Spherical Mirror: If the reflecting surface is part of the hollow sphere then the mirror is a spherical mirror.

The spherical mirror is of two types:

•Convex mirror: In this mirror reflecting surface is convex. It diverges the light so it is also called a diverging
mirror.
•Concave mirror: In this mirror reflecting surface is concave. It converges the light so it is also called
converging mirror.
How to distinguish between plane mirror, concave and convex mirror with and without touching them?
 Parameter For concave mirror For convex mirror
1. Distance of the object (u) u is negative u is negative

2. Distance of the virtual image (v) v is positive v is positive

3. Distance of the real image (v) v is negative A convex mirror never form a real
image
4. Focal length f is negative f is positive

5. Radius of curvature R is negative R is positive

6. Height of erect and virtual image (h’) h’ is positive h’ is positive

7. Height of inverted and real image (h’) h’ is negative A convex mirror never form a real
image

8. Height of the object (h) h is positive h is positive

1. An object of size of 7.0 cm is placed 27 cm in front of concave mirror of focal length 18cm. At what distance from
the mirror should a screen be placed, so that a sharp focussed image can be obtained ? find the nature and size of
image.
2. An object is placed at a distance of 10cm from a convex mirror of focal length 15cm. find the nature and position
of image.
3. An object of size of 5.0 cm is placed 20 cm in front of convex mirror of radius of curvature 30cm. Find the position
of image, its nature and size.
1) An object is placed at a distance of 35 cm away from a converging mirror of focal length 30 cm. Discuss the effect on the
nature and position of the image if the position of the object changes from 35 cm to 25 cm. Justify your answer without
using mirror formula.

2) 7 cm needle is placed 12 cm away from a convex mirror of focal length 24 cm. Give the location of image and
magnification. Describe what happens to the image as the needle is moved farther from the mirror.

3. Draw the ray diagram in each case to show the position and nature of the image formed when the object is placed:
(i) at the centre of curvature of a concave mirror
(ii) between the pole P and focus F of a concave mirror
(iii) in front of a convex mirror

4. Draw the following diagram in your answer book and show the formation of image of the object AB with the help of
suitable rays.
5. An object 2 cm in size is placed 30 cm in front of a concave mirror of focal length 15 cm.
At what distance from the mirror should a screen be placed in order to obtain a sharp
image? What will be the nature and the size of the image formed? Draw a ray diagram to
show the formation of the image in this case.

6) It is desired to obtain an erect image of an object, using a concave mirror of focal length 20 cm.
(i) What should be the range of distance of the object from the mirror?
(ii) Will the image be bigger or smaller than the object?
(iii) Draw a ray diagram to show the image formation in this case.
7. Redraw the diagram given below in your answer book and show the direction of the light ray after reflection from the
mirror.

8. With the help of a ray diagram explain why a convex mirror is preferred for rear view mirrors in motor cars.

4. Find the position of an object which when placed in front of a concave mirror of focal length 20cm produces a virtual
images, which is twice the size of the object.

5. A convex mirror used for rear-view in an automobile has a radius of curvature of 2.0 m. if a bus is located at 6.0 m
from this mirror, find the position, nature and size of the image.
Question 1.:
(a) Draw ray-diagrams to show the formation of images when the object is placed in front of a concave
mirror (converging mirror) :
(i) between its pole and focus
(ii) between its centre of curvature and focus Describe the nature, size and position of the image formed in each
case.
(b) State one use of concave mirror based on the formation of image as in cases above.
Question 2:
An object 3 cm high is placed at a distance of 8 cm from a concave mirror which produces a virtual image 4.5
cm high :
(i) What is the focal length of the mirror ?
(ii) What is the position of image ?
(iii) Draw a ray-diagram to show the formation of image.
Question 3:
(a) An object is placed just outside the principal focus of concave mirror. Draw a ray diagram to show how the
image is formed, and describe its size, position and nature.
(b) If the object is moved further away from the mirror, what changes are there in the position and size of the
image ?
(c) An object is 24 cm away from a concave mirror and its image is 16 cm from the mirror. Find the focal length
and radius of curvature of the mirror, and the magnification of the image.
Question 4:
An arrow 2.5 cm high is placed at a distance of 25 cm from a diverging mirror of focal length 20 cm. Find the
nature, position and size of the image formed.
Question 5:
The radius of curvature of a convex mirror used as a rear view mirror in a moving car is 2.0 m. A truck is
coming from behind it at a distance of 3.5 m. Calculate (a) position, and (b) size, of the image relative to the
size of the truck. What will be the nature of the image ?
Question 6) Draw a diagram and apply these conventions in the determination of focal length of a spherical
mirror which forms a three times magnified real image of an object placed 16 cm in front of it.
Refraction of Light: The bending of light at the interface of two different mediums is called Refraction
of light.

•If the velocity of light in medium is more, then medium is called optical rarer.
Example, air or vacuum is more optical rarer.

•If the velocity of light in medium is less, then medium is called optical denser.
Example, glass is more denser than air.

1. When a ray of light travels from rarer medium to denser medium, it bends towards the normal. i.e angle of
incidence > angle of refraction.
2. When a ray of light travels from a denser medium to a rarer medium, it bends away from the normal.
i.e. angle of incidence < angle of refraction.

3. If the incident ray falls normally (perpendicular) on the

surface of a glass, then there is no bending of the ray of
light and it goes straight.
i.e. angle of incidence = angle of refraction = 0 degree
Q1:- You are given kerosene (n = 1.44), turpentine (n = 1.47) and water (n = 1.33). In which of these does the light
travel fastest?

Q2:- Light enters from air to glass having refractive index 1.50. What is the speed of light in the glass? The speed of
light in vacuum is

Q3:- A beam of light passes from air into a substance X. If the angle of incidence is 45o and the angle of refraction is
30o, calculate the refractive index of the substances X ( Given : Sin 30o = 0.500, sin 45o = 0.707)
PROCEDURE:-
CONCLUSION:
It is clear from the observation table that the ratio of Sin i and Sin r is constant. Hence Snell`s is law verified
 REFRACTION THROUGH LENSES
Optical lens are mainly a piece of glass or transparent fibre which is manufactured in a particular shape in
order to manipulate the light rays which are passing through it.
There are many uses of optical lenses:
1) Spectacles are very common now a days, and spectacles mandatorily contains a pair of specially
designed and powered to artificially replenish the optical difficulties of the human eyes.
2)Camera also contains a high end optical lens.
3) Gadgets and equipment's like microscope, magnifying glass, projectors etc also contain different types
of optical lenses.
Refraction by Spherical Lenses
• A Spherical lens is a piece of transparent glass bound by two spherical surfaces.
• There are two types of Spherical Lenses
• A convex lens bulges outward and is thick at the center and thinner at the edges. Convex lens converges the light
rays as shown below in the figure

Hence convex lenses are called converging lenses.

A concave lens bulges inward and is thinner in the middle and thicker at the edges. Such lenses diverge light rays as
shown in Figure

Such lenses are called diverging lenses.

Image Formation in Lenses Using Ray Diagrams
• Ray diagram helps us to study the nature, position and relative size of the image formed by lenses.
• For drawing ray diagrams we first consider how light rays falling on both concave and convex lens in three
different ways get refracted.
• First consider the case for convex lens
•Nature, position and relative size of the image formed by a concave lens for various positions of the object is
given below in the table
Sign Convention for Spherical Lenses
1. All the distances are measured from the optical center of the lens.
2. The distances measured in the same direction as that of incident light are taken as positive.
3. The distances measured against the direction of incident light are taken as negative.
4. The distances measured upward and perpendicular to the principle axis are taken as positive.
5. The distances measured downwards and perpendicular to principle axis is taken as negative.
1. An object of height 5cm is held 25cm away from a converging lens of focal length 10cm. Draw a ray diagram to find
the position, size and nature of the image formed.

2. A concave lens of focal length 15cm forms an image 10cm from the lens. How far the object placed from the lens?
Draw the ray diagram.
 3. A concave lens has a focal length of 20cm. At what distance from the lens should the object be placed so that it forms
an image at 15cm from the lens ?

4. A 2.5 cm tall object is placed perpendicular to the principal axis of a convex lens of focal length 15cm. The distance of
the object from the lens is 30cm. Find the nature, position and size of image. Also find its magnification.

1. Find the power of a concave lens of focal length 2 m.

2. A convex lens forms a real and inverted image of a needle at a distance of 50cm from it. Where is the needle placed in
front of the convex lens if the image is equal to the size of object? Also find the power of the lens.

3. A convex lens is of the focal length 20cm. What is its power?

4. A thin lens has a focal length of -10cm. What is the power of the lens and what is its nature?

5. Two thin lenses of power +2.0 D and -1.5 D are placed in contact find power and focal length of the combination of
lenses. Also state the nature of the lens formed by the combination of these lenses.
1. A concave lens has focal length of 20 cm. At what distance from the lens a 5 cm tall object be placed so that it forms
an image at 15 cm from the lens? Also calculate the size of the image formed.

2. An object 50 cm tall is placed on the principal axis of a convex lens. Its 20 cm tall image is formed on the screen
placed at a distance of 10 cm from the lens. Calculate the focal length of the lens.

3. Draw the ray diagram in each case to show the position and nature of the image formed when the object is placed:
(i) at 2F of a convex lens
(ii) in front of a concave lens
4. If a light ray IM is incident on the surface AB as shown, identify the correct emergent ray.

5. The refractive indices of four media A, B, C and D are given in the following table:

If light, travels from one medium to another, in which case the change in speed will be (i) minimum, (ii) maximum?
7. Redraw the given diagram and show the path of the refracted ray

8. Redraw the given diagram and show the path of the refracted ray:
12. Draw ray diagrams to represent the nature, position and relative size of the image formed by a convex lens for the object
placed:
(a) beyond 2F1
(b) between F1 and the optical centre O of lens
15. An object 2 cm high is placed at a distance of 64 cm from a white screen. On placing a convex lens at a distance of 32 cm
from the object it is found that a distinct image of the object is formed on the screen. What is the focal length of the convex
lens and size of the image formed on the screen? Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of the image in this position of
the object with respect to the lens
16. A convex lens has a focal length of 10 cm. At what distance from the lens should the object be placed so that it forms a
real and inverted image 20 cm away from the lens? What would be the size of the image formed if the object is 2 cm high?
With the help of a ray diagram show the formation of the image by the lens in this case.

17 One half a convex lens of focal length 20 cm is covered with a black paper.
(i)Will the lens produce a complete image of the object?
(ii)Show the formation of image of an object placed at 2F1 of such covered lens with the help of a ray diagram.
(iii)How will the intensity of the image formed by half-covered lens compare with non-covered lens?
21. Redraw the diagram given below in your answer book and show the direction of the light ray after refraction from the
lens.

23. Redraw the diagram given below in your answer book and show the direction of the light ray after refraction from the
lens.
25. The refractive index of water is 1.33 and the speed of light in air is 3 x 108 ms-1. Calculate the speed of light in water.

26. The refractive index of glass is 1.50 and the speed of light in air is 3 x 108 ms-1. Calculate the speed of light in glass

27. The image of an object placed at 60 cm in front of a lens is obtained on a screen at a distance of 120 cm from it. Find
the focal length of the lens. What would be the height of the image if the object is 5 cm high?

28 . (a) If the image formed by a lens is diminished in size and erect, for all positions of the object, what type of lens is it?
(b) Name the point on the lens through which a ray of light passes un deviated.
(c) An object is placed perpendicular to the principal axis of a convex lens of focal length 20 cm. The distance of the object
from the lens is 30 cm. Find (i) the position (ii) the magnification and (iii) the nature of the image formed.

29. (a) What is meant by ‘power of a lens’?

(b) State and define the S.I. unit of power of a lens.
(c) A convex lens of focal length 25 cm and a concave lens of focal length 10 cm are placed in close contact with each
other. Calculate the lens power of this combination.