Psychology

Chapter 8: Memory
Review Questions
1. working memory model is a memory store with a phonological loop, visiospatial sketchpad,
episodic buffer, and a central executive.
2. The storage capacity of long-term memory is believed to be virtually unlimited..
3. The three functions of memory are Three main processes are involved in memory, which is a
basic cognitive process: encoding, storing, and retrieval. The process of encoding transforms
sensory data into a format that can be stored, and storage is the act of holding onto this
information over an extended period of time. Lastly, retrieval entails using stored data as
required. People are able to learn, retain, and apply information efficiently thanks to these
functions.
4. This physical trace of memory is known as the engram.
5. An exceptionally clear recollection of an important event is a (an) flashbulb memory.
6. memory bias or egocentric bias is when our recollections of the past are done in a self-
enhancing manner.
7. Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon is also known as presquevu.
8. The formulation of new memories is sometimes called encoding, and the process of bringing
up old memories is called retrieval.
9. When you are learning how to play the piano, the statement “Every good boy does fine” can
help you remember the notes E, G, B, D, and F for the lines of the treble clef. This is an example
of a (an) mnemonic device.
10. According to a study by Yogo and Fujihara (2008), if you want to improve your short-term
memory, you should spend time writing about your feelings.
11. The self-referencing effect refers to the observation that people tend to recall information
better that is personally meaningful to them than information that is not.
12. Memory aids that help organize information for encoding are typically referred to as
mnemonic devices.

Critical Thinking Questions

13. Compare and contrast implicit and explicit memory. There are two categories of long-term
memory: implicit and explicit memory. Unlike explicit memory, which involves conscious
recall, implicit memory influences behavior subconsciously. While factual knowledge and the
recall of past events are included in explicit memory, procedural skills and priming effects are
included in implicit memory. Their brain systems, information kinds, retrieval processes, and
states of conscious awareness are different. Whereas explicit memory involves cognitive
awareness and brain regions like the hippocampus, implicit memory depends on unconscious
processing in places like the basal ganglia.
14. According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, name and describe the three stages of memory.
Three stages of memory are described by the Atkinson-Shiffrin model: sensory memory, short-
term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM). While STM momentarily maintains
actively processed information with a limited capacity and duration, sensory memory saves
information from the senses for a brief period of time. LTM is an encoded data repository that
can hold an infinite amount of encoded data over extended periods of time. Together, these
phases enable information encoding, storing, and retrieval during the memory process.
15. Compare and contrast the two ways in which we encode information. There are two primary
approaches to encoding, which is the process of transferring sensory information into memory:
automatic processing and deliberate processing. In contrast to effortful processing, which
involves conscious attention and deliberate effort, automatic processing happens naturally and
without conscious intent, depending on familiarity or intrinsic sensory properties. Automatic
processing is quick and unconscious, whereas effortful processing is longer and more intentional,
even though both help generate memories. Different brain regions are involved in these
processes: automatic processing, which involves reflexive responses, and effortful processing,
which involves cognitive control and conscious awareness.

16. What might happen to your memory system if you sustained damage to your hippocampus?
Anterograde amnesia, which hinders the creation of new memories and makes it difficult to
remember recent experiences, can be brought on by damage to the hippocampal region. Ability
to navigate in space may also be impacted. Long-term memories might hold up, but it gets harder
to remember recent events and specific context. Implicit memory, on the other hand, which
comprises routines and abilities, might endure. In general, hippocampal injury has a substantial
impact on memory formation and recall, requiring management techniques to address the
ensuing deficiencies.

17. Compare and contrast the two types of interference. Memory interference can take two
forms: proactive and retroactive. These interferences interfere with the ability to remember and
retain information. Retroactive interference happens when fresh memories obstruct the memory
of previous knowledge, whereas proactive interference happens when old memories interfere
with the acquisition of new information. Retroactive interference acts backward, influencing the
retrieval of previous memories, whereas proactive interference acts forward, impeding the
production of new memories. Both forms of interference have an impact on memory
performance. Managing memory-related issues and improving learning techniques require an
understanding of these processes.

18. Compare and contrast the two types of amnesia. Retrograde amnesia interferes with
remembering past experiences, but anterograde amnesia influences the creation of new memories
after an occurrence such as a brain damage. Anterograde amnesia is caused by impairment to
memory-forming brain regions such as the hippocampus, which makes it harder to encode and
retain new information. Damage to regions involved in memory storage or retrieval, such as the
medial temporal lobe, can lead to retrograde amnesia, which is characterized by a reduced ability
to retrieve past memories. Both kinds can be caused by trauma or brain injury, and their degrees
of severity can vary, but they differ in how they affect memory formation as opposed to recall.

19. What is the self-reference effect, and how can it help you study more effectively? According
to a cognitive phenomena known as the self-reference effect, people are more likely to recall
facts that have personal significance for them. New information becomes more firmly imprinted
and simpler to remember later on when it is connected to one's own experiences or interests. You
can take advantage of this effect to learn more efficiently by making personal connections
between new material and yourself, making use of analogies, imagining yourself using the
information, and instructing others. Enhancing memory encoding and retention through the use
of personal relevance in your study techniques can increase learning outcomes.
20. You and your roommate spent all of last night studying for your psychology test. You think
you know the material; however, you suggest that you study again the next morning an hour
prior to the test. Your roommate asks you to explain why you think this is a good idea. What do
you tell her? To remember the topics already seen.