THEMATICS@ —@LOCIC@ @SCIENCES@ © READINGCOMPREHENSION © READING COMPREHENSION > Comprehension test 1. Face recognition is a common means of identifying people ard an Important component of security and crime prevention internationally. For instance, passport issuance and passport control both invalve facial Image comparison, The conviction of criminal suspects can sometimes hinge on eyewitness testimony or CCTV footage and in many countries, a phototD is required for the purchase of age restneted goods, Because face identification carries such weight in these situaions, itis also a major focus for det uty fraud and deception. In particular, individuals may wish to tmpersonate someone else or avoid being recognized themselves. 2. One way to conceal identity 1s simply to cover the face, for example, using fabric or a mask, Covering the face 1s generally effective tn obscuring identity, but it \s also visually and socially salient, and likely to arouse the suspicion of onlookers Over the pas: decade, this imitation has been challenged by the emergence of hyper-realistic, hand-painted silicone masks, onyinally developed in the spectal effects industry as an alternative to multi-hour make-up sessions. The flawbility and strength of silicone confer several advantages in this situation. Uniike traditional masks that cover the face only a silicone mask may cover the whole head and neck so that it extends below the collar without any Joins. This seamless construction creates the impression that the visible face is part of a continuous body surface rather than being a separate overlay. Realism is further enherced by transmission of non-nigid movement (e.g., rotation of the head relative to the body. opening and closing of the mouth, gross changes tn facial expression} from the surface of the face to the surface of the mask. Importantly, the wearer's real cyes, nostnls and mouth cavity are all visible through the mask via close-fitting holes that match the topology of the face beneath. Several manufacturers offer hand punched human hair and stubble as optional extras. 3. The umportant question 1s whether these masks actually fool anyone. There is row a good deal of anecdotal evidence that hyper- realistic masks can pass for real faces in everyday life, In one incident, a white bank robber used a silicone mask to disguise himself a5 a black man for a string of robberies in the USA. Six out of seven hank tellers wrongly identified a black man as the culpnt in a photo lme-up. In another case, a young Asian man disquised himself as an elderiy white man using a siicone mask and boarded 2 flignt from Hong Korg to Canada, The deception was only detected when the passenger removed the mask midflight. These examples imply that realistic masks can be mistaken for real faces, even when the viewer's attention is focused on facial appearance (as 1s the case in police line-ups and passport checks). 4. Expenments carneed oat in Japan end the United Kunadot examined mask detection from static photographs and in live viewing to assess performance in these two modes of face identification. In the expenments, almost no one reported noticing the mask. despite attending to the mask and answering several questions about tts appearance, ‘This was true for photographic images presented onscreen and for hive people. The numbers are soberiag. O! Lhe 280 participants who viewed hyper realistic masks in these studies, only two spontancously reported the mask and only three more repcrted the mask following further prompting, Interestingly, all five of these participants viewed the mask live and at the closer viewing distance of 5 m, These are low detection rates. Evidently, the Information available even in near-distance, live viewing (visual detail 3D form, motion) did not allow viewers lo distinguish byper- rvalistic masks froma real faces 5, Tus finding should be unsettling, not least because it indicates a new frontier in deception. Historically such deception has been easy to detect but today it is difficult to estimate how many cf these masks are already’ in circulation. We expect that increasingly sophisticated manufacturing techniques will continue to improve the qualty of these masks and to drive prices down. Keeping pace with these improvements will requize increasingly sophisticated countermeasures, perkaps including consciousness raising, personnel development and supplementary maging methods.FRADING COMPREHENSION 0 READING COMPREHENSION > Question ‘oeantor ofthis passage i prnary concerned wth () Adela to ypatteses ete tcl () Breet eels abou cal beta () Css ferent hos cou enn () Dani feet chs fd crits | QE revenge traces ciel actREADING COMPREHENSION © READING COMPREHENSION > Question 2 o@o00°0 Which of the following statements, according to paragraph 2, is true? A. Silicone masks can cover only the face and the ears B. Silicone masks always include different textured hair C. Fabric is used to create more visually effective masks D. Moving one’s eyes and mouth can be transmitted toa silicone mask E. Make-up artists are no longer needed in the film industrySO @LOGIC@ @SCIENCES@ — READINGCOMPREHENSION © READING COMPREHENSION > Question 3 008 ° oO ‘The third paragraph serves primarily to A. provide examples to support the argument presented in the first two paragraphs B. evaluate various strategies which can be adopted by the police C. introduce evidence that contradicts the argument presented in the first paragraph D. anticipate possible objections to the argument presented in the first two paragraphs E. demonstrate the potential advantages of a commonly used objecta @ @5CE ° READING COMPREHENSION @ DING COMPREHENSION > Question 4 In paragraph 4, the results of the experiment revealed that A. participants only recognized who was wearing a mask when asked questions @ _B. seeing the mask on live people gave low but positive results C. 50% of the participants in the experiments understood who was wearing a mask D. participants revealed that 5 meters was too near to give accurate replies E. the experiments were carried out in two countries in Europeel 0 READING COMPREHENSION © READING COMPREHENSION > Question 5 ‘The writer of the article concludes by A Suggesting potential Measures to be adopted B. Comparing prices of different masks available C expressing optimism for the future D. advocating a Tetum to the past Oooo°0 E introducing new evidencePAHEMATICS@ BLOGCO @SCITNCS@ © READINGCOMPREHENSION O READING COMPREHENSION > Comprehension test 1. Throughout history. cities have been at the heart of human development and technological advancements. Although an element of planning can be duscerted even in the earkest cities, they have often evolved in response te the changing hewils and aspirations of ther mhabtants Some cies have sirmved for mullentue, Including Rone, Athens, Caito, Aletandm Bagadad and Beajng and ate sul Aourstung Other mce mighty. cities have disappeared. their nats being unvaried by present day arthaealiezsts A tawmating Ne, alt by the Khmer entlssation, 1s Arbor Wat in present day Cartas, whith boasted leatures very relevant th the deagn of ure cites Nolable atkivements by the ancent Kimer engineers were the rortrol and astnbuion of watee theugh a sophisucated canal yptem umgating agreulture within the oty bounds supphyieg citizens with ample food The tundamental probicmy that the Khmer sobid were the prevention of flexding by Mussoon ras, and staring wa'rt for the subsequent periods of Arught Despite its success over @ centures, Askorivet vallaysed 19 L4ML Climate change resulting in extended droughts is copadered to be contnbutony factor which even the excellence cf Khmer engineening was table io counter 2 Tenochutian, tre Amtet capial in whet is tow Metco. wes Dull na lake bortered by swamps The flow of water was controled to provide Land for budding and imgate Gelds Ube socalled Sosting gardens The eity districts wete connerted ty Both causeways and canals Thr Artec engineers alsa had to separate the dirty, brackish water of the Lake from spnng water trom nearty hil for raking It 1516, at the time of the Spanish conquest, Tenocbttien, with an estimated popalation of 200,00 th 300,000. and was, chr of the largest atiesin word Although conquered, it did not collapse like AriorlWat but was developed by the Spanish into what kctow Menen City with « popelation of IT m 3. Athough in designing cues of the future we have a much greater ranqe of technologies than our ancestors, we must not make the of atsuming that these will ensure our success. The words of George Santayana ate apposiie, “Those who do ast remember the past we condemned to repeat i¢* We need aa enlightened ayproect to design Cues of the fazure, eaming from the experience of the past and eppiying the atvanced techaclupies of the presect 4 First and foremost fiture ots must sene ther citizens, combining increased prosper dans must be acta nuldetriment to people who ine in otter reyzons. for example, they must not etport carbon etuissions by tartured by fositurl and feedstock Wepentent processes or create pollution elsewhere This s pot to say that ferdstock ot energy :ntensive guorts trom oulde its borders: rather the ener anut material contents of imports Tun! be balanced by those of exports To this end, future cites must adopt wide scale utilisation of renewable energy, waste ty to enhate the ratural environment. green transpott systems, applications of nugtrve construction methots anid loral fond production 5 Wile such aspirations woud ave been temtuat to city designers im antiquity their modern counterparts can draw upon newer teeimsloges such as Rtegraend star management control systems based on wireless senscr networks, which by detaled nutoning can turn wasteful ces tin sustainable Ges Technologies wil need to be Uored to particular geograpbir, clmaur {vultural comfitions, but all will tave @ samlar phulsopns of turning buldings trom passive enttrs to acine, adaptive and ie spaces that takes advantage of the surTounding envircoment for heat, Cooling. liht and eectriaty A key to achieving low Coton (lies is undetstandirg tiv best ln select and imtegrate vanous technologies trom the macy avaiable to optimise performance tor diferent bulling types, climates, cultures and socw economic conditions. A strategic approach mill be required to Sctowve a wustainable cy to ensure tat it furctons efficertly as a whole. But the planning parameters stonld rot be so centralised and rigid that they do net allow different community deages and architecture styles tofind expression. all with desirable lfe styles. TheseSO SlOVCO @SCENCES@ — READINGCOMPREHENSION © READING COMPREHENSION > Question 6 ° Oo Oo The author of the passage ts primary concerned with A. comparing the advantages of several different city designs B. criticizing the city planning of the past C. discussing the options avatlable to planners of the future d trom past city designs D. renewing research data ga! £. arguing for the adoption of a particular future eity designam © READING COMPREHENSION @ READING COMPREHENSION > Question 7 oO ° 0 oO Oo In the first paragraph the author implies that: A the Khmer engineers were not skilled B. only the most well-planned cities of the past survived to the present day C. none of the ancient cities survived D. water was a fundamental issue for ancient cities E, AnkorWat was very different from a modern city5@ — READINGCOMPREHENSION Q SQ g.ccCO @ READING COMPREHENSION > Question 8 Which of the following statements is true according to paragraphs 2 and 3? QA There was plenty of land for building in the Aztec capital © B Modem technology alone will not help future cities to develop successfully OQ C.Theold capital was completely destroyed by the Spanish and rebuilt © D.The ancient Aztec capital was a small city QE. Tenochtitian was built in a lake providing the city with drinking waterEADING COMPREHENSION > Question 9 On the Sesis of the statements made in paragraph 4. the author A proposes that fimure chies use only renewable energy rent from their anciect ccusterparts © concludes that being self suffcent is vite! for fimre cies D. ves examples of goods future cies must ret export E. chains that citzens of the frture mast alse consider the natural environmentENCES @ READING COMPREHENSION O READING COMPREHENSION > Question 10 In conclusion the author states that A. city designers of the past did not think about environmental matters Baty Oo planners should adopt the most suitable design for each context C. engineers must work together to produce one future city design D, modem day technologies are all suitable for future cities E. ooo J the ancient cities were wasteful unlike present day cities