Course II

Lesson １０
Definite Integrals

１０A
• Area and Antiderivatives

1
 Derivative of Area

Let the area of ABQP be S (x) y

dS
When x increases by h , B
Q
the area increases by
dS = S ( x + h) − S ( x) ≈ hf ( x) S (x)
A P
Derivative of S (x)
O a x x
dS S ( x + h) − S ( x ) x+h
= lim ≈ f ( x)
dx h→0 h

S ʹ( x) = f ( x)
Area function S (x) is one of antiderivatives of .
2
 Area and Indefinite integral
Let F (x ) be an arbitrary antiderivative. y
S ( x) = F (x) + C
From the definition S (a) = 0 at x=a S (x)
∴ 0 = F (a) + C ∴ C = −F (a)
O a x b x
Therefore S ( x) = F ( x) − F ( a )
y

When x = b , the area is given by S

S = F (b) − F (a)
O a b x
3
 Definite Integral
is called the definite integral of over [a, b]

and written by or

Definite integral
b
∫ f ( x)dx = [F ( x)]ba = F (b) − F (a)
a

Since

is an arbitrary antiderivative. 4
 Properties of Definite Integrals
Linearity of the definite integrals
b b
(1)
∫ kf (x)dx = k ∫ f (x)dx
a a
b b b
(2)
∫ {f (x) + g(x)}dx = ∫ f (x)dx + ∫ g(x)dx
a a a

y y = f (x)
Reversing the integration
a b
(3)
∫ f (x )dx = −∫ f (x )dx
b a

Additivity for adjacent integrals

b c b
O a c b x
(4)
∫ f (x )dx = ∫ f (x )dx + ∫ f (x )dx
a a c
5
 Example
Examples 13-1 Find the following definite integral

Ans.

6
 Example

Examples 13-2 Find the following definite integrals.

(1) (2) π
2 sin 2θdθ
∫0

Ans.

(1)

π π
(2) 2 sin 2θdθ ⎡ − cos 2θ ⎤ 2 − (−1) (−1)
∫ =⎢ ⎥ = − =1
0 ⎣ 2 ⎦0 2 2 7
 Exercises
Ex.10-1 Find the following definite integral.

Ans.

Pause the video and solve by yourself.

8
 Answer to the Exercises
Ex.10-1 Find the following definite integrals

Ans.

9
Course II

Lesson １０
Definite Integrals (1)

１０B
• Integration by substitution
• Integration by parts

10
 Integration by Substitution
Integration by Substitution (1)

For the function x = g (t )

If a = g (α ) and b = g (β )
b β
then f (x )dx = f (g (t ))gʹ(t )dt
∫a ∫α
Integration by Substitution (2) u
β
If α = u(a) and β = u(b) u = u(x)
b β α
then
∫ f (u(x))uʹ(x)dx = ∫α
a
f (u )du
a b x
11
 Example

[Examples 13-4] Find the following definite integral by putting

Ans.
Put
Then

Therefore

12
 Example
Examples 10-5 Evaluate the following integral
2
∫ x 2 x 3 + 1dx
0

Ans.
We put u = x3 + 1, then du = 3x 2dx

Therefore,
9
1 ⎡2 3 ⎤
2
2 3
9 ⎛1 ⎞ 1 9 1 52
∫ x x + 1dx = ∫ u ⎜ du ⎟ = ∫ u 2 du = ⎢ u2⎥ =
0 1 ⎝3 ⎠ 3 1 3 ⎢3
⎣ ⎥⎦ 9
1

13
 Integration by Parts
We learned

∫ f (x)g ʹ(x)dx = f (x)g(x) − ∫ f ʹ(x)g(x)dx

In the case of definite integral
b b b
∫ f (x )g ʹ(x )dx = [ f (x )g (x )] − ∫ f ʹ(x )g (x )dx
a a a

Example
π π π π
ʹ ʹ
∫ 2 x cos xdx = ∫ 2 x(sin x ) dx = [x sin x]02 − ∫ 2 (x ) sin xdx
0 0 0
π π g (x)
π π π
f (x) gʹ(x) = − ∫ 2 sin xdx = − [− cos x]02 = − 1
2 0 2 2
14
 Exercises
Ex.13-2 Find the following definite integrals

Ans.

Pause the video and solve by yourself.

15
 Exercises
Ex.13-2 Find the following definite integrals

Ans. We can solve this as follows. Put 2 x + 1 = t

t −1 1
then x= , dx = dt
2 2
. The new limits of integration are
t (−3) = −5 and t (−1) = −1
. Therefore,
−1
−2
−1 dx −1
−3 1 1 −1 1 ⎡t ⎤
−3 6
∫ = .
∫ t ⋅ dt = ∫ t dt = ⎢ ⎥ =−
−3 (2 x + 1)3 −5 2 2 −5 2 ⎢⎣ − 2 ⎥⎦
−5
25

16
 Exercises
Ex.13-3 Find the following definite integrals
2
∫ x 2 e x dx
0

Ans.

Pause the video and solve by yourself

17
 Exercises
Ex.13-3 Find the following definite integrals
2
∫ x 2 e x dx
0

Ans.
In this exercise, we apply the formula twice as follows.

2 2 2
∫
0
2 x
x e dx = [ ] ∫
2 x 2
x e 0 x ⎛ x2
2
[ ] ∫
− 2 xe dx = 4e − 2⎜ xe 0 − e dx ⎟
0 ⎝ 0
x ⎞
⎠
⎛ [ ]
x 2⎞
( ) ( )
= 4e − 2⎜ 2e − e 0 ⎟ = 4e 2 − 4e 2 + 2 e 2 − 1 = 2 e 2 − 1
2
⎝
2
⎠

18