JIHAAD

AND GENERAL
KNOWLEDGE
MSSN IVC 2023
BY
YUSUF ADAM KHALIL
AGENDA
⚫ INTRODUCTION
⚫ MUHAMMAD (SAW):
◦ A stuffer of historian criteria
◦ True Mettle
◦ Above the standard of his age
◦ Leaver of permanent legacy to the world
⚫ LESSONS FROM PROPHET’S JIHAD:
◦ Jaishul-Usrah
⚫ HUMAN RIGHTS: The west and Islam
⚫ NIGERIA AND CITIZENSHIP: Right and Delimitation
⚫ CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION
CONCEPT OF JIHAAD
⚫ Jihad (/dʒɪˈhɑːd/; Arabic: ‫ﺟﮭﺎد‬, romanized:
jihād [dʒiˈhaːd]) is an Arabic word which
literally means "striving" or "struggling",
especially with a praiseworthy aim.
⚫ In an Islamic context, it can refer to
almost any effort to make personal and
social life conform with God's guidance,
such as struggle against one's evil
inclinations, proselytizing, or efforts toward
the moral betterment of the Muslim
community (Ummah), though it is most
frequently associated with war
 What is Jihad?
⚫ Jihad ≠ “holy war.”
⚫ Jihad means “to strive,
exert oneself, take
extraordinary pains.”
⚫ Jihad fi sabil allah –
“Striving for the Sake of
God”
 What is Jihad?
⚫ In
the Quran, the word jihad and words
associated with its root j.h.d. are
mentioned 41 times:
• Persuasion through disputation
Nonviolent • Patience in the face of rejection
• Enduring ridicule and suffering
References • Refraining from fighting back

• Struggling with your money

Violent • Struggling with your lives
• Defending yourself
References • Attacking your enemies
 What is Jihad?
Jihad as disputation and persuasion?
◦ Al-Furqan (25:52) – “So do not obey the disbelievers, and
strive against them with the Quran a great striving.”

Jihad as physical fighting?

◦ At-Tawbah (9:41) – “Go forth, whether light or heavy, and
strive with your wealth and your lives in the cause of
Allah. That is better for you, if you only knew.”
MUHAMMAD (SAW)
 PROPHET MUHAMMAD (S.A.W)
⚫A stuffer of historian
criteria
⚫ True Mettle
⚫ Above the standard
of his age
⚫ Leaver of permanent
legacy to the world
Muhammad: A stuffer of historian criteria
Birth and Early life Message and Challenges:
∙ Quran 93:6: "Did He not find you an orphan ⚫ Prophet Muhammad (SAW) faced opposition from the
Quraysh tribe, who rejected his message of
and give you refuge?" monotheism and opposed the call to abandon idol
worship. Despite severe persecution, he continued to
Prophethood preach the message of Islam.

⚫ At the age of 40, during the month of ∙ Quran 25:30: "And the Messenger will say, 'O my Lord, indeed my
people have taken this Quran as [a thing] abandoned.'"
Ramadan, Prophet Muhammad (SAW)
received his first revelation from Allah Migration to Medina:
through the Angel Gabriel in the Cave of ⚫ Facing escalating persecution, Prophet Muhammad
Hira. These revelations continued over a (SAW) and his followers migrated to Medina in 622
period of 23 years and are compiled in the CE. This event, known as the Hijra, marks the
beginning of the Islamic calendar. In Medina, the
Quran. Prophet established a community based on justice and
equality.
∙ Quran 96:1-5: "Read in the name of your ∙ Quran 9:100: "And the first forerunners [in the faith] among the
Lord who created..." Muhajireen and the Ansar and those who followed them with good
conduct..."
Muhammad: A stuffer of historian criteria
Treaty of Hudaybiyyah:

⚫ In 628 CE, Prophet Muhammad (SAW) negotiated the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah

with the Quraysh, which brought a temporary truce between the Muslims and the
Quraysh. This treaty eventually led to the spread of Islam.
∙ Quran 48:1-2: "Indeed, We have given you, [O Muhammad], a clear conquest that Allah may forgive
for you what preceded of your sin and what will follow..."

Conquest of Mecca:

⚫ In 630 CE, Prophet Muhammad (SAW) peacefully conquered Mecca, purifying

the Kaaba from idols. This event marked the triumph of Islam in the Arabian
Peninsula.
∙ Quran 48:27: "Certainly has Allah showed to His Messenger the vision in truth. You will surely enter
al-Masjid al-Haram, if Allah wills, in safety..."

Farewell Pilgrimage and Death:

⚫ In his final years, Prophet Muhammad (SAW) performed the Farewell Pilgrimage
in 632 CE. Shortly afterward, he fell ill and passed away at the age of 63.
 Muhammad: A true mettle
⚫ Let's explore the life of Prophet Muhammad (SAW) as a 5. Humility and Modesty:
true exemplar, a paragon of virtue and resilience, ∙ Quran 18:110: "Say, 'I am only a man like you, to whom has been
drawing references from the Quran, Sunnah (sayings revealed that your god is one God. So whoever would hope for the
meeting with his Lord - let him do righteous work and not associate in the
and actions of the Prophet), and historical records. worship of his Lord anyone.'"

1. Exemplary Character: 6. Forgiveness:

∙ Quran 68:4: "And indeed, you are of a great moral character." ∙ Quran 45:14: "Say to those who have believed [that] they forgive those
who do not expect the days of Allah..."
2. Patience and Perseverance: 7. Leadership by Example:
∙ Quran 2:286: "Allah does not burden a soul beyond that it can ∙ Sahih al-Bukhari, Book 3, Hadith 11: "The Prophet was the most
bear..." generous amongst the people, and he used to be more so in the month of
Ramadan..."
3. Compassion and Mercy:
8. Dedication to Worship:
∙ Quran 21:107: "And We have not sent you, [O Muhammad], except
as a mercy to the worlds." ∙ Quran 73:1-4: "O you who wraps himself [in clothing], arise [to pray] the
night, except for a little."

4. Justice and Fairness: Conclusion:

∙ Quran 4:135: "O you who have believed, be persistently standing ⚫ Prophet Muhammad (SAW) exemplified true mettle through
firm in justice, witnesses for Allah, even if it be against yourselves
or parents and relatives..."
his character, resilience, compassion, and dedication.

⚫ His life serves as a timeless model for individuals seeking

moral and spiritual guidance.
Muhammad: Above the standard of his age
1. Intellectual and Moral Leadership: 6. Comprehensive Legislation:

∙ Quran 68:4: "And indeed, you are of a great moral character." ∙ Quran 5:3: "This day I have perfected for you your religion and
completed My favor upon you and have approved for you Islam as
2. Social Reforms: religion..."

∙ Quran 4:135: "O you who have believed, be persistently standing firm in 7. Humanitarian Acts:
justice, witnesses for Allah, even if it be against yourselves or parents and
relatives..." ∙ Sahih al-Bukhari, Book 24, Hadith 509: "The Prophet said, 'If
somebody keeps a horse in Allah's Cause motivated by his faith in
3.Women’s Right: Allah and his belief in His Promise, then he will be rewarded on the
Day of Resurrection for what the horse has eaten or drunk.'"
∙ Quran 33:35: "Indeed, the Muslim men and Muslim women, the believing men
and believing women, the obedient men and obedient women..." 8. Environmental Stewardship:

4. Religious Tolerance: ∙ Sahih al-Bukhari, Book 72, Hadith 843: "Beware! There is a piece of
flesh in the body, and if it becomes good (reformed), the whole body
∙ Quran 109:6: "For you is your religion, and for me is my religion." becomes good; but if it becomes corrupt, the whole body becomes
corrupt. That piece of flesh is the heart."
5. Educational Advancements:
⚫ Conclusion:
∙ Quran 96:1-5: "Read in the name of your Lord who created..."
⚫ Prophet Muhammad (SAW) stood above the standard of his age,
guiding humanity with a moral compass, intellectual brilliance, and
transformative leadership. His legacy continues to inspire and shape
the lives of millions.
 Muhammad: Leaver of permanent legacy to
the world
Prophet Muhammad (SAW) left a permanent and profound legacy that continues to shape the lives of millions around the world. His legacy encompasses various
aspects, including religious, social, moral, and humanitarian dimensions. Here are key elements of Prophet Muhammad's enduring legacy:
1. Revelation of the Quran:
∙ Quran 2:185: "Ramadan is the month in which was sent down the Quran, as a guide to mankind and a clear guidance and judgment..."
2. Exemplary Character and Conduct:
∙ Quran 68:4: "And indeed, you are of a great moral character."
3. Establishment of a Just Society:
∙ Quran 4:135: "O you who have believed, be persistently standing firm in justice, witnesses for Allah, even if it be against yourselves or parents and relatives..."
4. Educational Advancements:
∙ Quran 20:114: "My Lord, increase me in knowledge."
5. Religious Tolerance:
∙ Quran 2:256: "There shall be no compulsion in [acceptance of] the religion..."
6. Emphasis on Mercy and Compassion:
∙ Quran 21:107: "And We have not sent you, [O Muhammad], except as a mercy to the worlds."
7. Guidance for Personal Development:
∙ Sahih al-Bukhari, Book 76, Hadith 577: "Cleanliness is half of faith..."
8. Legacy of Social Welfare:
∙ Sahih al-Bukhari, Book 2, Hadith 498: "The best charity is that which is practiced by a wealthy person."
 LESSONS FROM PROPHET’S JIHAD:
Jaishul-Usrah
⚫ "Jaishul-Usrah" is indeed a reference to the Battle of Tabuk in Islamic
history. The Battle of Tabuk occurred in the ninth year of the Islamic
calendar (approximately 630 CE) during the life of Prophet Muhammad
(SAW). Here's an explanation of the causes of the battle, how it happened,
and lessons learned:
⚫ Causes of the Battle of Tabuk:
◦ Byzantine Threat: The Byzantine Empire posed a potential military threat to the Arabian
Peninsula. Intelligence reports suggested Byzantine preparations for an attack on the Muslim
community.
◦ Provocation by Tribes: Some Arabian tribes, particularly the Ghassanids, allied with the
Byzantines and threatened the northern borders of the Islamic state.
◦ Rebellion and Apostasy: Some tribes, after the conquest of Mecca, showed signs of rebellion
and apostasy. The Prophet wanted to address these issues and maintain the unity of the Muslim
community.
⚫ Events Leading to the Battle:
◦ Preparation for Expedition: The Prophet Muhammad (SAW) announced the expedition to
Tabuk and urged Muslims to contribute towards its preparation, emphasizing the seriousness
of the situation.
◦ Contributions and Sacrifices: Muslims made significant contributions, and individuals like
Abu Bakr (RA) and Umar (RA) made extraordinary sacrifices, showcasing the community's
commitment.
◦ Hypocrites' Response: The announcement of the expedition exposed the hypocrisy of some
individuals who hesitated to participate and made excuses.
 LESSONS FROM PROPHET’S JIHAD:
Jaishul-Usrah
⚫ The Expedition and Lessons Learned:
◦ Demonstration of Unity: The mobilization for Tabuk demonstrated the unity and
commitment of the Muslim community, with many individuals sacrificing their wealth
and time for the sake of Islam.
◦ Test of Sincerity: The expedition exposed the sincerity of the believers. Those who
hesitated faced scrutiny, and the Prophet received revelation addressing the hypocrisy of
certain individuals.
◦ Lesson of Sacrifice: The contributions made by companions, especially Abu Bakr (RA)
and Umar (RA), highlighted the importance of sacrifice for the sake of the community
and the defense of Islam.
◦ Diplomacy over Conflict: The Prophet sought peaceful resolutions through diplomacy
whenever possible. In the case of Tabuk, the mere presence of the Muslim army deterred
potential aggression, and the expedition ended without direct confrontation.
◦ Importance of Preparedness: The emphasis on preparation for Tabuk highlighted the
importance of being ready to defend the community and the significance of intelligence
in strategic planning.
◦ Addressing Internal Challenges: The expedition allowed the Prophet to address internal
challenges, including rebellion and apostasy, fostering the consolidation of the Islamic
state.

⚫ The Battle of Tabuk serves as a historical example of the challenges faced by

the early Muslim community, the importance of unity, sacrifice, and strategic
preparedness in the face of potential external threats. Additionally, the
expedition highlighted the need for vigilance against internal challenges and the
importance of sincerity in one's commitment to Islam.
HUMAN RIGHTS: The West and Islam
 HUMAN RIGHTS: The West and Islam
⚫ Human rights, as a concept, emphasizes
the inherent dignity and equality of all
individuals, regardless of their background,
and seeks to protect and promote their
fundamental freedoms and well-being.
⚫ Both Western and Islamic perspectives
share commonalities in recognizing the
importance of human rights, although
there are differences in their historical
development and emphasis on certain
aspects.
⚫ Some examples are given in the next slides
 HUMAN RIGHTS: The West and Islam
Commonalities:
⚫ Dignity and Equality:
∙ Western Perspective: Emphasizes the inherent dignity and equal rights of all
individuals, as enshrined in documents like the Universal Declaration of
Human Rights (UDHR).
∙ Islamic Perspective: Acknowledges the inherent dignity of all humans,
emphasizing equality before God and the principle that all individuals are
accountable for their actions.
⚫ Right to Life:
∙ Both Perspectives: Recognize the right to life as a fundamental human right,
protecting individuals from arbitrary deprivation.
⚫ Freedom of Religion:
∙ Western Perspective: Promotes freedom of religion as a fundamental right.
∙ Islamic Perspective: Recognizes the freedom of belief, as Islam prohibits
compulsion in matters of faith (Quran 2:256).
⚫ Right to Education:
∙ Both Perspectives: Affirm the right to education as essential for personal
development and empowerment.
 HUMAN RIGHTS: The West and Islam
Differences:
⚫ Sources of Rights:
∙ Western Perspective: Often grounded in secular legal and philosophical frameworks,
with human rights seen as inherent to individuals.
∙ Islamic Perspective: Rooted in religious teachings, with human rights seen as a divine
gift and responsibilities outlined in the Quran and Sunnah.
⚫ Cultural Relativism:
∙ Western Perspective: Universalist approach, asserting that certain rights are applicable
universally.
∙ Islamic Perspective: Some scholars emphasize the importance of cultural and
contextual considerations within the framework of Islamic principles.
⚫ Emphasis on Collective Rights:
∙ Islamic Perspective: Emphasizes the importance of collective rights, such as the right to
a just and equitable economic system, social justice, and communal welfare.
∙ Western Perspective: While collective rights are acknowledged, the focus is often on
individual freedoms.
⚫ Scope of Freedom of Expression:
∙ Western Perspective: Emphasizes broad freedom of expression, even for dissenting or
controversial views.
∙ Islamic Perspective: Advocates freedom of expression but within the boundaries of
respect and avoidance of harm to individuals or society.
⚫ Punishments and Justice:
∙ Western Perspective: Generally advocates for non-corporal and non-lethal
punishments.
∙ Islamic Perspective: Includes corporal punishments for certain crimes, subject to strict
legal conditions and evidentiary standards.
NIGERIA AND CITIZENSHIP:
Right and Delimitation
 NIGERIA AND CITIZENSHIP: Rights and
Delimitations
⚫ The concept of citizenship in Nigeria involves an individual's legal
membership in the country, entitling them to certain rights and
responsibilities.
⚫ Nigeria, as a diverse nation with various ethnic groups and cultures, has a
complex framework for citizenship.
⚫ Let's delve into the key aspects, focusing on rights and delimitation.

Citizenship in Nigeria:
⚫ 1. Modes of Acquiring Citizenship:
◦ By Birth: Individuals born in Nigeria are automatically citizens if at least one parent is
a Nigerian citizen or a legal resident.
◦ By Descent: Individuals born outside Nigeria can acquire citizenship if one or both
parents are Nigerian citizens.
◦ By Registration: Foreigners married to Nigerians can apply for citizenship through a
registration process.
⚫ 2. Rights of Nigerian Citizens:
◦ Constitutional Rights: Nigerian citizens are entitled to various rights outlined in the
Constitution, including the right to life, dignity, freedom of expression, and the right
to own property.
◦ Political Rights: Citizens have the right to participate in the political process, including
voting and running for public office.
⚫ 3. Delimitation of Rights:
◦ Dual Citizenship: Nigeria does not generally allow dual citizenship. Individuals
acquiring citizenship in another country may lose their Nigerian citizenship.
◦ Discrimination and Inequality: Despite constitutional provisions, there are instances of
discrimination and inequality, particularly affecting minority groups and women.
 NIGERIA AND CITIZENSHIP: Rights and
Delimitations
Challenges and Discussions:
⚫ 1. Ethnic and Religious Diversity:
∙ Nigeria's diverse ethnic and religious composition has implications for
citizenship discussions, with considerations about inclusivity and
representation.
⚫ 2. Legal Framework:
∙ Continuous discussions and amendments may occur in the legal framework
governing citizenship, addressing issues such as dual citizenship and the
acquisition of citizenship by descent.
⚫ 3. Security Concerns:
∙ Citizenship discussions also intersect with national security concerns,
particularly in situations where individuals may engage in activities that
threaten the state.

⚫ The concept of citizenship in Nigeria involves a set of rights, privileges,

and responsibilities granted to individuals based on legal and constitutional
provisions. While citizens enjoy certain fundamental rights, there are also
delimitations, including restrictions on dual citizenship. The ongoing
discussions on citizenship in Nigeria often revolve around legal
frameworks, ethnic and religious diversity, and national security concerns.
As the nation evolves, the understanding and definition of citizenship may
continue to be shaped by legal, social, and political considerations.
CONCLUSION
 Summary on Jihad
⚫ Jihad ≠ “holy war.”
⚫ Jihad means “to strive, exert oneself,
take extraordinary pains.”
⚫ Jihad fi sabil allah – “Striving for the
Sake of God”
⚫ Muhammad (SAW):
◦ A stuffer of historian criteria
◦ True Mettle
◦ Above the standard of his age
◦ Leaver of permanent legacy to the
world
 Summary on Jaishul-Usrah
⚫ The Battle of Tabuk serves as a historical
example of the challenges faced by the
early Muslim community, the importance
of unity, sacrifice, and strategic
preparedness in the face of potential
external threats.
⚫ Additionally, the expedition highlighted
the need for vigilance against internal
challenges and the importance of
sincerity in one's commitment to Islam.
 Summary on Human Rights
⚫ Human rights, as a concept,
emphasizes the inherent dignity and
equality of all individuals, regardless of
their background, and seeks to
protect and promote their
fundamental freedoms and
well-being.
⚫ Both Western and Islamic perspectives
share commonalities in recognizing
the importance of human rights,
although there are differences in their
historical development and emphasis
on certain aspects.
 Summary on Nigeria Citizenship
⚫ The concept of citizenship in Nigeria involves a set of
rights, privileges, and responsibilities granted to
individuals based on legal and constitutional
provisions.
⚫ While citizens enjoy certain fundamental rights, there
are also delimitations, including restrictions on dual
citizenship.
⚫ The ongoing discussions on citizenship in Nigeria
often revolve around legal frameworks, ethnic and
religious diversity, and national security concerns.
⚫ As the nation evolves, the understanding and
definition of citizenship may continue to be shaped by
legal, social, and political considerations.