Transformation Austenitic
• Pearlitic transformation
• Bainitic transformation
• Martensitic transformation
Austenite transformation
• Austenite transform to pearlite :
– (1) during cooling or isothermal
– (2) holding below the eutectoid temperature
1
Austenite transformation
– For the case 2): holding below the eutectoid temperature :
• Phase transformation can be learn from IT/TT diagram of the
carbon steel
1
Media pendingincooling rate
Bainite microstructure
Upper bainite (gray, feathery plates) ( 600). (b) Lower bainite
(dark needles) ( 400). (From ASM Handbook, Vol. 8, (1973), ASM
International, Materials Park, OH 44073.)
Pearlite vs. Bainite
diagrammatic representation of formation
of pearlite, upper bainite and lower bainite
Upper Bainite
Lower Bainite
Bainite
• "Bainite" - named after E. C. Bain
• Precipitates between 250 oC and 550 oC
• Mixture of non-lamellar ferrite and cementite phases
• Stronger and more ductile than pearlitic steel of the
same hardness.
• Bainite is nucleated by ferrite, which is followed by the
cementite precipitation. Pearlite is nucleated by
cementite and accompanied by the subsequent
formation of ferrite.
• AusteniteBainite reaction has a dual nature - Upper
Bainite and Lower Bainite.
Upper vs.lower bainite
Upper Bainite
• Forms about 350C and 550 C
• Consists of needles or laths of ferrite with carbide precipitates
between the laths
Lower Bainite
• Forms about 250 C and 350 C.
• Consists of plates rather than laths
• Cementite is precipitated inside the ferrite plates (due to low rate of
diffusion at low temperatures) predominantly along single orientation
(55 to longitudinal axis of ferrite)
DISPLACIVE
RECONSTRUCTIVE
general
uniaxial simple invariant-plane
dilatation shear strain
s
d s
d
1 1 1
s=0.26
d=0.03
Diffusionless transformation?
• Martensite can form at very low
temperatures.
• Martensite can grow very rapidly.
• No composition change during
transformation.
Martensitic transformation in plain carbon steels begins at definite
temperature called Ms. It also ends at a defined temperature called Mf.
Martensitic Transformation
• "Martensite" - named after the German
metallographer, A. Martens, who first studied
these types of structures
• Carbon steel is cooled rapidly from austenite
region in such a way that the nose of TTT curve
is missed
• Martensite forms approximately below 250C in
an eutectoid steel
• Consists basically of supersaturated solid
solution of carbon in a-ferrite
Wt.% C
0.02 0.2 0.4 0.8 1.2
Ms (°C)
520 490 420 250 150
The temperature at which martensite
begins to form (Ms) or finishes to form (Mf)
and the type of martensitic structure
obtained depends on the carbon content of
the steel.
Relasi antara FCC dan BCT
Crystal structure change
©2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein
(a) The unit cell of BCT martensite is related to the FCC austenite
under license.
unit cell. (b) As the percentage of carbon increases, more
interstitial sites are filled by the carbon atoms and the tetragonal
structure of the martensite becomes more pronounced.
Martensitic microstructure
Microstruture depend on C content
Relative fraction Martensite
Transformation Kinetics of Martensite
Martensite transformation is characterized by
y 1 exp 0.01M s Tq
where y is the fraction of martensite formed after quenching to any
temperature, Tq, below Ms.
Ms is given by an empirical equation:
Effect alloying element on Ms
M s 539 423 C 30 .4Mn 17 .7Ni 12 .1Cr 7.5Mo
The numbers in brackets are wt.%. This equation may be used up to
0.6 wt.% C and 5 wt.% Mn, Ni, Cr, or Mo.
TTT diagram
Strength of Pearlite
Why Bainite?
Why martensite
FF
Temperature
dilation
MF
FS
BS Ae3
MS
a b c d e c
Ae1
FS
Time Temperature
MF FF PS
Temperature
Dilation
BF c e
dilation
a b d
FS BS
BS
a MS d
MS BF
temperature Temperature
PF P
S
MF
Dilation
dilation
MF
FS F+B F+P
MS BS M+B F+B
b e M
HV HV HV HV
HV
Temperature Temperature Log time
Fig. 5: Schematic dilatometric plots for five different cooling rates where F,Fig. 6: Schematic CCT diagram constructed
P, B and M stands for ferrite, pearlite, bainite and martensite respectively from data of Fig 3(for the hypoeutectoid
and subscript S and F stands for transformation start and transformation steel). Dotted line is 25% of total
finish for respective products for a hypoeutectoid steel transformation. 38
TTTCCT
CCT diagram alloy (4340)
AISI 4340 steel containing chromium, nickel and
molybdenum.
