Topic: The origins of the English language

1. The British Isles, they isolate, and back in the history, so it was one of those
factors, that somehow influenced its forced isolation, but on the other hand,
interest from the outside countries.
2. When we speak about the development of English language, and the
development of English literature,
3. we keep in mind four major invasions, outside the British Isles, I mean, that
eventually changed,
4. at first introduced and changed, and solidified, a particular linguistic
situation.
Let's outline four major invasions in English history.
1 the Roman invasion (вторгнення)
2 Anglo-Saxon
3 Viking invasion
4 Norman invasions
the Roman invasion (вторгнення)
So, the first one, the Roman invasion, it actually occurred before the
contemporary period, right. So, it was led by Julius Caesar in the year 55 BCE
(“before Common Era).
So, and when we speak about contemporary period, many use abbreviation A.D
Anno Domini, AD, A.D. (лат. «в рік Господа»)
So, Julius Caesar, 55 B.C.E. And, so, what you should remember about the
Romans and their influence and their contribution to the development.
And, by civilization, I mean they brought a new confession, a new type of
religion, Christianity. (Римляни принесли цивілізацію)
Christianity, for the first time, appeared in Britain due to the Romans.
Alongside Christianity, they brought new language, the Latin language.
for the first time, Latin appeared right there upon the British Isles.
the Christianity and Latin elements, there appeared first proper centers of
learning. And, those were monasteries. Christian monks,were the first
scholars(перші вчені).
Also, Romans were the first who settled English cities and towns.
Сastra - Roman military camp was the first settlement (перше поселення)
This Latin word castra would eventually become, would eventually become an
English suffix that you can find
in the names of contemporary English cities and towns. For example, Leicester,
Manchester.
it means that Manchesteris of Roman origin, that is, they were Romans who
founded the city of Manchester.

Anglo-Saxons
I mentioned Anglo-Saxons, that particular invasion was, had it, was held by
Germanic tribes they came from the territory of continental Europe, and those
were the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes.
belongs to Anglo-Saxon tradition, some lowlands, as well, contemporary
Benelux, right, so, the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg those countries
also belong to, but primarily, so, collectively, the, simply known today as the
Germanic tribes.
Anglo-Saxons were closer to the original British, let's say, English roots, right, so,
they were pagan, or heathen, musicians (були язичниками) it's around the 5th,
or 6th, century's Common Era.
Anglo-Saxon tradition was oral tradition, they, unfortunately, did not have any
printed, written manuscripts, or records, survived left.
they had runic alphabet very crude ( дуже грубий) ( комбінація рисочок або
палочок)
Anglo-Saxon tradition was alliterative.
it's a repetition of the initial consonant sounds(повторення початкових
приголосних звуків)
was non-rhymed, but rhythm did (рими не було ритм був)
to alliteration as head rhymу, we know about end rhyme, when the final
syllables, when the final words in each line rhyme, it is called end rhyme
English accents, those Germanic tribes, they lived in clans (жили кланами)
each clan has its leader.
The name, we have a particular term for this position, it was Thane, T-H-A-N-E
inhabitants of the clan not necessarily worshipped поклонялися him they
definitely obeyed him.

Norman invasion
Norway, Sweden, Denmark, and they raided actually
to Ministries then the at all the most places in of that as well some natural
phenomena like sky right so it's a Viking origin some elements of apparel right
so clothes that is like a skirt yes so it's a typical Viking right origin.
the towns and cities because following Roman tradition with Kastren military
camp the Vikings had their own military camps and the name for a military
camp in Old Norse right that is Old Scandinavian language Old Norse
wa w-i-с-k and today so you can find the suffix in such in names of
such towns and cities like so this which suffix in such words in the names of such
towns and cities like Greenwich, Norwich, Warwick
Warwickshire we have this county it's the end it's from originates from the
viking invasion of the 8th century suffixes either of roman origin or scandinavian
viking origin.
the fourth invasion
considered it to be the gnosis, have a particular date it's 1066
when a very charismatic norman king french William the first became known as
William the Conqueror he invaded the British isles and started started the french
invasion right so french influence
is that the whole society was split into a particular strata or layers according to
the language they use right so from the most to the least fashionable
the mormons invaded the country they introduced french tradition french
etiquette the kings considered that the successive English kings considered
french to be fashionable that's why the language of the court was french not
english
And the language of literature. And it wasn't French actually, right, it was still
Latin. So French was used by the aristocrats whereas Latin was used by the
scholarly people. І мова літератури. І це була не французька мова, так, це
все ще була латина. Французькою мовою користувалися аристократи, а
латиною - вчені люди. Whereas what remains is the English.
And the English was considered to be the least fashionable, the least prestigious
language.
we deal with the phenomenon of trilingualism. In particular French, Latin and
English.
Lower classes spoke English, educated, scholarly, right? So spoke Latin. And
wrote in Latin. Whereas the most privileged ones, the aristocratic and the court,
the sub, so they used only French.
Pretty much of Roman origin or the Norman origin
So Old English, 85% of Old English as language just did not survive. So about
15% survived. Отже, давньоанглійська, 85% давньоанглійської мови як
мови просто не вижила. Вона зникла, так? Тож близько 15% вижило.
races of the enormous effect of Anglo-Saxons and Vikings.
Because you can identify the origin of castles.
wooden castles - originally designed by the Romans.
2,000 years, two millennia past since the Roman invasion.
So whereas Normans for the first time used stone.
So in the development of the English language based on the four major
invasions, Roman,Anglo-Saxon, Viking, and Norman.
Topic 2 : Anglo-Saxon literature.
We assume, the Anglo-Saxon period, based on the historical records started
around the 5th century CE.
Anglo-Saxon tradition was an oral tradition.
Anglo-Saxon tradition predominantly dealt with only one genre, poetry.
Just because there was this figure of a poet who kept
that Anglo-Saxon oral tradition alive.
We have a particular term that refers to an Anglo-
Saxon poet.
They were named as scopes. Поетів називали
scopes
It was a traveling poet. Those poets were also
musicians. In genetic tradition, we have such a notion
as minstrel. Or for Example bardd (Welsh)
the scopes, Anglo-Saxon poets, they used musical instruments, for example, that
lyre, harp(ліра та арфа).
Therefore, Anglo-Saxon tradition is not simply oral, but it's musical. Major
musical means of expression of Anglo-Saxon tradition were alliteration and
rhythm.
(the repetition of the initial consonant sounds)
And alliteration basically performed the function of the rhythm.
It means that the poets had to really be gifted with exceptional memory.
It means that the poets had to really be gifted with exceptional memory.
Anglo-Saxon poetry could be split, could be divided into two major groups.
It's religious or non-religious pagan group and Christian group (язичницька і
християнська група)
If we deal with pagan group of Anglo-Saxon oral tradition, we keep in mind
ancient sagas, legends, stories, based on pan-paganism.
when it comes to Christian tradition, so it was clear that it was based either on
Old or New Testament. А коли йдеться про християнську традицію, то
зрозуміло, що вона базувалася або на Старому, або на Новому Завіті.
The first known English Anglo-Saxon poets were Cædmon and Cynewulf.

To be the poets of the 7th and 8th centuries.

And the best way to do that was through literature, through some texts. Today it is
known simply as religious propaganda. When you deal with Anglo-Saxon Christian
texts, you should realize that those texts were rewritten. Those were not
authentic. Just because the first written texts, and those were written by the
monks at the monasteries.
the oldest surviving Anglo-Saxon document or Anglo-Saxon text, and by many
considered to be the first example of English literature was Beowulf name of the
king. And that particular document dates back the 10th century.
An epic is the earliest and the most aboriginal.
The best examples of epic poetry was Greek ones, like Homer's Odyssey. So, who
fights the supernatural creatures like monsters, Grendel, Grendel's mother, who
could be the competitor here is John Milton's Paradise
Irish poet Sheamus Heaney, who in the year 2000 actually translated Beowulf
from Old English into contemporary English.
Versification means composition of a poetry. Shakespeare, for example, is syllabic.
Beowulf uses three major means of expression when it comes to the very diction.
notion probably to use, so canning, k-e-n-n-i-n-g, canning.
So, two words fused together, to create a new one. And so, banhus or bone
house, that's an example of a canning in Beowulf.