Experiment No.
02
Objective: Speed Control of separately excited DC motor using half controlled converter.
Apparatus Used:
Sl no. Name of Type Rating Manufacture’s Quantity
equipment name
1 Mulltimeter 0-600 V, Fluke 1
10 A
2 Ammeter MC 5/10 A Supreme 1
3 1ɸ variac AC 0-270 V AE 1
4 DSO Keysight 1
5 Voltage probe 300 V Keysight 1
6 Current probe 10 A Agilent 1
Ratings of Motor-Generator set:
Machine DC motor DC Generator
Type DC DC
Power 1.5 kW 1.5 kW
Voltage 220 V 220 V
Speed 1500 rpm 1500 rpm
Current 7A 7A
Circuit diagram:
GATE1 GATE2
T1 T2 Bulb
DC DC
MOTOR Generator 220 V
DC
220 V
DC
Vs
D1 D2
Fig.-2.1: Speed Control of separately excited DC motor using half controlled converter
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Theory:
Rectifier converts AC supply to DC supply. Variable DC supply ( 0V to maximum ) can be obtained
from a fixed AC source by triggering SCR by applying gate current to SCR at any desired instant
when SCR is applied with positive voltage to anode. For DC power requirements such as in DC
drives single phase full wave rectifier areused. When single phase semi converter is connected with
R-L load a freewheeling diode must beconnected across the load. During positive half cycle diode
D2 is forward biased and T1 is fired at ⍵𝑡 = 𝛼 , load is connected to input supply through T1 and
D2 during period 𝛼 ≤ ⍵𝑡 ≤ 𝜋 . Duringthis period, input voltage is negative and freewheeling diode
DFis forward biased. DFconductsto provide continuity of current in inductive load. Load current is
transferred from T1 and D2 toDFand thyristor T1 and D2 are turned off at ⍵𝑡 = 𝜋. During negative
half cycle of input voltage thyristor T2 is forward biased and firing of T2 at⍵𝑡 = 𝜋 + 𝛼will reverse
bias DF.The diode DFis turned off and load connected to supply through T2 and D1. When load is
inductive and T1 is triggered first, it will conduct with D2 to pass current throughload. When
supply voltage is negative, load emf will drive current through T1D2. When newnegative half cycle
begins, T1 is in conduction and is conducting with D2 as if triggered at ⍵𝑡 = 0.To ensure proper
operation at beginning of positive half cycle, T2 has to be turned off andsimilarly T1 has to be turned
off when negative half cycle begins. This is achieved by freewheeling diode.
For R-L load average output voltage is:
1 𝜋 𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑑𝑐 = ∫ 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = (1 + cos 𝛼 )
𝜋 𝛼 𝜋
𝐸𝑏 = 𝑘𝜙⍵
𝐸𝑏
⍵=
𝑘𝜙
𝐸𝑏 = (𝑉 − 𝐼𝑎𝑅𝑎)
(𝑉 − 𝐼𝑎𝑅𝑎)
⍵=
𝑘𝜙
(𝑉 − 𝐼𝑎𝑅𝑎)
𝑁=
2𝜋𝑘𝜙
Where N is RPM
Discontinuous conduction mode: When load is of type RLE, then the inductance is primary factor
which we have to consider for Output Current behavior whether it is continuous or discontinuous.
When L is large enough then current waveform is continuous otherwise it will conduct till some
angle say β.So this will effect the average output voltage equation. When the thyristor T1 is triggered
at an angle α, it will conduct till the current through that thyristor exists, so it will conduct till β,then
thyristor will switched off and there is no closed loop from source to load till the next thyristor will
switched ON. During this period the emf E will reflects in the output. Therefore the average output
voltage expression is
1
Vo = 𝜋 [Vm(1+cosα) +(π + α- β)E]
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When the thyristor is switched ON,
𝑑𝑖
VmSinwt = iR+L 𝑑𝑡 +E
On solving this differential equation, we will get an equation of current then by equating it is equal
to zero we can find the value of β by numerical methods techniques.
By solving with the basic equations of dc motor and the average output voltage ,we can find an
equation of speed(wm) as follows:
Vm(1+cosα) 𝜋𝑅𝑎
wm = - 𝑘 2 (𝛽−𝛼) T
𝑘(𝛽−𝛼)
Where T is torque, Ra is armature resistance
Procedure:
1) Connect the single phase supply to the setup box.
2) Connect the variac to the 230 V AC output of the box.
3) Output of the variac is connected to the input of SCR power module.
4) Connect the DC motor field at 200 V DC output1 and connect the DC generator field at the 200V
DC output2.
5) Connect K1 and K3 through patch codes.
6) Draw a graph of rotor resistance versus speed.
7) Connect the gate pulses with corresponding SCRs.
8) Connect the armature terminals of the motor to K3 and AD2.
9) Connect the bulb in parallel to the armature i.e. K3-AD2.
10) Connect the pulse controller to the pulse input of SCR module.
11) Connect the feedback to the pulse controller module.
12) Switch ON power switches on the pulse controller module and then SCR module.
13) Switch ON both the MCBs.
14) Switch ON the DC excitation of motor and generator respectively.
15) Press the RESET on the pulse controller module and choose OPEN LOOP by pressing “INC”.
16) Set the firing angle and increase the variac voltage up to 240V.
17) Take down the readings with different firing angles.
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Observation:
1) No load
S.No Triggering Output Output Speed T=kmIa Eb=kmwm V0(Theoratical)
angle(α) voltage current
2) 250W load
S.No Triggering Output Output Speed T=kmIa Eb=kmwm V0(Theoratical)
angle(α) voltage current
3) 500W load
S.No Triggering Output Output Speed T=kmIa Eb=kmwm V0(Theoratical)
angle(α) voltage current
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Model graph:
Fig.2.2: Graph
CONCLUSION: In above experiment, the speed control of separately excited DC motor is done
using single phase half controlled converter.
PRECAUTIONS:
1) Wear shoes that cover the feet.
2) Don’t wear loose clothes.
3) Maintain a work space clear of extraneous material such as books, papers, and clothes.
4) Don’t use broken connecting wires.
5) Turn off the power switch to equipment before making connections.
6) The motor input current should not exceed its rated value.
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