The word statistics was derived
from the Italian word “stato”
which means state, and a
“statista” is a man who deals with
the affairs of the state.
The original meaning of statistics
is a collection of facts which is of
interest to a statesman.
STATISTICS is the Science of
collection, organization,
analysis, and interpretation of
data.
The two branches of statistics
are descriptive and inferential
statistics.
BRANCHES OF STATISTICS
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
• Gathered and observed data are • It uses the result of descriptive
presented and interpreted using statistics to draw conclusions or
numerical and categorical generalizations.
descriptors. • It must answer the question “what
• Numerical descriptors: mean, should be done next?”
median, mode, range, variance • It includes descriptions for
and standard deviation. strategies in gathering data, such
• Categorical descriptors: frequency, as forecasting, predictions,
percentile, and quartile. hypothesis testing, estimation,
correlations, and regression
analysis.
POPULATION AND DATA
A population is a collection of
individual units proposed for study.
Such units can be people or
experimental results which possess
one or more common
characteristics.
A sample is a portion of the population
data.
Sample data are gathered:
when it is impractical to analyze the
population data.
because a smaller sample often
allows us to gain a better understanding of
the population without doing too much
work or wasting precious time.
Data is a collection of
information or facts obtained
from any form of research.
These data can be obtained
from respondents,
measurements, observations,
or merely from counting.
DATA COLLECTION
The first step in an investigation,
research, or an inquiry is the collection of
data.
Data are usually collected on a sample
basis.
Data are classified according to quality or
quantity of results, sources, and
properties of results.
CLASSIFICATION OF DATA ACCORDING TO
SOURCES
PRIMARY
Taped interviews
Diaries
Blogs
Recorded observations
Results from experiments
Autobiographies
SECONDARY
Published books
Unpublished theses
Unpublished Dissertations
Newspapers
Magazines
Biographies
Business reports
Internet
Registered records
QUALITATIVE DATA (non - numerical) are
attributes of a given sample data.
QUANTITATIVE DATA are specific values or
numerals used to describe magnitudes.
DISCRETE DATA are those gathered from
counting, thus with a finite number of values.
CONTINUOUS DATA are those gathered from
measuring over a specified period of time.
Data is also classified according to quality,
quantity, or properties of results.
QUANTITATIVE (NUMERICAL)
DISCRETE CONTINUOUS
•Test scores •Age
•Number of •Weight
members •Length
•Prices
QUALITATIVE (PROPERTIES)
•Gender
•Color of hair
•Ordinals
•Grade level
•Department
Data gathered can be
organized in the form of a
frequency table.
Frequency TABLE is used to
organize a raw set of data.
•A frequency table is also
known as a frequency
distribution.
Frequency is the number
of times a certain
number, measurement,
score, or item occurs.
Before the frequency can
be recorded, a tally is
usually a part of the
table. This makes the
procedure systematic.
Construct a frequency table for the following data.
Ages of participants in a youth camp
12 14 13 14 16 11 13 12 11 16
11 12 12 13 12 14 12 16 16 14
15 14 13 12 11 15 12 14 12 11
16 15 12 12 13 12 11 11 12 14
12 13 12 11 11 12 14 15 15 13
SOLUTION
AGE TALLY FREQUENCY
11 IIII - IIII 9
12 IIII – IIII – IIII – I 16
13 IIII – II 7
14 IIII – III 8
15 IIII 5
16 IIII 5
n = 50
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
CAN BE EASILY DIFFICULT TO DRAW ACCURATELY
UNDERSTOOD FOR FRACTIONAL DATA
MORE INTERESTING AND DIFFICULT TO EXPRESS THE
APPEALING WAY TO DEGREE OF ACCURACY
DISPLAY COLLECTED
DATA
ORDERS OF T – SHIRTS IN DIFFERENT SIZES
SIZES NUMBER OF ORDERS
SMALL 10
MEDIUM 30
LARGE 20
NUMBER OF ORDERS
30
20
10
MONTHLY SALES OF BANANAS FROM JANUARY -
MONTH JUNE
SALES (IN THOUSAND)
JANUARY 13
FEBRUARY 10
MARCH 11
APRIL 13
MAY 12
JUNE 9
14
SALES (IN THOUSAND)
12
10
JAN FEB MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE
MONTH
B C
10% 15%
A D
40% 35%
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
• EASY TO COMPARE • LIMITED NUMBER OF
SEVERAL CATEGORIES SECTORS
OF DATA • NOT SUITABLE FOR
DATA THAT REQUIRE
TOO MANY SECTORS
