7

CHAPTER

Markets Around Us
We go to the market to buy many things – vegetables, soap, toothpaste, masala,
bread, rice, dal, clothes, notebooks, biscuits, etc. If we make a list of the goods
that we purchase, it would be really long. There are many kinds of markets that
we may visit for our everyday needs: these can include shops, hawker’s stalls in
our neighbourhood, a weekly market, a large shopping complex, perhaps even a
mall. In this chapter, we look at some of these markets and try to understand
how the goods that are sold there reach buyers, who these buyers are, who these
sellers are, and the sorts of problems they face.

76 Social and Political Life Rationalised 2023-24

 77
77
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 Why do people go to a weekly Weekly market
market? Give three reasons.
A weekly market is so called because it is held on a
Who are the sellers in a weekly specific day of the week. Weekly markets do not have
market? Why don’t we find big permanent shops. Traders set up shops for the day
business persons in these and then close them up in the evening. Then they
markets? may set up at a different place the next day. There
are thousands of such markets in India. People come
Why are things cheap in the here for their everyday requirements.
weekly market?
Many things in weekly markets are available at
Explain with an example how cheaper rates. This is because when shops are in
people bargain in the market. Can permanent buildings, they incur a lot of expenditure
you think of a situation where the – they have to pay rent, electricity, fees to the
bargain would be unfair? government. They also have to pay wages to their
workers. In weekly markets, these shop owners store
the things they sell at home. Most of them are helped
by their family members and, hence, do not need to
hire workers. Weekly markets also have a large
number of shops selling the same goods which means
there is competition among them. If some trader were
to charge a high price, people would move to another
Sameer: Seller of clothes shop where the same thing may be available more
cheaply or where the buyer can bargain and bring
the price down.

One of the advantages of weekly markets is that

most things you need are available at one place.
Whether you want vegetables, groceries or cloth
items, utensils – all of them can be found here. You
do not have to go to different areas to buy different
things. People also prefer going to a market where
they have a choice and a variety of goods.
Sameer is a small trader in the weekly
market. He buys clothes from a large
trader in the town and sells them in six Shops in the neighbourhood
different markets in a week. He and
other cloth sellers move in [Link]
We have seen that the weekly markets offer a variety
hire a mini van for this. His customers
of goods. However, we also buy things from other
are from villages that are near the
marketplace. At festival times, such as
kinds of markets. There are many shops that sell
during Deepavali or Pongal, he does goods and services in our neighbourhoods. We may
good business. buy milk from the dairy, groceries from departmental
stores, stationery, eatables or medicines from other

78 Social and Political Life Rationalised 2023-24

 Sujata and Kavita were sent to buy
groceries from their neighbourhood
[Link] was the shop they usually
went to. It was crowded today. The
shop owner managed the shop
herself with two [Link] they
managed to get into the shop, Sujata
dictated a list to her. She in turn
began asking her helpers to weigh
and pack the items. Meanwhile
Kavita looked around…

On the top left shelf there were

different brands of detergent cakes.
Another shelf had toothpastes,
talcum powder, shampoo, hair oil.
The different brands and different
colours looked so attractive. On the
floor lay a few sacks.

It took almost 20 minutes to weigh

and pack all the groceries. Then
Sujata showed her “notebook.” The
woman noted the amount of
` 3000 in the notebook and gave it
back. She also noted the amount
in her big register. Then Sujata took the heavy bags out of the shop. Her family will pay for the
purchases in the first week of next month.

Why did Sujata carry a notebook?

shops. Many of these are permanent shops, while
Do you think this system is
others are roadside stalls such as that of the
useful? Can there be problems?
vegetable hawker, the fruit vendor, the mechanic,
etc.
What are the different kinds of
shops that you find in your
Shops in the neighbourhood are useful in many
neighbourhood? What do you
ways. They are near our home and we can go there
purchase from them?
on any day of the week. Usually, the buyer and seller
know each other and these shops also provide goods
Why are goods sold in permanent
on credit. This means that you can pay for the
shops costlier than those sold in
purchases later, as we saw in Sujata’s case, for
the weekly markets or by roadside
example.
hawkers?

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Chapter 7: Markets Around Us 79
 You might have noticed that there are different
kinds of sellers even in the neighbourhood markets.
Some of them have permanent shops and others sell
their goods on the roadside.

Anzal Mall is a five-floor shopping

complex. Kavita and Sujata were
enjoying going up and down in
the lift. It seemed as if it was
made of glass and they were able
to see outside as they went up.
It was fascinating to see so many
different kinds of shops such as
the ice-cream, burger, pizza and
other food shops; shops full of
home appliances; footwear and
leather items as well as
bookshops.

While wandering about on the

third floor they entered a shop
that was selling branded ready-
made [Link] security guard
looked at them as if he wanted
to stop them but he did not say
anything. They looked at some
dresses and then looked at the
price tag. None of them was less
than ` 3,000, almost five times the weekly market price! Sujata whispered to Kavita, “I’ll take you to
another shop which has good quality ready-made clothes at more reasonable prices”.

Why do you think the guard Shopping complexes and malls

wanted to stop Kavita and Sujata
from entering the shop? What So far we have seen two kinds of marketplaces –
would you say if someone stops weekly markets and markets in our neighbourhood.
you from entering a shop in a There are other markets in the urban area that have
market? many shops, popularly called shopping complexes.
These days, in many urban areas, you also have large
multi-storeyed air-conditioned buildings with shops
on different floors, known as malls. In these urban
markets, you get both branded and non-branded
goods. As you have read in the chapter on advertising,

80 Social and Political Life Rationalised 2023-24

branded goods are expensive, often promoted by
advertising and claims of better quality. The
companies producing these products sell them Why do people not bargain in
through shops in large urban markets and, at times, shops located in malls whereas
through special showrooms. As compared to non- they bargain in weekly markets?
branded goods, fewer people can afford to buy
branded ones.

Chain of markets

In the previous sections, you have read about

different markets from where we buy goods. From
where do you think shop-owners procure their goods?
Goods are produced in factories, on farms and in
homes. However, we don’t buy directly from the
How do you think your
factory or from the farm. Nor would the producers
neighbourhood shop gets its
be interested in selling us small quantities such as
goods? Find out and explain with
one kilo of vegetables or one plastic mug.
some examples.

The people in between the producer and the final

Why is a wholesale trader
consumer are the traders. The wholesale trader first
necessary?
buys goods in large quantities. For example, the
vegetable wholesale trader will not buy a few kilos of
vegetables, but will buy in large lots of 25 to 100
kilos. These will then be sold to other traders. In
these markets, buying and selling takes place
between traders. It is through these links of traders
that goods reach faraway places. The trader who
finally sells this to the consumer, is the retailer. This
could be a trader in a weekly market, a hawker in
the neighbourhood or a shop in a shopping complex. Azadpur

Daryaganj
We can understand this with the help of the
Keshopur
following examples –

Every city has areas for wholesale markets. This Okhla

is where goods first reach and are then supplied to
other traders. The roadside hawker whom you read
about earlier would have purchased a large quantity
of plastic items from a wholesale trader in the town.
He, in turn, might have bought these from another, The above map of Delhi shows four of the
even bigger wholesale trader in the city. The city 10 wholesale markets in the city.

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Chapter 7: Markets Around Us 81
 wholesale trader would have bought a large quantity
of plastic items from the factory and stored them in
a godown. In this way, a chain of markets is set up.
When we purchase, we may not be aware of the chain
of markets through which these goods travel before
they reach us.

Aftab – The wholesaler in the city

Aftab is one of the wholesale traders who purchases in bulk. His
business starts around 2 o’clock in the morning when vegetables
reach the market. This is the time when the vegetable market or
mandi starts buzzing with activity. The vegetables come in trucks,
matadors, tractor trolleys from farms both near and far. Soon the
process of auctions begins. Aftab participates in this auction and
decides what he will buy. Today, for example, he bought 5 quintals of
cauliflower, 10 quintals of onions. He has a shop in the market where
he stores the vegetables that he has bought. From here he sells to
hawkers and shopkeepers who start coming to the market around
six in the morning. They have to organise their purchases so that
they can start their shop for the day around ten in the morning.

Markets everywhere

So far we have seen different marketplaces where

people buy and sell a variety of goods and services.
All these markets are in a specific locality and work
in a particular manner and time. However, it is not
always necessary that one has to go to the market to
purchase goods. You can place orders for a variety
of things through the phone and these days through
the Internet, and the goods are delivered at your
home. In clinics and nursing homes, you may have
noticed sales representatives waiting for doctors.
Such persons are also engaged in the selling of goods.
Thus, buying and selling takes place in different
ways, not necessarily through shops in the market.

The markets that we looked at above are the ones

that we recognise easily. However, there are markets
that we may not be so aware of. This is because a

82 Social and Political Life Rationalised 2023-24

 People in urban areas can enter markets
without stepping out of their homes via
the Internet. They use their credit cards to
make ‘online purchases’.

large number of goods are bought and sold that we

don’t use directly. For example, a farmer uses
fertilisers to grow crops that he purchases from
special shops in the city and they, in turn get them
from factories. A car factory purchases engine, gears,
petrol tanks, axles, wheels, etc., from various other
factories. We don’t usually see all the buying and
selling, but only the final product – the car in the
showroom. The story is similar for any other good.

Markets and equality

In this chapter, we have looked at shop owners in a

weekly market and those in a shopping complex.
They are very different people. One is a small trader
with little money to run the shop whereas the other
is able to spend a lot of money to set up the shop. A car being put together in a factory.
They also earn unequal amounts. The weekly market
trader earns little compared to the profit of a regular
shop owner in a shopping complex. Similarly, buyers
are differently placed. There are many who are not
able to afford the cheapest of goods while others are
busy shopping in malls. Thus, whether we can be
buyers or sellers in these different markets depends,
among other things, on the money that we have.

We have also examined the chain of markets that

is formed before goods can reach us. It is through

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Chapter 7: Markets Around Us 83
 Malls, like the one above, sell expensive this chain that what is produced in one place reaches
and branded goods. people everywhere. When things are sold, it
encourages production and new opportunities are
created for people to earn. However, do they offer
equal opportunities? We will try to understand this
through the story of a shirt in the next chapter.

Sustainable Development Goal (SDG)

[Link]

84 Social and Political Life Rationalised 2023-24

 EXERCISES

1. In what ways is a hawker different from a shop owner?

2. Compare and contrast a weekly market and a shopping

complex on the following:

Market Kind of goods sold Prices of goods Sellers Buyers

Weekly market

Shopping complex

3. Explain how a chain of markets is formed. What purpose

does it serve?

4. ‘All persons have equal rights to visit any shop in a

marketplace.’ Do you think this is true of shops with
expensive products? Explain with examples.

5. ‘Buying and selling can take place without going to a

marketplace.’ Explain this statement with the help of
examples.

Glossary

Weekly market: These markets are not daily markets but are to be found at a particular place on
one or maybe two days of the week. These markets most often sell everything that a household
needs ranging from vegetables to clothes to utensils.

Mall: This is an enclosed shopping space. This is usually a large building with many floors that has
shops, restaurants and, at times, even a cinema theatre. These shops most often sell branded
products.

Wholesale: This refers to buying and selling in large quantities. Most products, including vegetables,
fruits and flowers have special wholesale markets.

Chain of markets: A series of markets that are connected like links in a chain because products
pass from one market to another.

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Chapter 7: Markets Around Us 85
 8
CHAPTER

A Shirt in
the Market
This chapter tells us the story
of a shirt ! It begins with the
production of cotton and ends
with the sale of the shirt. We
shall see that a chain of
markets links the producer of
cotton to the buyer of the
shirt in the supermarket.
Buying and selling takes place
at every step in the chain.
Does everyone benefit equally
from this? Or do some people
benefit more than others? We
shall find out.

86 Social and Political Life Rationalised 2023-24

A cotton farmer in Kurnool Did Swapna get a fair price on the
cotton?
Swapna, a small farmer in Kurnool (Andhra Pradesh)
grows cotton on her small piece of land. The bolls of Why did the trader pay Swapna
the cotton plant are ripe and some have already a low price?
burst, so Swapna is busy picking cotton. The bolls,
which carry the cotton in them, do not burst open Where do you think large farmers
all at once so it takes several days to harvest the would sell their cotton? How is
cotton. their situation different from
Swapna?
Once the cotton is collected, instead of selling it at
Kurnool cotton market, Swapna and her husband
take the harvest to the local trader. At the beginning
of the cropping season, Swapna had borrowed
` 2,500 from the trader at a very high interest rate
to buy seeds, fertilisers, pesticides for cultivation. 1. Trader sells the
2. Ginning mill
At that time, the local trader made Swapna agree to cotton at the Kurnool
buys the cotton.
another condition. He made her promise to sell all cotton market.
her cotton to him.

Cultivation of cotton requires high levels of inputs

such as fertilisers and pesticides and the farmers 3. Ginning mill removes
have to incur heavy expenses on account of these. the seeds and presses
Most often, the small farmers need to borrow money the cotton into bales.
to meet these expenses. 4. Spinning
mill buys
At the trader’s yard, two of his men weigh the the bales.
bags of cotton. At a price of ` 1,500 per quintal, the
cotton fetches ` 6,000. The trader deducts
` 3,000 for repayment of loan and interest and pays
Swapna ` 3,000. 6. Spinning
5. Spinning
mill sells the
mill spins the
Swapna: ` 3,000 only! cotton into
yarn to yarn
dealers.
yarn.
Trader: Cotton is selling cheap. There is a lot of
cotton in the market.

Swapna: I have toiled so hard for four months to

grow this cotton. You can see how fine and clean the
cotton is this time. I had hoped to get a much better
price.

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87
 Trader: Amma, I am giving you a good price. Other
traders are not even paying this much. You can check
at the Kurnool market, if you do not believe me.

Swapna: Don’t be angry. How can I doubt you? I had

only hoped that we would earn enough from the
cotton crop to last us a few months.

Though Swapna knows that cotton will sell for at

least ` 1,800 per quintal, she doesn’t argue further.
The trader is a powerful man in the village and the
farmers have to depend on him for loans not only for
cultivation, but also to meet other exigencies such
as illnesses, children’s school fees. Also, there are
times in the year when there is no work and no
income for the farmers, so borrowing money is the
only means of survival.

Swapna’s earning from cotton cultivation is barely

more than what she might have earned as a wage
labourer.

The cloth market of Erode

Erode’s bi-weekly cloth market in Tamil Nadu is one

of the largest cloth markets in the world. A large
variety of cloth is sold in this market. Cloth that is
made by weavers in the villages around is also
brought here for sale. Around the market are offices
of cloth merchants who buy this cloth. Other traders
from many south Indian towns also come and
purchase cloth in this market.

On market days, you would also find weavers

bringing cloth that has been made on order from the
merchant. These merchants supply cloth on order
to garment manufacturers and exporters around the
country. They purchase the yarn and give
instructions to the weavers about the kind of cloth
A shop in Erode. that is to be made. In the following example, we can
see how this is done.

88 Social and Political Life Rationalised 2023-24

 1 2

3 [Link] is a merchant’s shop in the bazaar.

Over the years, these traders have
developed extensive contacts with
garment firms around the country from
whom they get orders. These traders
purchase the yarn (thread) from others.
2. The weavers live in villages around
and take the yarn supplied by these
traders to their homes where the looms
are located in sheds adjacent to their
houses. This photograph shows a
powerloom in one such home.
The weavers and their families spend
long hours working on these looms.
Most weaving units have about 2–8
Putting-out system– weavers producing
powerlooms on which the yarn is woven
cloth at home
into cloth. A variety of sarees, towels,
shirting, ladies dress material and
The merchant distributes work among the weavers
bedsheets are produced in these looms.
based on the orders he has received for cloth. The
3. They then bring back the finished cloth
weavers get the yarn from the merchant and supply
to the traders. Here, they can be seen
him the cloth. For the weavers, this arrangement
getting ready to go to the merchant in the
seemingly has two advantages. The weavers do not
town. The trader keeps an account of the
have to spend their money on purchase of yarn. Also,
yarn given and pays them money for
the problem of selling the finished cloth is taken care
weaving this into cloth.
of. Weavers know from the outset what cloth they
should make and how much of it is to be woven.
What are the following people
However, this dependence on the merchants both doing at the Erode cloth market –
for raw materials and markets means that the merchants, weavers, exporters?
merchants have a lot of power. They give orders for
what is to be made and they pay a very low price for In what ways are weavers
making the cloth. The weavers have no way of dependent on cloth merchants?

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89
 If the weavers were to buy yarn on knowing who they are making the cloth for or at
their own and sell cloth, they what price it will be sold. At the cloth market, the
would probably earn three times merchants sell the cloth to the garment factories. In
more. Do you think this is this way, the market works more in favour of the
possible? How? Discuss. merchants.

Do you find similar ‘putting-out’ Weavers invest all their savings or borrow money
arrangements in making papads, at high interest rates to buy looms. Each loom costs
masalas, beedis? Find out about ` 20,000, so a small weaver with two looms has to
this in your area and discuss in invest ` 40,000. The work on these looms cannot be
class. done alone. The weaver and another adult member
of his family work upto 12 hours a day to produce
You might have heard of cloth. For all this work, they earn about
cooperatives in your area. It could ` 3,500 per month.
be in milk, provisions, paddy, etc.
Find out for whose benefit they The arrangement between the merchant and the
were set up? weavers is an example of putting-out system,
whereby the merchant supplies the raw material and
receives the finished product. It is prevalent in the
weaving industry in most regions of India.

Weaver’s cooperative

We have seen that the weavers are paid very little by the
merchant under the putting out system. Weaver’s cooperatives
are one way to reduce the dependence on the merchant and to
earn a higher income for the weavers. In a cooperative, people
with common interests come together and work for their mutual
benefit. In a weaver’s cooperative, the weavers form a group and
take up certain activities collectively. They procure yarn from
the yarn dealer and distribute it among the weavers. The
cooperative also does the marketing. So, the role of the merchant
is reduced, and weavers get a fair price on the cloth.

At times, the government helps the cooperatives by buying cloth from them at a reasonable
price. For instance, the Tamil Nadu government runs a Free School Uniform programme in
the [Link] government procures the cloth for this programme from the powerloom weaver’s
cooperatives. Similarly, the government buys cloth from the handloom weaver’s cooperatives
and sells it through stores known as Co-optex. You might have come across one of these
stores in your town.

90 Social and Political Life Rationalised 2023-24

The garment exporting factory near Delhi Women workers sewing buttons in a
garment factory.
The Erode merchant supplies the cotton cloth
produced by the weavers to a garment exporting
factory near Delhi. The garment exporting factory
will use the cloth to make shirts. The shirts will be
exported to foreign buyers. Among the foreign buyers
are businesspersons from the US and Europe who
run a chain of stores. These large stores do business
strictly on their own terms. They demand the lowest
prices from the supplier. In addition, they set high What are the demands foreign
standards for quality of production and timely buyers make on the garment
delivery. Any defects or delay in delivery is dealt with exporters? Why do the garment
strictly. So, the exporter tries his best to meet the exporters agree to these
conditions set by these powerful buyers. demands?

Faced with such pressures from the buyers, the How do the garment exporters
garment exporting factories, in turn, try to cut costs. meet the conditions set by the
They get the maximum work out of the workers at foreign buyers?
the lowest possible wages. This way they can
maximise their own profits and also supply the
garments to foreign buyers at a cheap price.

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91
 The Impex garment factory has 70 workers. Most
of them are women. Most of these workers are
Why do you think more women are employed on a temporary basis. This means that
employed in the Impex garment whenever the employer feels that a worker is not
factory? Discuss. needed, the worker can be asked to leave. Workers’
wages are fixed according to their skills. The highest
paid among the workers are the tailors who get about
` 3,000 per month. Women are employed as helpers
for thread cutting, buttoning, ironing and packaging.
These jobs have the lowest wages.

Payment to workers (per month)

Write a letter to the Minister
Tailoring ....................................................... ` 3,000
asking for what you think would
be proper payment to the workers. Ironing .......................................................... ` 1.50 (per piece)
Checking ..................................................... ` 2,000
Thread cutting
The shirt below shows the profit and buttoning............................................. ` 1,500
made by the businessperson, and
the various costs that he had to
pay. Find out from the diagram
below, what the cost price The shirt in the United States
includes.
A number of shirts are on display at a large clothes
shop in the United States, and are priced at $26.
That is, each shirt sells for $26 or around ` 1,800.

Use the diagram shown in the margin to fill

in the blanks below.
Profit
` 900 The businessperson purchased the shirts from
the garment exporter in Delhi for ` _______ per shirt.
He then spent ` _______ for advertising in the media,
and another ` _______ per shirt on storage, display
Advertising and all other charges. Thus, the cost to this person
` 400 is ` 900 while he sells the shirt for ` 1,800.
` __________ is his profit on one shirt! If he is able to
Storage, etc. sell a large number of shirts, his profit will be higher.
` 200

Purchase The garment exporter sold the shirt at ` 300 per

` 300 piece. The cloth and other raw materials cost him
` 100 per shirt. The workers’ wages cost another

92 Social and Political Life Rationalised 2023-24

` 25 per shirt. The cost of running his office came to Compare the earnings per shirt of
` 25 per shirt. Can you calculate the profit per shirt the worker in the garment factory,
for the garment exporter? the garment exporter and the
businessperson in the market
Who are the gainers in the market? abroad. What do you find?

A chain of markets links the producer of cotton to What are the reasons that the
the buyer at the supermarket. Buying and selling businessperson is able to make a
takes place at every step in the chain. Let us recall huge profit in the market?
who were the people who were involved in this
process of buying and selling. Did they all gain as You have read the chapter on
much? There were people who made profits in the advertising. Why does the
market and there were some who did not gain as businessperson spend Rs 300 per
much from this buying and selling. Despite their shirt on advertising? Discuss.
having toiled very hard, they earned little. Can you
place them in the table shown here?
People who gained in the market

Market and equality 1. ________________________

The foreign businessperson made huge profits in the 2. ________________________

market. Compared to this, the garment exporter
made only moderate profits. On the other hand, the 3. ________________________
earnings of the workers at the garment export factory
are barely enough to cover their day-to-day needs. People who didn’t gain
Similarly, we saw the small cotton farmer and the as much in the market
weaver at Erode put in long hours of hard work. But
they did not get a fair price in the market for what
1. ________________________
they produced. The merchants or traders are
somewhere in between. Compared to the weavers, 2. ________________________
they have earned more but it is still much less than
the exporter. Thus, not everyone gains equally in 3. ________________________
the market. Democracy is also about getting a fair
wage in the market. Whether it is Kanta or Swapna,
if families don’t earn enough how would they think
of themselves as equal to others?

On one hand, the market offers people

opportunities for work and to be able to sell things
that they grow or produce. It could be the farmer
selling cotton or the weaver producing cloth. On the
other hand, it is usually the rich and the powerful

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93
 Did you know that the readymade clothes that get the maximum earnings from the market.
that you buy require the work of so many These are the people who have money and own the
different persons? factories, the large shops, large land holdings, etc.
The poor have to depend on the rich and the powerful
for various things. They have to depend for loans (as
in the case of Swapna, the small farmer), for raw
materials and marketing of their goods (weavers in
the putting out system), and most often for
employment (workers at the garment factory).
Because of this dependence, the poor are exploited
in the market. There are ways to overcome these such
as forming cooperatives of producers and ensuring
that laws are followed strictly.

Sustainable Development Goal (SDG)

[Link]

94 Social and Political Life Rationalised 2023-24

 EXERCISES
1. Swapna sells the cotton to the trader.
1. What made Swapna sell the cotton to the trader instead
2. Customers buy these shirts in a
of selling at the Kurnool cotton market?
supermarket.
3. Trader sells cotton to the Ginning Mill.
2. Describe the conditions of employment as well as the
4. Garment exporters buy the cloth from
wages of workers in the garment exporting factory. Do
merchants for making shirts.
you think the workers get a fair deal?
5. Yarn dealers or merchants give the
3. Think of something common that we use. It could be yarn to the weavers.
sugar, tea, milk, pen, paper, pencil, etc. Discuss through 6. The exporter sells shirts to the
what chain of markets this reaches you. Can you think of businessperson from the USA.
the people that help in the production or trade? [Link] mill buys the cotton and sells
yarn to the yarn dealers.
4. Arrange the statements given alongside in the correct [Link] return with the cloth.
order and then fill in the numbers in the cotton bolls 9. Ginning mill cleans the cotton and
accordingly. The first two have already been done for you. makes it into bales.

1 3
➪ ➪ ➪ ➪

➪
➪ ➪ ➪ ➪

Glossary

Ginning mill: A factory where seeds are removed from cotton bolls. The cotton is pressed into
bales to be sent for spinning into thread.

Exporter: A person who sells goods abroad.

Profit: The amount that is left or gained from earnings after deducting all the costs. If the costs are
more than the earnings, it would lead to a loss.

Chapter 8: A Shirt in the Market

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95
 References
◆ Dreze, Jean and Aparajita Goyal. 2003. ‘Future of Mid-day Meals’.
In Economic and Political Weekly.

◆ Hossain, Sakhawat Rokeya. 1905. (reprint) 1988. Sultana’s Dream.

Feminist Press, New York.

◆ Kumar. Krishna. 1986. “Growing Up Male” in Seminar 318.

◆ Mazumdar, Indrani. 2007. Women and Globalization: The Impact on Women

Workers in the Formal and Informal Sectors in India. Stree, Kolkata.

◆ Mead, Margaret. 1928, 1973. (edition) Growing Up In Samoa.

American Museum of Natural History, Washington D.C.

◆ Medical Council of India, [Link]

Regulation/Ethics%[Link]

◆ Parks, Rosa. 2000. Quiet Strength. Grand Rapids, Zondervan, Michigan.

◆ Rashsundari Devi. 1999. Words to Win. Translated and with an introduction

by Tanika Sarkar. Zubaan, New Delhi.

◆ Roy, Tirthankar. 1999. ‘Growth and Recession in Small-Scale Industry: A

Study of Tamil Nadu Powerlooms’ Economic and Political Weekly.

◆ World Health Organization, Essential medicines and health products,

[Link]

◆ [Link]/rthc/[Link]

◆ [Link] (Sustainable Development Goals – SDGs)

◆ [Link]

◆ Zubaan. 1996. Poster Women: A Visual History of the Women’s Movement in

India. Zubaan, New Delhi.

96 Social and Political Life Rationalised 2023-24

 © Government of India, Copyright 2006
1. The responsibility for the correctness of internal details rests with the publisher.
2. The territorial waters of India extend into the sea to a distance of twelve nautical miles measured from the appropriate base line.
3. The administrative headquarters of Chandigarh, Haryana and Punjab are at Chandigarh.
4. The interstate boundaries amongst Arunachal Pradesh, Assam and Meghalaya shown on this map are as interpreted from the “North
Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971,”but have yet to be verified.
5. The external boundaries and coastlines of India agree with the Record / Master Copy certified by Survey of India.
6 The state boundaries between Uttarakhand & Uttar Pradesh, Bihar & Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh & Madhya Pradesh have not been
verified by the Goverments concerned.
7. The spellings of names in this map have been taken from various sources.

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Have you participated in any event related to school road safety?
For materials about road safety education, log on to [Link]
Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, [Link]
For short films on road safety, log on to [Link]

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