is
severally wounded, it is usually possible for him to be
carried between two men, sitting on a rifle, he is badly
wounded a stretcher may be improvised with rifle slings
and wood or other available materials.

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233. A plan must be made for substitution within the
patrol of key members such as the patrol leader. NCO
and the radio operator in the event of them becoming
casualties.

PRISONERS
234. If a fighting patrol takes a prisoner, whether that
is its task or not, he must be brought back alive as
prisoners are a valuable source of information. If the
patrol’s task is not ended, it may not be practicable to
keep the prisoner with the patrol as he may handicap its
movement or make a noise which betrays it. He must be
put under close guard,caged and then taken back or left
to be collected later or even picked up by others detailed
for follow up for this purpose.

A PATROL STANDING BY
235. It may be necessary to have a patrol ready and
briefed to follow one or more patrols already out. This
can be useful when:-
a. There is particularly important and difficult task
facing a patrol, should the patrol fail or run into serious
difficulties, the patrol standing by is sent out to complete
the task.
b. A patrol has casualties and needs help to bring
them back.
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c. A patrol has taken prisoners and escort them
would stop the patrol to complete its task due to lack of
numbers.

FIRM BASE
236. A fighting patrol may set up a firm base from
which one or more reconnaissance patrols go out and
return. This is done especially in jangle or mountain
warfare. It is a help to reconnaissance patrols if they are
escorted. It is sometimes necessary to set up a firm base
to set up radio communications from deep patrols to
their HQ.

RECCE PATROL
237. Recce patrol gains information by observation
and operate by stealth. It may consist of the following:-
a. Patrol leader.
b. Radio operator
c. Protection man.
d. Pacer man & Compass man if operating during
the nights.
e. Scoults.
f. Gate away man.

FIGHTING PATROL

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238. Fighting patrol are organized for a particular
task with sufficient strength and armament to fight. It is
formed by the following groups:-
a. Patrol HQ.
(1) Patrol leader
(2) Radio operator.
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(3) Protection man.

b. Support Group – Lead by patrol 2i/c.
(1) 60 mm Mor.
(2) MMGs.
(3) RPGs and other SP weapons.
c. Assault Group – Main task is to clear enemy’s
objective.
d. Cut off team A and B – to kill enemy who tries
to run away.
e. Pacer man and Compass man.
f. Gate away man.
ANNEX ‘A’

PATROL REPORT FORM

(Unit )

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.
(Type of Patrol) (Date)
To . (Position).
Map

A - Strength and organization of patrol.

B - Tasks.
C - Time of Departure.
D. - Time of arrival.
E - Route (Out/in).
F - Ground situation.
G - Enemy
H - Any map amendments/corrections.
J - Any other information’s.
K - Results after contact with the enemy.
L - Casualties and patrol situation general
M - Conclusion and recommendation.

(Signature, Rank, Bn of Patrol Comd)

N - Statement/Recommendation of interrogator.

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(Signature, Rank & Bn)

.
(Time)
O - Usually patrol report should be sent to HQs of
high authority even though two copies may be sent to
flank Bns depending on the situation.

/72

AMBUSH

INTRODUCTION
239. An ambush is surprise attack against moving or
temporarily halted enemy units. The principle of
surprise, concealment and offensive action are used to
inflict the large number of casualties. Confessional and
damage the enemy. It does involve the capture and
holding of ground permanently

AIMS OF AMBUSHES
240. The aims of the ambush may be:-
a. To destroy enemy force.
b. Capture or destroy weapons or equipment.
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d. Gain intelligence.
e. Prevent enemy approaching friendly positions.
f. As a diversion to draw attention away from
another area or operation.
g. Deter the enemy from domination of an area.

TYPES OF AMBUSH
241. There two types of ambush
a. Deliberate ambush
b. Immediate ambush.

(1) A deliberate ambush is on planned and

executed as a separate operation.
Generally time will allow detailed planning,
preparation and rehearsal
(2) An immediate ambush is one set with a
minimum of planning to anticipate enemy
action. It is purely defensive technique by a
force such as patrol. Little time is available
for recce and occupation and method used
depends almost entirely on the application of
previous training the initiative of the
commander concerned.

PRINCIPLES/FUNDAMENTALS

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242. Successful ambushes have the following
characteristics:-
a. A high standard of training in ambush
techniques.
b. Careful planning and briefing.
d. Security at all stages.
e. Intelligent layout, sitting and concealment.
f. High standard of battle discipline.
g. Determination to wait and kill.
h. Simple plan for springing ambush.
j. Good shooting from all position.
p. All approaches should be covered.
q. Ambush should have depth where possible.

PLANNING AN AMBUSH
243. a. Information: During planning, enemy
characteristics, habits, orgazanition and weapon,
must be carefully considered. The information
required concerning the enemy must
include:-

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(1) Supply parties – time of movement,
organization of escort, types of supplies
carried.

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(2) Aim of enemy patrols, size, routes, habits as
to time and locations, frequencies and arms.
(3) Size of enemy working parties.
(4) Enemy system of escort.
(5) What is his counter action?
(6) Distances, the enemy usually maintains
between men.
i. Location and movement of friendly units.
ii. Selection of suitable sites, approaches,
withdrawal, routes, assy area, RVs etc.
iii. Duration.
iv. Strengths.

RECCE
244. If possible the ambush commander should carry
out recce prior to the issue of preliminary orders. During
recce the comd will select the following:-
a. Killing ground and ambush position
b. Route to the ambush position.
c. RV and route to and from it.
d. Assembly area.
e. Withdrawal route

SITTING OF AMBUSH
245. a. The site selected should be:-

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(1) Be capable of being concealed, so that from
the enemy point of view it appears
Unoccupied
(2) Present no opportunity for the enemy escape
when the ambush is spring.
(3) Allow sentries to give due warning before
the first enemy enter the ambush.
(4) Be capable of being covered by weapon (in
the killing ground)
(5) Have a good covered approach avoiding
contact with known enemy position or local
inhabitants.
(6) Be so planned that the direction of fie each
group must be laid down to obtain
maximum fire effect and to ensure safety to
own troops. The good ambush sites are like:-
(a) Steep slope.
(b) Road turn (blind corners).
(c) Valleys.
(e) Bridges.
(e) Tunnels.
(f) Thick weeds and grass.
(g) Narrow river band etc.

ORGANIZATION

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246. An ambushing party should be organized as
follows:-
a. Warning group:- Located along the likely
enemy approaches to the ambush position,
their task is to give early warning of the enemy’s
approach and his strength if possible.
b. Killing group:- Covers killing area to fire on the
enemy to inflict casualties and
cause confusion. The only fire on a signal or
order given by the ambush commander.
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c. Assault group: Assault the enemy and search

the killed enemy. They are
sometimes called searchers.

v. Cut Off group/Stoppers: They are

deployed on along the enemy likely
escape route to
stop the enemy who tries to escape from the
ambush area.
vi. Protection group: They are deployed on
depth for our own security to protect
from being surrounded by the enemy.

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vii. Command Group: This consists of
ambush commander and his party. The
commander
will position himself where he can command
and control well his groups.

viii. Sometimes the organization of an ambush

operation will depend on the use of
terrain, troops available and the type of an
ambush. For immediate ambush and
when troops are not enough to be
organized into those six group. The
commander may organize the ambush into
early warning party, killing group and
protection or reserve. Here the only
warning group will act as stoppers in case
the enemy tries to escape. Also party of
the killer group will act as searchers of
assault. They will be ordered to assault
and search the enemy after inflicting so
many casualties.

ORDERS
247. Orders for ambush are issued twice:-
a. Preliminary orders:- The ambush commander
should brief his party as thoroughly as
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possible to reduce the amount spent on final
orders and as early as possible to allow the
maximum time for preparation and rehearsal.
The orders will cover:-
(1) All available information’s.
(2) Mission.
(3) Details or move to ambush area and time
position is to be occupied by.
(4) Position and task of each group.
(5) Order for springing.
(6) Direction of fire for effect and safety.
(7) Arrangement for search and follow up.
(8) Sentries.
(9) Signal to cease-fire.
(10) Signal to call for ambush.
(11) Administrative arrangements.
b. Final Orders:- After preliminary orders, the
main body will move to the ambush
position, before occupying a position it should
assemble short of the ambush position
possibly at the RV. Whilst the recce party goes
forward to see that no enemy present an
if it has not previously been done, to carry out a
reconnaissance. In any case final order
must be brief
and include:-
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(1) A description of the ambush area and killing
ground.
(2) Final location of the commander.

./75
(3) Any variation from the rehearsal in regard to
individual tasks.

OCCUPATION
248. Individual must be checked before the move
forward to occupy the position.
Occupation must be carried out from the rear with only a
few men at a time moving stealthy facing perpendicular
to the ambush site. The sequence of occupation is as
follows.
a. Sentries take up their position and
communication cord are laid to the commander. The
rope string wire are tugged to give silent warning the
enemy approach.
b. Automatic weapons are brought forward to
cover the killing ground group.
c. Killing group, booby traps, anti-personnel mines
if required are laid.
d. Troops are placed in depth to provide rear and
flank protection.

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e. If reliefs are used, they will be shown their
position.

CONDUCT
249. Whether troops in ambush require relief will
depend on the physical condition of the troops available
and duration of the ambush.

LYING IN AMBUSH
250. Once a group is in a position there must be no
sound or movement. This is a test of training a
discipline.
SPRINGING
251. After being warned of the enemy direction of
approach and size the commander will spring the
ambush when the maximum number of enemy are in
killing zone and range reduced to minimum. An ambush
normally is spring by a weapon, which can cause large
number of casualties at a time.

SUBSEQUENT ACTION
252. The action after the spring of an ambush will
depend on the aim of the ambush. The size and a
degree of its confusion the action may be:-

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a. The dead and the wounded are searched, the
wounded evacuated.
b. An immediate follow up is mounted from
the ambush.
c. Collect weapons document and prisoners.
d. The ambush is withdrawn and the position
abandoned.

CEASE FIRE
253. The signal for cease fire will be issued by the
commander when he considers that he has inflicted
maximum casualties.

WITHDRAWAL
254. After the signal order of withdrawal back to RV
the sequence will be:-
a. Sentries.
b. Ambush party groups.
c. Troops in depth.

COUNTER AMBUSH DRILL

255. The drill is used if the patrol is fired on or the
enemy detected on a flank.
a. Action by troops in contact with the enemy.

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b. Shout “Ambush right “left” according to

whether the enemy is on the right or left flank.
(1) Take up a fire position and engage the
enemy or.
(2) Throw smoke grenade then to the pre
arrange RV.
i. Action by troops out of contact:-
(1) Shout “Ambush right” or “left”
(2) Close up in all round defence with “O”
group at the center.

c. When vehicles are fired upon, the immediate

action is as follows:-
d. Drivers do not stop, but will attempt to drive out
of the danger zone.
(1) Look out men/sentries or troops will fire
immediately to keep enemy heads down
(2) When vehicles are clear of the danger zone,
they will be stopped to allow occupants to
debuss and carry out offensive.
(3) The next vehicle in the convoy will not
attempt to cross the danger area but will halt
clear of the area to allow occupants to take
up offensive action.

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ii. If vehicles are forced to stop in the danger
zone the immediate action drill is a
follows:-
iii. Vehicle commander’s shouts MUSTER
RIGHT OR LET to indicate the direction
in which troops will move.
iv. Sentries throw smoke grenades and open
fire.
(3) Troops debuss and run towards the direction
indicated.
(4) All fit men are collected at one point for
counter action.
(5) Vehicles and those wounded must not be left
undefended.
(6) Vehicles occupants not in ambush must try
to support those ambushed with their MG
fire.

LAYOUT OF AN AMBUSH IN A LINE

FORMATION
256. The positioning of groups in ambush will
depend on the terrain and whether the commander
wishes to extend the killing zone or wants to concentrate
fire in the killing area. Also for security of troops he
will position some troops in depth.

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NIGHT AMBUSHES
257. Many successful ambushes have been set at
night others may be maintained over a long period by
day and night. Darkness provides concealment.
Differences between day and night ambushes area
follows:-
a. Control is difficult, position may have to be
adjusted to allow easier control and shorter filed
of fire.
b. Any one who move will be regarded as an
enemy.
c. Short range automatic weapons with a wide
spread of fire will be most effective.
d. If possible, provision it should be made for
illuminating the area.

SAFETY MEASURES
258. a. No other friendly troops are in area.
b. No movement within the ambush until it is
sprung or called off.
c. Groups are positioned, and area of fire defined
so that they do not fire into each other.
d. There is a high standard of weapon handling.
e. Every one is thoroughly briefed.
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CAUSES OF FAILURES OF AMBUSH
259. a. Noise of cocking weapons or moving safety
catches alerting the enemy.
b. Several weapons engaging the same target and
allowing other enemy to escape.
c. Lack of all-round observation allowing enemy to
outflank an ambush undetected.
d. Footprint left in the vicinity of ambush alerting
enemy.
e. Commander sited in dead ground and unable to
see killing are clearly.
d. Lack fire control leading to a ragged and
ineffective engagement.
f. Misfires and stoppages preventing engagement
by full party.
h. Lack of clear orders for springing resulting in
premature firing thus allowing enemy to escape.

A DELIBERATE AMBUSH

1 2 4
KILLING AREA
4
4
Warning Cut Off 4 2 2 1

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group group 3 3 3 3

Killer group Assault group

Cut off Warning

group group

6
Commander

5 5
a. 1
5

Protection group Warning group

Protection group Warning group Protection
group

KEY
AN IMMEDIATE AMBUSH

Early/out warning
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Killing
group assault Early warning/cut off
2

Reserve
../78

RAIDS

INTRODUCTION
300. Raids are small-scale limited objective attacks
with special aims. They are followed a rapid withdrawal
or extraction of the raiding force.Raids are among one of
the duties of fighting patrol. It is a special mission in the
enemy territory but does not envisage the holdings of the
ground permanently.

AIM
301. Raids are conducted are:-
a. Capture prisoners.
b. Destroy or capture enemy materials or
installations.
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c. Obtain specific info of enemy units, i.e. its
disposition, location, strength, capabilities or
method of defence.
d. Temporarily seize and hold ground in support of
other operations.
e. Deceive or harass enemy forces.

ESSENTIALS OF RAIDS
302. a. Speed – A raid is supposed to be short and
quick attack and must accomplish its mission
and withdrawal before the enemy can effectively
react.
b. Organization- Proper organization is essential as
it will be difficult to withdrawal without
such adequate arrangements.
c. Secrecy – Secrecy is important because raid
parties penetrates the enemy depth and are
reliable to attack from all directions.
d. Time- Raids can be conducted during day or
night time according to the mission and the
situation.
e. Movement – Employment of aviation requires
detailed co-ordination for force
extraction since raid parties do not posses the
fire power or mobility to deal with treats.

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DUTIES OF THE RAID COMMANDER
303. Raid Comd has the following duties in
additional to other command and control duties:-
a. To decide when to call and ask for SP fire from
support weapons.
b. To watch out enemy activities which are
unexpected to counter them immediately.
c. To decide when to withdraw.

POSITIONING THE RV
304. The position of the RV should be some distance
from the raid area to allow various raid groups which
had dispersed to assemble there, they can various RV
positions on the withdraw route and groups should
protect each other from one RV to another.

PLANNING OF RAIDS
305. The commander must structure the raiding force
to overcome anticipated problems. Although initial
planning is detailed and highly centralized, control
during the conduct of the operations is denaturalized. A
raid Ops is divided into three stages:-
d. Preparatory stage.
e. Conduct or action.

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f. The withdraw.

PREPARATORY
306. The raid Comd should be given the following:-
a. Available info about the area. Sources of this
information:-
(1) Maps
(2) Air photographs.
(3) Civilian locals.
(4) PW
(5) Patrols.

b. Weapon and material suitable for the mission.

c. Adequate time for recce.
d. Time for rehearsals.

CONDUCT OF RAIDS
307. If a raid is to be conducted by a platoon it will
be devided into three groups:-
a. Raid group:- The group to conduct the actual
raid. It can be a section or section and half
strength according to the mission. The group is
also subdivided into two other groups:-
b. Sentry Killer group- Normally two soldiers are
nominated to eliminate the enemy
Sentry.
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c. Protection part- this group will have the role of
holding the raid position before
the operations commences. It will give covering
fire to the raid group during
action and during the withdraw. Normally it will
be of section strength.
d. The reserve group- This group should be kept
ready to assist the raid or protection groups at
anytime. It will also help to counter any
unexpected attacks.

THE WITHDRAW
308. The withdraw is planned and executed with
some precision as the attack phase. It is the most difficult
and complicated stage of the operations, success will
normally depend on:-
a. The ability of the raid Comd to issue order on
how and when to withdraw in time after
the mission.
b. The section Comd’s ability to order their men to
move rapidly to a pre-arranged RV
c. The ability to block the enemy so that he cannot
counter attacks the raid.
d. The ability to make plans for emergency
extraction by air lift if the withdraw is blocked.

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TANK HUNTING/AMBUSH
309. Platoons will on occasions be detailed to carry
out tank ambushing tasks. The method adopted can be:-
a. Patrol.
b. Ambush
c. A combination of a and b.

d. The following principles will apply:-

e. Surprise: Can be achieved by:-
(1) Obtaining reliable information rapidly.
(2) Careful planning.
(3) Detailed preparation.
../80

(4) Good knowledge of tactics and techniques

of enemy ranks and AFVs.
f. Co-ordinate Fire Plan: Weapons which may
include to achieve:-
(1) Temporary isolation of the killing zone.
(2) Restriction in crew vision by forcing tanks
to close down.
(3) Separation of Tanks and supporting infantry.
(4) Surprise delivery of accurate fire against the
tank.
(5) Protection and concealment from being sited
in defiled position.
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g. Control: Effective control in essential for any
patrol or ambush party and
must include:-
(1) Early warning of the approach of a target or
the location of a target.
(2) Positive identification of the target as
enemy.
(3) Fire control until the target is in the killing
zone.
(4) Opening fire at the correct time.
(5) Immediate action drill if enemy is unsuitable
to engage of if the ambush has been
detected.
(6) A simple plan of withdraws from an ambush
position.
(7) Radio comms.

FACTORS
310. Factors to be considered in planning are:-
a. Suitability of Ground: Close country and
cover will reduce the effectiveness of
the
Tanks main armament and limit
of its mobility.
b. Weather: Bad visibility is advantageous to
ambush.
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c. Darkness: With the introduction of radar and
image intensification devices the
Advantages of darkness to the ambush are
considerably reduced but skilful use of ground
and cover will offset this.
d. The weakness of Tank: These must be realized
and exploited, they are:-
(1) Restricted vision when close country.
(2) Limited depression of main armament. A
tank is particularly vulnerable when crossing
a ridge.
(3) The lightly armoured areas of the tank hull.
The sides, rear and belly are generally
(4) less well protected than the front.
(5) Difficulties protecting themselves when
replenishing or at rest.

COMPOSITION OF TANK AMBUSH PARTIES

311. This will depend upon the number of weapons to
be used for the particular task. The smaller the number
of men the less will be problem of control.

WEAPONS
312. a. In addition to be the platoon medium Anti-
tank weapons (MAWS) and light Ant- tank

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weapons (LAWS) a number of other
devices may be used:-
b Mines.
c. Phosphorous Grenades. These are most
effective in crating confusion, degrading enemy
night vision devices and in causing burn injuries
to dismounting crew. The use of
smoke is particularly vital when, as will often
happen, motor rifle troops in APCs from
part of the column being ambushed.
d. Timed charges/MOLOTOV COCKTAILS:
These must be properly prepared before hand
to be effective. Though should also be given to
the means of totally destroying a
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practically disabled tank

NIGHT ACTION
313. When tank ambush actions take places at night
the following points should be considered:-
a. The individual weapon sight, fitted to the MAW,
gives excellent results up to
approximately 150 meters on the darkest night.
This range improves substantially as the
level of ambient light is increased.
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b. The LAW and the MAW without individual
weapon sight require white light to achieve
a kill at other than point blank range.
c. Flares should be positioned to silhouette the
target, preferably at 12 O’clock from the
fires. A careful calculation of the probable wind
drift is necessary to avoid patrols being
illuminated by their own flares.
d. It will seldom be possible to fire flares and ant-
armour weapons from the same area.
Ideally radio comms should be used between
fires, to ensure co-ordination.

HELBORNE OPERATIONS

GENERAL
314. The lesson is general introduction to helborne
Ops including some of the aspects to be considered
when planning for airborne Ops. He provides for
excellent means of overcoming the limitations of the
Ops mobility and agility cbt Sp and cbt svc Sp imposed
by air tpt scene of action. Strategically can be deployed
as an early deploying force in contingency Ops against
heavy fires.
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315. Their use and limitations must however be

clearly understood if the best most flexible
use in to be made of them.

316. Helborne Ops are capable of penetrating deep

into enemy territory to cut line of communications, seize
airfields, destroy Comd and control nodes, block
reinforcing units, seize GTI, etc. Because of their agility
and mobility helborne Ops units are well suited
for covering force Ops/Screen.

CHARACTERISTICS
317. Helborne Ops have the following
characteristics:-
a. Can attain objectives, which can’t be obtained by
other grd forces quickly owing to obs, bad going
or enemy action.
b. Tps can be landed in tac fmns ready for intended
actions
c. Tps can be given considerable tac agility and
mobility if their vehicles are landed alongside.
d. There is considerable flexibility in their use
because they can be shifted from one object to
another, from tac/cbt to Combat svc support or
shifted to cbt support role.
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LIMITATIONS
318. a. Helborne have the following limitations:-
b. Strong force takes time to build up, each task
must be within the capability of each lift.
c. Increase of log problem because of fuel
consumption.
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d. Helborne performance deteriorates considerably

in hot conditions and high altitudes.
e. Single heavy loads can only be carried by larger
hels-Chinooks.
f. The use is more hazardous in flat open country.

COMPARIOSON WITH AIRBORNE

319. . Airborne Helborne
. (C 130,C 5, C 7 (Galaxy) (Apache,
Aughe, Chinook, Augusta
a. Large force in a single drop 205,206,
Ml 18, Ml 24 etc.)
b. Heavy eqpt can be dropped. A. Several lifts
of small forces.
. (TK, APC, Arty, Mor, etc) b. Better
concealment to DZ/IZ

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c. Lack of tac mobility and time c. Create tac
mobility.
taken to reorg especially at night.
(b) Create flexibility.
(c) The Op can be easily modified to meet
changing situations

TAC ROLES OF HELS

320. a. Offensive Tasks
(1) Direct attack on lightly held and vulnerable
area, e.g., Comd and con nodes, COI, Adm
areas, by landing close to tgt.
(2) Indirectly attack on more strongly
held/solidly defended tgt by quickly
building up required forces in nearest soft
area and final assault mounted by food.
(2) Diversionary action by dummy landing.

b. Defensive Tasks
(1) Providing a mobile reserve and counter
penetration force.
(2) Surveillance og gaps/flanks by landing
troops.
(3) Protect lines of comm..
(4) Regroup particularly over difficult areas.

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(5) Movement of flank guards, rearguards and
demolition parties.
(6) Increase fire power at a decisive point
quickly by redeployment of guns and
weapon systems.

VULNERABILITY OF HELS
321. a. Due to its flying and use of natural covers,
reduce change being seen, but like all other
light skinned vehicles are vulnerable to small
arms fire, machine guns, RPGs, etc.
If flying high, can be shot by fighter aircraft, or
air defence (Anti –aircraft = AA)
weapons.

CROSSING WATER OBSTACLES

INTRODUCTION
322. Crossing a water obstacle may be a part of a
phase of war, either in the advance or the attack. The
Comds primary aim is to achieve both surprise and
concentration of forces with fully mechanized
amphibious forces, a Comd is able to achieve that

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concentration across water obstacles more quickly and
effectively.
./83
TYPES
323. Where are two types of crossing water
obstacles:-
a. The Encounter Crossing.. A crossing over an
obs, usually a water obs, which is lightly
held by the enemy.
b. The Opposed River Crossing. A crossing over
an obs, usually a water obs which is
strongly held by the enemy

TECHNICAL PROBLEMS
324. a. Problems of the Defence
(1) Defence works on a river line are difficult to
conceal as they are often under
enemy observation, ground may be marshy
and unsuitable for fd def.
(2) A river must be conferred by fire if it is to
be an effective obstacle. This calls for
wide dispersion of the defenders forces a
long the river bank. The defenders main
problems will be to strike a balance
between:-

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(d) Holding the river line strongly with only
forces in reserve.
(e) Holding the river line weakly with an
adequate reserve.
i. Problems of the attacker
ii. It will be necessary to clear and secure
the home bank before detailed recce
and planning.
iii. The attacker has initiative and the
advantage of being able to achieve
surprise by attacking at on unexpected
time and place hence the importance
of the secrecy, deception and speed.

PRINCIPLES
325. Detailed planning.
a. Clear order briefing
b. Simplicity.
c. Surprise
d. Speed and determination to cross
e. Rapid exploitation of crosses

STAGES
326. The eight stages of river crossing are as
follows:-
a. Reconnaissance.
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b. Appreciation and planning.
c. Detailed planning and orders.
d. Assembly and preparation of troops.
e. Advance of the water way.
f. The assault.
g. Establishment of a bridge head.
h. Construction of bridge and crossing of the main
force.

RECCE AND PLANNING

327. Information needed on :-
a. In defence including mines on both side of the
river.
b. Details about the river:-
c. Width, depth, current, type of bottom.
d. Bank height and slope.
./84

e. Islands, fords and sand bank.

(1) Subsidiary obstacles, ditches and fences.
(2) Suitable crossing place for boats and
amphibious.

ADVANCE TO THE WATER WAY

328. This is the movement of the force from the
concentration area to crossing places.
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a. Conc Area – Out of enemy artillery range where
troops of possible can train and rehearse
for coming operations.
b. Bde assy area- Battalion vehicles other than
those crossing under brigade arrangements
assemble before crossing.
c. Bn assy Area – Bn make final preparations
before moving to FUP’s.
d. Boat of loading point – if the assy area is some
way from the river and it is possible to
take target forward without prejudicing surveys,
a boat off loading point is selected to
which the vehicle carrying the assaulting boats
are driver before being unloaded.
e. Check points – This will ensure that companies
move forward in the correct order at the

f. FUP – means formation. In this case the

formation in which they enter the water.
Crossing places- where troops put their boats
into the water or where amphibious
vehicles enter the water.

THE ASSAULT AND ESTABLISHMENT OF

BRIDGE HEAD

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329. The plan cannot succeed unless all ranks are
absolutely determined to get over the river and to
secure their allotted objectives. In the assault and
subsequent establishment of bridge head certain factors
must be considered and remembered:-
a. Flights and waves, flights are terminologies
used at Bde level and above meaning the
body of men about to cross. At Bn level normal
attack terms are used, i.e. A Coy and B
Coy cross at H –hour, C
b. Objectives.
(1) Must be limited particularly by night.
(2) Primary objectives – those positions from
which the enemy put aimed small arms fire
into the crossing places.
(3) Secondary objectives- Those positions
which over lock the river and from which
the enemy can direct artillery fire of the
crossing places.
c. H-hour- the time at which the first wave of
assault boats or amphibious enter the water.
d. Fire support –This is as for a normal attack, but
the following points are
emphasized:-
e. If a silent crossing is attempted fire support must
be on call.
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f. Flat trajectory weapons are useful for:-
g. Flank protection.
h. Close protection of the crossing places.
i. INeutralizing enemy defences particularly those
to the fire bank.
j. Mopping up – This must be thoroughly carried
out by forward troops and not left
to the reserve companies.
k. Anti – tank defence – It may be sometime
before anti – tank guns or tanks can reach
forward Coys in the bridge head. Anti –tank
defence calls for guns to be put across as
early as possible.

/85
l. “F” echelon tpt – priority of crossing:-
m. Anti – tanks guns.
n. Ammo.
o. SP Coy and forward observation officer (FOO)
vehicles.
p. Comd, medical, signal and recce platoon
vehicles.

DUTIES OF THE BANK GROUP

330. The smooth and orderly progress of the crossing
depends largely upon the efficient direction and control
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of movement of troops and vehicles between the assy
area and release points on the far bank. These duties are
taken either entirely or in part by bank group specially
formed for the operations usually formed by a separate
unit provide its own men.
a. The main duties are:-
b. Directing and controlling movement of
personnel and vehicles into assy area.
c. Close supervision of the crossing by
making full use of the available bridges
and crossing
places.
d. Protection of routes to crossing places.
e. Off loading assault equipments and
helping to man handle it forward to the
FUP.
f. Guiding troops to the crossing places.
g. Organizing each crossing place including
protection.
h. Operating the boats, rafts and out bored
motors.
i. Recovery posts and PW cager needed near
the river.
j. Organizing and staffing the assy areas and
other areas.

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k. Keeping the next higher Comd informed
of the progress of the build up.

ADMINISTRATION
331. After battalion has gained its bridge head it may
be temporarily cut off by enemy counter attacks or
shelling of the bridges, therefore:-
a. An adequate reserve of all requirements
particularly ammo must be put across the river
with the assaulting troops.
b. Arrangements must be made to hold wounded
and PW for a time until they are evacuated
c. Men must carry enough food and H2O to prevent
either becoming a high priority
requirements for 24 hrs.

FIGHTING IN BUILT UP AREAS

GENERAL
332. The general principles of defence and attack
hold good for operations in built up areas but their
application is offered by the special conditions i.e. in a
village, town or city.

THE ATTACK
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333. There are three main way to attack a built up
areas. All these affect the planning of the defence:-
a. To fight through building, street by street. This
is expensive in manpower and time. The
casualties will be extremely heavy if the town is
well defended.
b. A heavy preparatory bombardment by air force
and Artillery followed by mopping up.
This is much quicker and casualties will be less.
c. Cordon and by-pass. This will be the more usual
method.
/86
d. The attacker has therefore three courses open to
him. The choice will be made depending on the
situation. The method of employing heavy
bombardment ad cordon and by-pass are obvious.
The more difficult one, fighting through will be
discussed.

PLANNING
334. Fighting a built – up area requires a plan which
has all its essential:-
a. Limited Objectives
Fighting in built up areas ties down a great many
troops, therefore unit and subunits

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objectives should be so limited that Comd
should have a reserve.
b. Absolute Control by the Comd
Limited objectives, report lines, bounds and
boundaries and good communications are
necessary to achieve this.
c. Momentum must be maintained at all times,
night and daylight. The slightest loss of it
will give the enemy time to regroup, react and
take initiative.

INFORMATION
335. a. The layout of towns in maps and air photos.
(1) Details of enemy defensive fire owing to
cover and restricted observation may be
hard to ascertain. Full use should be
obtained by patrols.
(2) Other sources of information will be
prisoner of war resistance men and refugees.

FORM OF THE ASSAULT (STAGES)

336. An attack will normally be planned in three
main phases:-
a. Gaining of footing in the town.
b. Progress within the town.
c. Reduction of individual Comm.as of resistance.
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d. The area must be divided into sectors and sub
sectors and each allotted to a formation,
unit or subunit to clear. Sectors must be:-
e. Clearly defined and easily recognized.
f. Within the capabilities of the unit to seize and
hold.
q. Sectors must be named and numbered and must
have a named commander.

THE DEFENCE
337. Section and platoon posts will be grouped to
form defended localities which may in turn be organized
as components of larger defended area.

LAYOUT
338. An ideal layout for the all round defence of a
small built up area might be:-
To man the perimeter in sufficient strength to prevent
enemy infiltration.
To have a system of mutually supporting strong points
sited in concentric rungs from the
perimeter to the center of the area.To have mobile
reserve sited at various points for immediate local
counter attacks.When the strength of the force is
inadequate for the defence of a built up area, the Comd
has two alternative courses open:-
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He may reduce the number of defended localities and
increase the strength of mobile
Reserves. Alternatively, he may decide to disregard a
part of the town and concentrate his defence
in one selected area.

/87

CONDUCT OF THE DEFENCE

339. Streets and building are rigid. A Comd should be
at pains to prevent them from imposing their rigidity on
his dispositions, which must in all circumstances be
highly flexible. Flexibility will be assisted if defenders
possess and exploit the advantage of local knowledge of
the side streets always passages, alternative ways into
buildings although the defenders can remain concealed
until the moment the enemy closes, the enemy will be
able to exploit a similar advantage. It will be difficult to
determine the weight and direction of attack or to secure
and watch the flanks.

ALTENATIVE POSITIONS
340. The purpose of alternative positions is not to
serve as a refugee when the post or locality is hard
pressed, they are required for:-
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a. Meet necessary variations in day and night
dispositions.
b. Meet the requirements of alternative tasks, i.e. to
cover another area, to SP a counter
attack or to achieve surprise. Mystify the enemy
as to the position by occupying position
in relation, occupation should a building which
form a defensive post be burnt out.

DEFENCE IN FORWARD EDGES

341. There may be occasions when part of the
defending posts is sited on the forward edge of a built up
area. Its disposition is liable to be pure pointed, thus
marking the enemy’s SP fire for his attack very effective.

SUPPORT ARMS
342. The battle is fought by groups mainly composed
of inf. The conditions are too confused and movement
too restricted to permit the large numbers of the heavier
types of SP arms:-

a. Tanks
These can be used most effectively in SP of inf.
They have two main roles:-
Protecting the flanks, preventing enemy
withdrawal, providing direct fire SP against
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strong points or building.
b. Artillery
Preparatory bombardment prior to the break in.
After break in battle, close arty sp. To
harass the enemy’s withdrawal disrupt his lines
of communications and hinder the
movement of his reserves.
c. Field Engineers
Opening up routes and breaching unexpected
minefields. Moving debris to all for
movements. Destruction of solid obstacles.

CONCLUSION
343. A special mention of casualties in fighting in
built up area is necessary because of the nature of the
operation, these may be so heavy that subunits may
suddenly become non effective if us are not quickly
passed through; momentum will be lost and with this
initiative in the battle passes to the defenders.

./88

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344. Reserved.

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