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Physics Investigatory project Class 12 Logic Gates
Artificial Intelligence (Narayana Engineering College)
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Narayana e-techno school
Hulimavu , bannerghatta road,
BANGALORE - 560076
AFFILIATION CODE : 830939
SCHOOL CODE : 45870
SUBJECT CODE : 042
PHYSICS PROJECT TITLE:
Logic gates
PROJECT DONE BY
NAME :T SUDHASATHVIK REDDY
ROLL NO :
CLASS :XII
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CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that T SUDHASATHVIK REDDY
PHYSICS student of class XII of NARAYANA E-TECHNO
SCHOOL, HULIMAVU, BANNERGHATTA ROAD ,
BANGALORE. has successfully completed the investigatory
project entitled:
" LOGIC GATES "
He/she has submitted the above mentioned under the guidance
of Mr.JAGANNADHA PANDA during the year 2022-23 in
partial fulfilment of PHYSICS practical examination conducted
under AISSCE (All India Senior School Certificate
Examination by CBSE)
Date:
Place:
Signature Signature Signature
of Principal of Subject Teacher of Examiner
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Institute Stamp
CONTENT
S
Sr.no Title Page no.
1 Introduction 1
2 Principle 2
3 Basic Gates 3
4 The OR Gate 5
5 The AND Gate 7
6 The NOT Gate 9
7 The NOR Gate 11
8 The NAND Gate 13
9 The EX-OR Gate 15
10 The EX-NOR 17
Gate
11 Conclusion 19
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12 Bibliography 20
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Introduction
GATE: - A gate is defined as a digital circuit which
follows some logical relationship between the input
and output voltages. It is a digital circuit which
either allows a signal to pass through or stop it.
The logic gates are building blocks at digital
electronics. They are used in digital electronics to
change one voltage level into another according to
some logic statement relating to them.
Truth Table: - A logic gate may have one or more than
one inputs, but it has only one output. The
relationship between the possible values of input
and output
voltages are expressed in the form of a table called
truth table.
Truth table of a logic gate is a table that shows
all the inputs and outputs that are possible for
the logic gates.
Boolean algebra: - The algebra which is based on
binary nature of the logic gates.
Boolean Expressions: - They are the logical
statement which are followed by logical gates.
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Principle
Any Boolean algebraic operation can be
associated with the input and output, which
represents the statement of Boolean algebra.
Although these circuits may be complex, they
may all be constructed from three basic
Devices like a P-N junction diode, a resistance
and an N-P- N transistor.
We have three different type of logic gates and
they are the AND gate, the OR gate and the
NOT gate.
LOGICAL STATEMENTS
1 0
High Low
Positive Negative
On Off
Close Open
Conducting Non-Conducting
Right Wrong
True False 2
Yes No
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Basic Gates
The OR Gate: - It is a device that combines A and B to
give Y as the result. The OR gate has two or more
inputs and one output. In Boolean algebra, addition
symbol (+), is referred as the OR.
The Boolean expression: A+B=Y
This indicates that Y equals to A or B.
The AND Gate: - It is a device that combines A
with B to give Y as the result. The AND
gate has two or more inputs and one
output. In Boolean algebra,
multiplication sign is referred as the
AND. The Boolean expression:
A.B=Y o r AX
B=Y This indicates that Y equals to A and
B.
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The NOT Gate: - It is a device that inverts the
inputs. The NOT has one input and has one output. In
Boolean algebra, bar symbol is referred as the NOT.
The Boolean expression:
This indicates that Y is not equal to A.
- Making of logic gates was
started by binary numbers.
- Logic gates can also store information.
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The OR Gate
Aim:
To design and stimulate the OR gate circuit.
Components:
Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2).
Theory and Construction:
An OR gate can be realized by the electronic circuit,
making use of two diodes D1 and D2.
Hear the negative terminal of the battery is grounded and
corresponds to the 0 level, and the positive terminal of the
battery corresponds to level
1. The output Y is voltage at C with respect to earth.
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The following conclusion can be drawn from the
above circuit:
(i) If the switch A and B are kept
open (A=1, B=0), then bulb does
not glow, hence Y=0
(ii) If switch A is kept closed and B is kept
open (A=1, B=0), then bulb does
not glow, hence Y=0
(iii) If switch A is kept open and B is kept
closed (A=0, B=1), then bulb does
not glow, hence Y=0
(iv) If switch A and B both are kept closed
(A=1, B=1), then bulb glows, hence
Y=1
TRUTH TABLE:
Input A Input B OUTPUT
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0 6
1 1 1
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The AND Gate
Aim:
TO DESIGN AND STIMULATE THE AND
GATE CIRCUIT.
Components:
Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2) and resistance R.
Theory and Construction:
An AND gate can be realized by the electronic
circuit, making use of two diodes D1 and
D2. The resistance R is connected to the
positive terminal of a 5V battery
permanently.
Here the negative terminal of the battery is
grounded and corresponds to the 0 level, and
the positive terminal of the battery corresponds
to the level 1. The output Y is the voltage at C
with respect to earth.
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The following conclusion can be easily drawn
from the working of this circuit:
(i) If the switch A and B are kept open (A=0,
B=0), then bulb does not glow, hence
Y=0.
(ii) If switch A is kept closed and B is kept
open (A=1, B=0), then bulb does not
glow, hence Y=0.
(iii) If switch A is kept open and B is kept
closed (A=0, B=1), then bulb does
not glow, hence Y=0.
(iv) If both switch A and B are kept closed
(A=1, B=1), then bulb glows, hence
Y=1.
TRUTH TABLE:
Input A Input B OUTPUT
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0 8
1 1 1
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The NOT Gate
Aim:
TO DESIGN AND STIMULATE THE NOT
GATE CIRCUIT.
Components:
An ideal n-p-n transistor.
Theory and Construction:
A NOT gate cannot be realized by using diodes.
However, an electronic circuit of NOT gate can be
realized by making use a n-p-n transistor.
The base of the transistor is connected to the input A
through a resistance Rb and the emitter is earthed.
The collector is connected to 5V battery. The output
Y is voltage at C with respect to earth.
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The following inference can be easily drawn
from the working of circuit:
(i) If the switch A is kept open (A=0)
then bulb glows, hence Y=1
(ii) If the switch A is kept closed (A=1)
then bulb does not glow, hence Y=0
TRUTH TABLE:
Input A OUTPUT Y
0 1
1 0
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The NOR Gate
Aim:
TO DESIGN AND STIMULATE THE
NOR GATE CIRCUIT.
Component :
Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and
D2). An ideal n-p-n transistor
Theory and Construction:
If we connect the output Y’ of OR gate to the
input of a NOT gate, then the gate obtained is
the NOR gate. The output Y is voltage at C
with respect to earth.
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In Boolean expression, the NOR gate is
expressed as:
The following inference can be easily drawn
from the working of electrical circuit:
(i) If the switch A and B is kept open (A=0,
B=0) then bulb glows, hence Y=1.
(ii) If the switch A is kept closed and B is kept
open (A=1, B=0) then the bulb
glows, Hence Y=0.
(iii) If the switch A is kept open and B is kept
closed (A=0, B=1) then the bulb does not
glow, hence Y=0.
(iv) If the both switch A and B are kept closed
(A=1, B=1) then bulb does not glow, hence
Y=0.
TRUTH TABLE:
Input A Input B OUTPUT
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0 12
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The NAND Gate
Aim:
TO DESIGN AND STIMULATE THE
NAND GATE CIRCUIT.
Components:
Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and
D2) A resistance R
An ideal n-p-n transistor
Theory and Construction:
If we connect the output Y’ of the AND
gate to the input of a NOT gate then the gate
obtained is the NAND gate. The output Y is
voltage at C with respect to earth.
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In Boolean expression, the NAND gate is
expressed as:
The following inference can be easily drawn
from the working of circuit:
(i) If the switch A and B are kept closed
(A=0, B=0) then bulb glows, hence Y=1.
(ii) If the switch A is kept open and B is kept
closed (A=0, B=1), then bulb glows,
hence Y=1
(iii) If switch A is kept closed and B is kept
open (A=1, B=0), then bulb glows,
hence Y=1
(iv) If both switch A and B are kept closed
(A=1, B=1) then bulb does not glow,
hence Y=0.
TRUTH TABLE:
Input A Input B OUTPUT
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
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The EX-OR Gate
Aim:
TO DESIGN AND STIMULATE
THE EX-OR GATE CIRCUIT.
Components:
1) Two AND gates
2) An OR gate
3) Two NOT gate
Theory and Construction:
The operation EX-OR checks for the
exclusivity in the value of the two signals A
and B. It means if A and B are not
identical, the output Y=1, and if both are
identical, then output Y=0. This operation is
also called exclusive OR gate, designated
EX-OR.
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In Boolean expression, the EX-OR ga t e is
expressed as:
The following inference can be easily drawn
from the working of electrical circuit:
(i) If the switch A and B are kept open (A=0,
B=0) then bulb does not glow, hence Y=0
(ii) If the switch A is kept open and B is kept
closed (A=0, B=1) then bulb glows, hence
Y=1
(iii) If the switch A is kept closed and B is kept
open (A=1, B=0) then the bulb will glow,
hence Y=1
(iv) If the switch A and B are kept closed
(A=1, B=1) then bulb will not glow,
hence Y=0
TRUTH TABLE:
Input A Input B OUTPUT
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
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The EX-NOR Gate
Aim:
TO DESIGN AND STIMULATE
THE EX-NOR GATE CIRCUIT.
Components:
1) Two AND gates
2) And OR gate
3) Three NOT gates
Theory and Components:
The operation EX-NOR checks for the
exclusively in the value of the two signals A
and B. it means if A and B are not identical,
the output Y=0, and if both are identical, then
the output Y=1. This operation is also called
exclusive NOR gate, designated EX-NOR.
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In Boolean expression, the EX-NOR gate is
expressed as
The following inference can be easily drawn
from the working of electrical circuit:
(v) If the switch A and B are kept open (A=0,
B=0) then bulb glows, hence Y=1
(vi) If the switch A is kept open and B is kept
closed (A=0, B=1) then bulb does not
glow, hence Y=0
(vii) If the switch A is kept closed and B is kept
open (A=1, B=0) then the bulb does not
glow, hence Y=0
(viii) If the switch A and B are kept closed
(A=1, B=1) then bulb will glow, hence
Y=1
TRUTH TABLE:
Input A Input B OUTPUT
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
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Conclusion
Logic gates are used to develop many
IC circuits or microchips in today’s
modern world.
NAND gate and NOR gate are known as
universal gates because we can
construct all the three basic gates
using NAND & NOR gates.
Without logic gates, electronic world
would be nearly incomplete!
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Bibliography
This project would be nearly
incomplete if I had not used the
information given in the following
websites.
My special thanks to the up loader
of information on these websites. If
considered, I have used everything
that GOOGLE shows me…….
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