Class 12 Mathematics | Inverse Trignometric Functions | Notes
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Class 12 Mathematics | Inverse Trignometric Functions | Notes
Inverse Trigonometric
Functions
Notes
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Class 12 Mathematics | Inverse Trignometric Functions | Notes
Trigonometric Inverse
Inverse trigonometric functions are the inverse functions of the trigonometric
functions (with suitably restricted domains). Specifically, they are the inverses
of the sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent, secant, and cosecant functions. They
are used to obtain an angle from any of the angle's trigonometric ratios.
Inverse trigonometric functions are widely used in engineering, navigation,
physics, and geometry.
If we are given that the value of the sine function is 1/7, then the we have to
find the radian angle x. sin x = 1/7, so x = sin-1 1/7
For inverse to exist, function must be 1:1 , onto
Trigonometric functions are neither 1:1, nor onto over their natural domains
and ranges. Eg y= sin x is not one-one & onto over its natural range & domain.
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Class 12 Mathematics | Inverse Trignometric Functions | Notes
To make these trigonometric functions one-one & onto, we restrict domains &
ranges of these trigonometric functions to ensure existence of their inverses.
Natural domain & range of trigonometric functions
• sine function, i.e., sine : R→ [– 1, 1]
• cosine function, i.e., cos : R → [– 1, 1]
• tangent function, i.e., tan : R – { x : x = (2n + 1) π/2, n ∈ Z} → R
• cotangent function, i.e., cot : R – { x : x = nπ, n ∈ Z} → R
• secant function, i.e., sec : R – { x : x = (2n + 1) π/2, n ∈ Z} → R – (– 1, 1)
• cosecant function, i.e., cosec : R – { x : x = nπ, n ∈ Z} → R – (– 1, 1)
Inverse of Sin function
Natural domain & Range of sine function, sine : R→ [– 1, 1]
If we restrict domain to [−π/2, π/2 ], then it becomes one-one & onto with
range [– 1, 1].
Restricted domain & range of sine function, sine : [ −π/2, π/2 ] → [– 1, 1]
Restricted domain & range of sin-1 function, sine : [– 1, 1] à [ −π/2, π/2 ]
Actually, sine function restricted to any of the intervals [−3π/2, -π/2 ], to [π/2,
3π/2 ] etc., is one-one & its range is [–1, 1]. Corresponding to each such
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Class 12 Mathematics | Inverse Trignometric Functions | Notes
interval, we get a branch of function sin–1. The branch with range , [−π/2, π/2
], is called principal value branch
If y = sin–1 x, then sin y = x.
Graph of an inverse function can be obtained from the corresponding graph of
original function as a mirror image (i.e., reflection) along the line y = x.
The graph of sin–1 function can be obtained from the graph of original
function by interchanging x and y axes, i.e., if (a, b) is a point on the graph of
sine function, then (b, a) becomes the corresponding point on the graph of
inverse of sine function
Inverse of Cosine function
• Natural domain & Range of cosine function, cosine : R→ [– 1, 1]
• If we restrict domain to [0, π], then it becomes one-one & onto with range
[– 1, 1].
• Restricted domain & range of cosine function, cosine : [ 0, π ] → [– 1, 1]
• Restricted domain & range of cos-1 function, cos-1 : [– 1, 1] à [ 0, π ]
• Actually, cosine function restricted to any of the intervals [– π, 0], [π, 2π] , is
one-one & its range is [–1, 1]. Corresponding to each such interval, we get a
branch of function cos–1. The branch with range , [0, π ], is called principal
value branch
• If y = cos–1 x, then cos y = x.
• Thus, the graph of cos–1 function can be obtained from the graph of original
function by interchanging x and y axes, i.e., if (a, b) is a point on the graph
of cosine function, then (b, a) becomes the corresponding point on the
graph of inverse of cosine function
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Class 12 Mathematics | Inverse Trignometric Functions | Notes
Inverse of Cosec function
• Natural domain & Range of cosec function, cosec : R – { x : x = nπ, n ∈ Z} →
R – (– 1, 1)
• If we restrict domain to [-π/2 , π/2 ] – {0}, then it becomes one-one & onto.
• Restricted domain & range of cosec function, cosec: [-π/2 , π/2 ] – {0} → R
– (– 1, 1)
• Restricted domain & range of cosec-1 function, cosec -1 : R – (– 1, 1) à [-π/2 ,
π/2 ] – {0}
• Cosec function restricted to any of intervals [−3π/2, -π/2 ] – {-π,} to [π/2,
3π/2 ]- {π} , is one-one & its range is [–1, 1]. Corresponding to each such
interval, we get a branch of function cosec–1. The branch with range , [-π/2 ,
π/2 ] – {0 } is called principal value branch
• If y = cosec–1 x, then cosec y = x.
• Thus, the graph of cosec–1 function can be obtained from the graph of
original function by interchanging x and y axes, i.e., if (a, b) is a point on the
graph of cosec function, then (b, a) becomes the corresponding point on
the graph of inverse of cosec function
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Class 12 Mathematics | Inverse Trignometric Functions | Notes
Inverse of Sec inverse
• Natural domain & Range of sec function: R – { x : x = (2n + 1) π/2, n ∈ Z} →
R – (– 1, 1)
• If we restrict domain to [0, π] –{π/2}, then it becomes one-one & onto with
range R – (–1, 1).
• Restricted domain & range of sec function, sec: [ 0, π ] –{π/2} → R – (–1, 1)
• Restricted domain & range of sec-1 function, sec-1 : R – (–1, 1) à [ 0, π ] –
{π/2}
• Actually, sec function restricted to any of the intervals [– π, 0]-{- π/2} , [π,
2π]-{3π/2} , is one-one & its range is R – (–1, 1). Corresponding to each such
interval, we get a branch of function sec–1. The branch with range , [0, π ], is
called principal value branch
• If y = sec–1 x, then sec y = x.
• Thus, the graph of sec–1 function can be obtained from the graph of original
function by interchanging x and y axes, i.e., if (a, b) is a point on the graph
of sec-1 function, then (b, a) becomes the corresponding point on the graph
of inverse of sec function
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Class 12 Mathematics | Inverse Trignometric Functions | Notes
Inverse of tan function
• Natural domain & Range of tan function: tan : R – { x : x = (2n + 1) π/2, n
∈ Z} → R
• If we restrict domain to [-π/2, π/2], then it becomes one-one & onto
with range R.
• Restricted domain & range of tan function, tan: [-π/2, π/2] → R
• Restricted domain & range of tan-1 function, tan-1: R à [-π/2, π/2]
• Actually, tan function restricted to any of the intervals [−3π/2, -π/2 ], to
[π/2, 3π/2 ] etc., is one-one & its range is R . Corresponding to each such
interval, we get a branch of function tan–1. The branch with range , [-π/2,
π/2], is called principal value branch
• If y = tan–1 x, then tan y = x. Thus, the graph of tan–1 function can be
obtained from the graph of original function by interchanging x and y
axes, i.e., if (a, b) is a point on the graph of tan-1 function, then (b, a)
becomes the corresponding point on the graph of inverse of tan function
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Class 12 Mathematics | Inverse Trignometric Functions | Notes
Inverse of Cot function
• Natural domain & Range of cot function, cot : R – { x : x = nπ, n ∈ Z} → R
• If we restrict domain to [0, π], then it becomes one-one & onto with range
R
• Restricted domain & range of cot function, cot : [ 0, π ] → R
• Restricted domain & range of cot-1 function, cot-1 : R à [ 0, π ]
• Actually, cot function restricted to any of the intervals [– π, 0], [π, 2π] , is
one-one & its range is R. Corresponding to each such interval, we get a
branch of function cot–1. The branch with range , [0, π ], is called principal
value branch
• If y = cot–1 x, then cot y = x.
• Thus, the graph of cot–1 function can be obtained from the graph of original
function by interchanging x and y axes, i.e., if (a, b) is a point on the graph
of cot function, then (b, a) becomes the corresponding point on the graph
of inverse of cot function
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Class 12 Mathematics | Inverse Trignometric Functions | Notes
Note:
• sin–1x should not be confused with (sin x)–1. In fact (sin x)–1 = 1/ sin x and
similarly for other trigonometric functions.
• Whenever no branch of inverse trigonometric functions is mentioned, we
mean the principal value branch of that function.
• The value of an inverse trigonometric functions which lies in the range of
principal branch is called the principal value of that inverse trigonometric
functions
Domain & range of inverse functions
Numerical:
Find sin–1 (-1/2)
Solution:
sin–1 (-1/2) =y
Sin y = -1/2 = sin (-π/6)
Or y = -π/6
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Class 12 Mathematics | Inverse Trignometric Functions | Notes
Properties of Inverse Trigonometric Functions
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Class 12 Mathematics | Inverse Trignometric Functions | Notes
Numerical:
Prove that 2 tan-1 ½ + tan-1 1/7 = tan-1 31/17
Solution:
LHS
2 tan-1 ½ + tan-1 1/7
= tan-1 [ (2 * ½)/ 1- (1/2)2)] + tan-1 1/7
= tan-1(4/3) + tan-1 1/7
= tan-1[( 4/3 + 1/7)/(1 – 4/3 * 1/7]
= tan-1 [31/17] = RHS
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