Announcement

There will be a quiz (Quiz 1) during the lecture on Wednesday September 14.

Syllabus
The syllabus will include the content covered in the lectures 2 and 3. For preparation,
use your lecture notes covering class discussion as well as reading material and lecture
slides available on LMS.

Types of Questions
MCQs, numerical questions, and descriptive questions requiring explanations.

Nature of Questions
Focus on the concepts covered during the lectures and scientific significance of those
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concepts. No need to memorize the dates.
 Dual nature of light

de Broglie
Does matter that is normally assumed to be particulate
exhibit wave properties?

ℎ ℎ ℎ
m= m= mv =
ℎ 𝑐 v 
m=
𝑐 Velocity of
mv = p= momentum
apparent mass of a photon
the particle
Arthur Compton: Compton effect ℎ
Collision of X-rays with electrons. Photons do exhibit momentum (mv) =
mv
ℎ
 ’ m𝑐 =

de Broglie’s equation, allows us to calculate the wavelength
X-rays
-  > ’ for a particle.

Electron ℎ All matter exhibit both particulate and wave property.

- 𝑝=
Dual nature of light

Related numerical problem(s) solved in the reading
material.

Light as stream of photon Summary:

Light as wave How matter interacts with light.
Nature of light (quantized, dual nature of light).
Waves associated with particles. 2
 Principles of Chemistry
CHEM 101
Fall 2022

Basit Yameen (PhD)

Associate Professor
Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
SBASSE, LUMS

[email protected]

Lecture 3
3
 Recap
Atom? What is an atom made of, and how do the atoms of the Robert Millikan (1909)
various elements differ?
Greeks
J. J. Thomson
Element (by Robert Boyle)

Law of conservation of mass – (Antoine

Lavoisier).

Law of definite proportion – (Joseph Proust

– Proust’s Law). Atom consisted of a diffuse Charge on e: 1.602 × 10-19 coulombs.
cloud of positive charge Mass of e: 9.109 × 10-31 kilogram.
𝑒 with the negative electrons
Law of multiple proportions – (John Dalton). = −1.76 × 108 C/g embedded randomly in it.
𝑚

Dalton’s Atomic Theory Ernest Rutherford (1911)

Avogadro’s hypothesis: equal volumes of

different gases (at same temperature) contain
the same number of particles.

Cannizzaro’s interpretation: Dalton + Avogadro's hypothesis

Relative atomic masses

 Composition of atom

“If all atoms are composed of these same components, why do different atoms have different chemical properties?”
Arrangement of electrons

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 Molecules and Ions

Covalent bonding

Water, H2O Ammonia, NH3 Methane, CH4

NaCl

6
Electromagnetic radiations – Light

Sun

𝑐 𝑐 Fireplace (IR radiations)

 = 𝑣=
𝑣  Microwave oven (microwave radiation)

𝑐=𝑣 X-rays (X-ray imaging)

Radio ways – MRI maps of body tissues

c = 2.9979 × 108 m/s 7
 The nature of matter
At the end of 19th century : Matter and energy were distinct (no commonalities)
Matter – particles – Mass – position in space specified
Light energy (electromagnetic radiations) – Wave – Massless – Delocalized

Matter can emit or absorb any quantity of energy, energy of matter was
continuous.

Max Planck (1901): Studying the radiation profiles emitted by solid bodies
heated to incandescence.

Energy can be gained or lost only in whole-number multiples of the quantity h,
where h is a constant called Planck’s constant, determined by experiment to have
the value 6.626 × 10-34 J.s.

Change in energy for a system ∆𝐸 = 𝑛 ℎ𝑣

n is an integer (1, 2, 3, . . .), h is Planck’s constant, and  is the frequency of the electromagnetic radiation absorbed or emitted.

Energy is quantized and can only be transferred in discrete units of size h - small packets of energy – quantum. A system can
only transfer energy in whole quanta.
 Photoelectric effect
Einstein – Proposed that electromagnetic radiation is itself quantized and can be viewed as stream of particles – photons.

ℎ𝑐
𝐸photon = ℎ𝑣 =

Photoelectric effect: Phenomenon in which electrons are emitted from the surface of a metal when light strikes it.

Light above threshold frequency o.

# of electrons emitted
Metal surface

Light below threshold frequency o. 

0 o
No electrons emitted Frequency of light

If the frequency of incident light is lower than

Metal surface the threshold frequency, no electrons are emitted
regardless of the intensity of the light
No electrons will be emitted by a given metal below a specific threshold frequency o 9
regardless of the intensity of the light.
If given frequency of the incident light is
greater than the threshold frequency, the At a given frequency of the incident light that is Energy of the
number of electrons emitted increases with the greater than the threshold frequency, the K.E of the incident photon Ei
intensity of the light. emitted electrons does not in increases with the
increase in the intensity of the light. 1
 > o K. E𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛 = mv2 = ℎ − ℎo
# of electrons emitted

Certain

K.E. of emitted electrons

Certain  > o 2
Energy required to remove
electron from the metal’s surface
(Psi  = work function)

K.E. = Ei - 
Intensity of light (I)
E Ei = K.E. + 
or # of photons Intensity of light (I)
or # of photons
K.E. of emitted electrons

Energy of Photon
For light with frequency greater Ei= h K.E. of ejected e-
than the threshold frequency, the
kinetic energy of the emitted
electrons increases linearly with
the frequency of the light.

 = ho
o  10
 Photoelectric effect

K.E. of emitted electrons

(Rb) (K) (Na)
K.E. = Ei - 

K.E. = h - ho Joules

o o o  y = mx - b
-ho (Rb)
Slope = m = h = 6.626 x 10-34 Js
-ho (K)

-ho (Na)

Einstein – electromagnetic radiation is itself quantized and can be viewed as stream of particles – photons. 11
 Dual nature of light de Broglie
Does matter that is normally assumed to be particulate
exhibit wave properties?

ℎ ℎ ℎ
m= m= mv =
𝑐 v 
mv = p= momentum
Velocity of
ℎ the particle
m=
𝑐 =
ℎ
apparent mass of a photon mv
Arthur Compton: Compton effect de Broglie’s equation, allows us to calculate the wavelength
Collision of X-rays with electrons. Photons do exhibit momentum (mv) for a particle.
ℎ All matter exhibit both particulate and wave property.
 ’ m𝑐 =

X-rays
-  > ’ Related numerical problem(s) solved in the reading
Electron ℎ material.
- 𝑝=
Dual nature of light
 Diffraction experiments

Summary:
Light as stream of photon Nature of light (quantized, dual nature of light).
Light as wave
Waves associated with particles.
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