C++ Tutorial
Rob Jagnow
This tutorial will be best for students who have at least had some exposure to Java or another comparable programming language.
Overview
• Pointers
• Arrays and strings
• Parameter passing
• Class basics
• Constructors & destructors
• Class Hierarchy
• Virtual Functions
• Coding tips
• Advanced topics
Advanced topics: friends, protected, inline functions, const, static, virtual inheritance, pure virtual function (e.g. Intersect(ray, hit) = 0), class hierarchy.
Pointers
int *intPtr; Create a pointer
intPtr = new int; Allocate memory
*intPtr = 6837; Set value at given address
*intPtr 6837
intPtr 0x0050
delete intPtr; Deallocate memory
int otherVal = 5; Change intPtr to point to
intPtr = &otherVal; a new location
*intPtr 5 otherVal
intPtr 0x0054 &otherVal
Arrays
Stack allocation
int intArray[10];
intArray[0] = 6837;
Heap allocation
int *intArray;
intArray = new int[10];
intArray[0] = 6837;
...
delete[] intArray;
C++ arrays are zero-indexed.
Strings
A string in C++ is an array of characters
char myString[20];
strcpy(myString, "Hello World");
Strings are terminated with the NULL or '\0' character
myString[0] = 'H';
myString[1] = 'i';
myString[2] = '\0';
printf("%s", myString); output: Hi
Parameter Passing
pass by value
int add(int a, int b) { Make a local copy of a & b
return a+b;
}
int a, b, sum;
sum = add(a, b);
pass by reference
int add(int *a, int *b) { Pass pointers that reference
return *a + *b; a & b. Changes made to a
} or b will be reflected
int a, b, sum;
outside the add routine
sum = add(&a, &b);
Parameter Passing
pass by reference – alternate notation
int add(int &a, int &b) {
return a+b;
}
int a, b, sum;
sum = add(a, b);
Class Basics
#ifndef _IMAGE_H_ Prevents multiple references
#define _IMAGE_H_
#include <assert.h> Include a library file
#include "vectors.h“ Include a local file
class Image {
public: Variables and functions
... accessible from anywhere
private:
... Variables and functions accessible
only from within this class
};
#endif
Note that “private:” is the default
Creating an instance
Stack allocation
Image myImage;
myImage.SetAllPixels(ClearColor);
Heap allocation
Image *imagePtr;
imagePtr = new Image();
imagePtr->SetAllPixels(ClearColor);
...
delete imagePtr;
Stack allocation: Constructor and destructor called automatically when the function is entered and exited.
Heap allocation: Constructor and destructor must be called explicitly.
Organizational Strategy
image.h Header file: Class definition & function prototypes
void SetAllPixels(const Vec3f &color);
image.C .C file: Full function definitions
void Image::SetAllPixels(const Vec3f &color) {
for (int i = 0; i < width*height; i++)
data[i] = color;
}
main.C Main code: Function references
myImage.SetAllPixels(clearColor);
Constructors & Destructors
class Image {
public:
Image(void) { Constructor:
width = height = 0; Called whenever a new
data = NULL; instance is created
}
~Image(void) {
Destructor:
if (data != NULL)
delete[] data; Called whenever an
} instance is deleted
int width;
int height;
Vec3f *data;
};
Constructors
Constructors can also take parameters
Image(int w, int h) {
width = w;
height = h;
data = new Vec3f[w*h];
}
Using this constructor with stack or heap allocation:
Image myImage = Image(10, 10); stack allocation
Image *imagePtr;
imagePtr = new Image(10, 10); heap allocation
The Copy Constructor
Image(Image *img) {
width = img->width;
height = img->height;
data = new Vec3f[width*height];
for (int i=0; i<width*height; i++)
data[i] = new data[i];
}
A default copy constructor is created automatically,
but it is usually not what you want:
Image(Image *img) {
width = img->width;
height = img->height;
data = img->data;
}
Warning: if you do not create a default (void parameter) or copy constructor explicitly, they are created for you.
Passing Classes as Parameters
If a class instance is passed by reference, the copy constructor
will be used to make a copy.
bool IsImageGreen(Image img);
Computationally expensive
It’s much faster to pass by reference:
bool IsImageGreen(Image *img);
or
bool IsImageGreen(Image &img);
Class Hierarchy
Child classes inherit parent attributes
Object3D
class Object3D {
Vec3f color;
};
class Sphere : public Object3D { Sphere Cone
float radius;
};
class Cone : public Object3D {
float base;
float height;
};
Class Hierarchy
Child classes can call parent functions
Sphere::Sphere() : Object3D() {
radius = 1.0;
} Call the parent constructor
Child classes can override parent functions
class Object3D {
virtual void setDefaults(void) {
color = RED; }
};
class Sphere : public Object3D {
void setDefaults(void) {
color = BLUE;
radius = 1.0 }
};
Virtual Functions
A superclass pointer can reference a subclass object
Sphere *mySphere = new Sphere();
Object3D *myObject = mySphere;
If a superclass has virtual functions, the correct subclass
version will automatically be selected
Superclass
class Object3D {
virtual void intersect(Vec3f *ray, Vec3f *hit);
};
class Sphere : public Object3D {
Subclass
virtual void intersect(Vec3f *ray, Vec3f *hit);
};
Actually calls
myObject->intersect(ray, hit); Sphere::intersect
The main function
This is where your code begins execution
int main(int argc, char** argv);
Number of Array of
arguments strings
argv[0] is the program name
argv[1] through argv[argc-1] are command-line input
Coding tips
Use the #define compiler directive for constants
#define PI 3.14159265
#define sinf sin
Use the printf or cout functions for output and debugging
printf("value: %d, %f\n", myInt, myFloat);
cout << "value:" << myInt << ", " << myFloat << endl;
Use the assert function to test “always true” conditions
assert(denominator != 0);
quotient = numerator/denominator;
“Segmentation fault (core dumped)”
Typical causes:
int intArray[10]; Access outside of
intArray[10] = 6837; array bounds
Image *img; Attempt to access
img->SetAllPixels(ClearColor); a NULL or previously
deleted pointer
These errors are often very difficult to catch and
can cause erratic, unpredictable behavior.
Advanced topics
Lots of advanced topics, but few will be required for this course
• friend or protected class members
• inline functions
• const or static functions and variables
• pure virtual functions
virtual void Intersect(Ray &r, Hit &h) = 0;
• compiler directives
• operator overloading
Vec3f& operator+(Vec3f &a, Vec3f &b);
