Optics is the branch of physics that studies the behavior and properties of light,
including its interactions with matter. Light, an electromagnetic wave, exhibits both
wave-like and particle-like properties, a duality that is central to quantum mechanics.
The study of optics covers various phenomena, such as reflection, refraction,
diffraction, and interference. Reflection occurs when light bounces off a surface, while
refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another. Diffraction
involves the bending of light around obstacles, and interference is the interaction of
light waves leading to patterns of constructive and destructive interference. Optics is
fundamental to the development of many technologies, including lenses,
microscopes, telescopes, and fiber optics for communication. Advances in optical
technologies have also led to significant developments in fields such as imaging,
photonics, and information processing, enhancing our ability to observe and
manipulate light for various applications.