UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

PESHAWAR
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

B. ARCH THESIS REPORT

CENTRO SPORTIVO

LOCATION : ABBOTTABAD
BY:
SANAN TAHIR
ROLL NO 03
REG NO: 18ABARC0692
SESSION 2018-2023

Supervisor
Ar. Shabbir-u-Qureshi

FINAL YEAR ARCHITECTURE

 APPROVAL SHEET

The Thesis entitled “CENTRO SPORTIVO” prepared and Submitted by Sanan

Tahir in partial fulfillment of requirements For the Degree of Bachelor of
Architecture (B.Arch.) is hereby Accepted.

THESIS ADVISORS:

_____________________
Ar . Shabbir-u-Qureshi
Department of Architecture
University Engineering & Technology Peshawar
Abbottabad Campus

STUDIO INSTRUCTOR:

Dr . Ubaid Ullah
Ar. Waqar Khattak
Ar. Shahid Mansoor

HEAD OF DEPARTMENT

_____________________
Ar. Shabbir-u-Qureshi

Chairman
Department of Architecture
University Engineering & Technology Peshawar
Abbottabad Campus

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 Acknowledgement

First and foremost praise is due to ALLAH, the Almighty, the Greatest of All, on
whose ultimately we rely for nourishment and direction.
I would like to express my gratitude to Almighty Allah for providing me with the
chance, willpower, and strength to complete my thesis.

I would like to thank my parents , grandmother and to all my family members for their
endless love, support and encouragement throughout my pursuit for education

I would also like to express my gratitude to my supervisors Ar Shabbir-u-Qureshi,

Dr Ubaid Ullah for their valuable guidance , suggestions , continuous support,
encouragement.

I would like to thank my colleagues and friends for discussions , suggestions ,

criticism , brotherhood and love.

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 Dedication

I dedicate this thesis to me and all the sports enthusiasts.

“Keep your dreams alive. Understand to achieve anything requires faith and belief in
yourself, vision, hard work, determination, and dedication. Remember all things are
possible for those who believe” ---- Gail Devers

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 Abstract

The major goal of this thesis is to create a platform where citizens of the Hazara
region may demonstrate their sporting prowess and talent to the the globe.

Because of the rich soil, which produces millions of athletes, there are still not enough
sporting facilities.

The study paper places a strong emphasis on the value and significance of sports
while also presenting their historical background.

Its primary goal is to give participants, spectators, and administration access to an

environment that will boost their ability and productivity. A human-centered approach
is considered.

Key design considerations are sustainability and energy efficiency. The site's
circulation, orientation, and typology are the main design considerations.

While creating places, the physical, social, and cultural aspects are also taken into
consideration.Some site restrictions are there, but the complex makes good use of
them via innovative planning.

This thesis report offers in-depth understanding about space organization and design.

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Table of content
1-Prologue ................................................................................................................................................. 9
1.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................9
1.2 Project significance ......................................................................................................................9
1.3 Background ..................................................................................................................................9
1.4 Importance .................................................................................................................................. 9
1.5 Needs of community .................................................................................................................. 9
1.6 Problem statement ....................................................................................................................10
1.7 INNITIATIVES ..............................................................................................................................11
1.8 Aims and Objectives .................................................................................................................. 12
1.9 Aspects .......................................................................................................................................12
1.10 Motivation ............................................................................................................................... 12
1.11 Limitation and determination ................................................................................................. 13
1.12 Scope of work .......................................................................................................................... 13
2-Literature review .................................................................................................................................. 14
2.1-Sports ........................................................................................................................................ 14
2.1.1-Definitions ...................................................................................................................... 14
2.2-Organized sport. ........................................................................................................................14
2.3-Sport participation .................................................................................................................... 14
2.4-Types of sports .......................................................................................................................... 15
2.4.1-Modified sports .............................................................................................................. 15
2.4.2-Extreme sports ............................................................................................................... 15
2.4.3-Social sports ................................................................................................................... 15
2.4.4-Adventure sports ............................................................................................................15
2.4.5-E-sports ...........................................................................................................................15
2.5 History of sports and sports facilities ........................................................................................ 16
2.5.1 History of sports events ..................................................................................................17
2.5.2 Evolution of stadium ...................................................................................................... 18
2.6 Influence Of Sports On Human Society ..................................................................................... 19
2.6.1- Benefits of sports .......................................................................................................... 20
2.7 Impact of sports facility ............................................................................................................. 20
2.7.1 Health impact: ................................................................................................................ 20
2.7.2 Social and cultural impact: ............................................................................................. 20
2.8 Sports facilities .......................................................................................................................... 22
2.9 Sports amenities ........................................................................................................................ 22
2.10 Sports complex ........................................................................................................................ 22
2.11 Gymnasium ..............................................................................................................................22
2.12 Difference between gym and gymnasium .............................................................................. 23
2.13 The Concept of Sport Cities ..................................................................................................... 23
2.14 Aspect 1: productive space ..................................................................................................... 24
2.14.1 Productive architecture ................................................................................................24
2.14.2 Integrating Productive Architecture ............................................................................25
2.14.3 Ways to enhance productivity through architecture ...................................................25
2.15 Aspect 2: Energy efficiency ......................................................................................................26
2.15.1 Definition ...................................................................................................................... 26
2.15.2 Explanition .................................................................................................................... 26
2.15.3 Why is Energy Efficiency in a Building Important? .......................................................26
2.15.4 Ways to improve energy efficiency ..............................................................................26
2.15.5 Energy efficiency in design ........................................................................................... 27
2.16 Long span pavilion structures ..................................................................................................29
2.16.1 Structural systems ........................................................................................................ 29
2.16.2 Cantilever beam ........................................................................................................... 29
2.16.3 Long span Wood structures ..........................................................................................29
2.16.4 How do I find the span of a wood beam? .................................................................... 29
2.16.5 Concrete structures ......................................................................................................30

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 2.16.6 Steel structures .............................................................................................................30
2.16.7 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 31
3-Standards and technicalities ................................................................................................................ 32
4-Case studies ..........................................................................................................................................45
4.1-Case study 1 .............................................................................................................................. 45
4.1.3 Architectural and urban Analysis ................................................................................... 46
4.1.4 Activity and its effect on community ............................................................................ 46
4.1.5 Social and economic analysis ......................................................................................... 47
4.1.6 Summary .........................................................................................................................49
4.1.7 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 49
4.2 Case study 2 ...............................................................................................................................50
4.2.1 Key words ....................................................................................................................... 50
4.2.2 Motivation analysis ........................................................................................................ 50
4.2.3 Social and Economic response ....................................................................................... 51
4.2.4 Architectural and Urban Analysis ................................................................................... 51
4.2.5 Summary .........................................................................................................................52
4.2.6 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 53
4.3 Case study 3 ...............................................................................................................................54
4.3.1 Concept and theme ........................................................................................................ 55
4.3.2 Architectural analysis ..................................................................................................... 56
4.3.3 Structure system .............................................................................................................57
4.3.4 V Shaped column ............................................................................................................58
4.3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 58
4.4-Case study 4 .............................................................................................................................. 59
4.5-Case study 5 .............................................................................................................................. 59
5-Research Methodology and Brief .........................................................................................................60
5.1-Questionare ...............................................................................................................................60
5.2-Sample size determination ........................................................................................................61
5.3-Way of conducting research ..................................................................................................... 61
5.4-Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 61
5.5-Articles,Surveys and polls ..........................................................................................................62
5.6-Unleashing the potential of a young Pakistan .......................................................................... 63
5.7-Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 63
5.8-User analysis ..............................................................................................................................64
5.9-Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 65
5.10-Current level of sports facilities .............................................................................................. 66
5.11-Design brief ............................................................................................................................. 67
5.12-Architect Brief ......................................................................................................................... 68
6- Site analysis ......................................................................................................................................... 72
6.1-Site data .....................................................................................................................................72
 Location ............................................................................................................................ 72
 Latitude .............................................................................................................................72
 Longitude ..........................................................................................................................72
 Site shape ......................................................................................................................... 72
 Site dimensions : .............................................................................................................. 72
6.2-Site assessment ......................................................................................................................... 72
6.3-Location plans ........................................................................................................................... 73
6.3.1-Macro plan .................................................................................................................... 73
6.3.2-Meso plan .......................................................................................................................73
6.3.3-Micro plan ...................................................................................................................... 73
6.4-Imagery ......................................................................................................................................74
6.5-Site topography .........................................................................................................................75
6.6-Site dimension and tonality ...................................................................................................... 77
6.7-Site context and analysis ...........................................................................................................78
6.8-Swot analysis ............................................................................................................................. 80
6.8.1-Strenght ..........................................................................................................................80
6.8.2-Opportunity ....................................................................................................................80

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 6.8.3Weakness ........................................................................................................................ 80
6.8.4-Threat ............................................................................................................................. 80
6.9-Conclusions ............................................................................................................................... 80
7- Design process .....................................................................................................................................81
7.1-Zonning ......................................................................................................................................81
7.2-Soft scaping and Hard scaping .................................................................................................. 82
7.3-Mater Plan Zoning and Development ....................................................................................... 82
7.3.1-Initial development phase ..............................................................................................82
7.3.2-Development Phase 2 .................................................................................................... 84
7.3.3-Development Phase 3 .................................................................................................... 85
7.3.5-Development Phase 5 .................................................................................................... 85
7.3.6-Development Phase 6 .................................................................................................... 86
7.3.7-Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 86
7.4-Conceptual Sketches ................................................................................................................. 87
7.5-Detail process work of Main stadium,Gymnasium,Swimming Pool ......................................... 90
7.5.1-Main Stadium Process Work .......................................................................................... 90
7.5.2-Gymnasium .................................................................................................................... 92
7.5.3-Swimming Pool ...............................................................................................................93
8-Final Drawing ........................................................................................................................................94
8.1 Master Plan ................................................................................................................................94
8.2 3D Views .................................................................................................................................... 95
8.3 Master Plan Sections ................................................................................................................. 96
8.4 Main Stadium ............................................................................................................................ 97
8.5 Main Stadium Section and Elevation .......................................................................................101
8.6 Main Stadium Renders ............................................................................................................ 103
8.7 Gymnasium ..............................................................................................................................104
8.8 Gymnasium Section and Elevation ..........................................................................................105
8.9 Gymnasium Renders ................................................................................................................107
8.10 Swimming Arena ....................................................................................................................108
8.11 Swimming Arena Section and Elevation ................................................................................109
8.12 Swimming Arena Renders ..................................................................................................... 111
9-Special Note ........................................................................................................................................112
10-References ........................................................................................................................................113

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List of table

Table 1 : need of sports facility in Abbottabad ·············································································· 10

Table 2 :sports status facility in Abbottabad ···················································································10
Table 3 : impact on performance level{San antinio sports} ···························································· 21
Table 4 :impact of sports {Hess ,2017 ,Brooke marchinick,2016} ················································· 21
Table 5 -User analysis ····················································································································· 65
Table 6 -Design brief ·······················································································································67
Table 7 -Architect brief ··················································································································· 68
Table 8 -graphical analysis of architect brief ·················································································· 69

List of figures
Fig 1 -Geo news ...............................................................................................................................11
Fig 2 -the express tribune ................................................................................................................ 11
Fig 3 -ten sports network ..................................................................................................................12
Fig 4 -scope of work .........................................................................................................................13
Fig 5 - {100 m race at Olympics,2018} ............................................................................................ 14
Fig 6 -{sky diving,adventure sports}
Fig 7 -{e-sports} ...............................................................................................................................15
Fig 8 -Prehistoric paintings near Lascaux, France
Fig 9 -Cave of Swimmers near Wadi Sura, Egypt .......................................................................... 16
Fig 10 -Timeline of Revolutionary Sports Structures developed around the world {Source: KPMG
Sports} ..................................................................................................................................... 16
Fig 11 - the Panathenaic Stadium – Athens, Greece .The Colosseum – Rome, Italy ..................... 18
Fig 12 -the first stadium pre 1950 {Wembley}
Fig 13 - the urban icon stadium >2000 {Taiwan} ..........................................................................18
Fig 14 - influence of sports ...............................................................................................................19
Fig 15 - benefits of sports .................................................................................................................20
Fig 16 -sports complex .................................................................................................................... 22
Fig 17 -indoor gymnasium .............................................................................................................. 22
Fig 18 - delle alpi stadium ............................................................................................................... 23
Fig 19 - {+pool dong ping wong 2013} .......................................................................................... 24
Fig 20 - {future farm land depiction of productivity} ......................................................................25
Fig 21 -{Port Jervis PV factory, 1984. World's first thin-film PV production facility.} ................ 25
Fig 22 - rain water harvesting
Fig 23 - wall material and insulation ...............................................................................................27
Fig 24 - ventilation system .............................................................................................................. 27
Fig 25 -construction effectiveness ...................................................................................................27
Fig 26 - solar energy consumption through pv panels ................................................................... 28
Fig 27 -integration of natural light ................................................................................................. 28
Fig 28 -integration of landscape and building ................................................................................. 28
Fig 29 - use of effective material environmentally and economically ........................................... 28
Fig 30 -timber joint system hinge and bolt
Fig 31 - long span timber structure hall ........................................................................................... 30
Fig 32 -long span concrete structure roof ........................................................................................30
Fig 33 -long span two way steel trusses structure ........................................................................... 31
Fig 34 -long span two way steel trusses structure ........................................................................... 31
Fig 35 -current level of sports facility in abbottabad ...................................................................... 66

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1-Prologue

1.1 Introduction

Unhealthy practice is growing rapidly in our youth generation it needs to be arrested as early as
possible, the only way out seems to provide our youth with a more entertaining outdoor and indoor
activity, which compels our youth out of the confines of an enclosed environments.We need to
maintain a healthy balance between indoor and outdoor activities

1.2 Project significance

The project serves as a life style attraction for the region changing demography and increasing
population.In addition to strengthening the area current sport infrastructure.

Establishing itself as a urban landmark for the region.

1.3 Background

Sport is a social phenomenon of patterned behaviors, social structures and institutional relationships
that contains unique opportunities to explore and understand the intricacies of social life.

Sport is an activity that demands a complexity of primary or secondary involvement that is unsurpassed
by any other institutional backgrounds (Luschen 1990:59).

1.4 Importance
Sports take crucial part in growth and development of mental health and physical fitness, a sportsmen
gains various skills, experience and confidence that are helpful for developing their personality.

Sports are necessary in our daily life.on other hand in world sports is being used as generating
economy to countries,and contrary in modern sports world people are also perusing degrees as an
instructors,coaches,physiotherapist and professional degrees in coaching

The opportunities through sport are endless and is evident in our local and national current athletes who
have used sport as a tool for success and self-development

1.5 Needs of community

Safety
Economic Health
Education/Enrichment
Natural Environment
Overall Appearance
Health and Wellness Opportunities
Sports facilities
Recreational areas
Built Environment

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1.6 Problem statement
Pakistan is home to many brilliant people from all walks of life.
There are numerous athletes that achieve legendary status in short periods of time.
Due to a lack of facilities, much of our talent was wasted.

This should be recognized while looking at the point tables or graphs of Pakistan's performance in the
Olympic or Commonwealth Games, where countries with lower populations and better facilities have
more points on the medal table.

Similar to this, the Hazara area has great potential but inadequate sporting facilities.
Due to lack of facilities and grounds players are not perusing in sports field
They are not giving proper training and opportunity

Table 1: need of sports facility in Abbottabad

Table 2:sports status facility in Abbottabad

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1.7 INNITIATIVES

During his first term incharge, the KP government declared that sports complexes should be developed
in every region.All the regions have got their sports complex but Hazara region is still overshadows
unto date.Over huge demand from sportsman and local representative kpk government acquires a land
of 250 canals for sports complex.

Fig 1-Geo news

Fig 2 -the express tribune

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1.8 Aims and Objectives

1.To provide maximum sports facilities to the youth of the area.

2. To provide an opportunity for youth of abbottabad to participate in the games of national level and

international level

3. To Provide the productive environment

4.To promote and enhance the prospects of sports.

5.To provide all sportsmen a variety of enjoyable leisure opportunities those which are accessible being
safe and physically attractive.

6.To conduct sports academies and coaching training programme

1.9 Aspects

Productive space

Energy efficiency

1.10 Motivation
Recent performances of athletes of Pakistan in common wealth games and in Olympics

Fig 3-ten sports network

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1.11 Limitation and determination

Now days sports become the major source of income for many people after the involvement of stake
holders and sponsors and but have some cultural and political limitation as well as the site restriction.

There is some delimitation as well as more site can acquire by section 4 on nearby land

1.12 Scope of work

 Administration block

 Outdoor facility

 Indoor gymnasium

 Accommodation hostel

 Parking

 Amenities

Fig 4-scope of work

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2-Literature review

2.1-Sports

2.1.1-Definitions

Sports is the activity that enhance your capabilities and mentality

Practically speaking, "sport" is characterized by its social connotation as well as by its close ties to
physical effort and performance standards. Sports can take on many different forms and are always
evolving in response to society conventions, trends, and new ideas.

German theorist Carl Diem defines sports as the reverse of work, worthless activity done for one's own
sake.{Şahin, Mustafa. (2010)}

A human activity that focuses on physical effort and ability as its main components, with aspects of
competition or social interaction, and where the rules and behavioral patterns regulating the activity are
formally established through organizations, is often regarded as a sport.

2.2-Organized sport.
The concept of organizational structure that surrounds and affects a sport helps to identify whether it is
considered to be a "organized sport."

Fig 5- {100 m race at Olympics,2018}

2.3-Sport participation

Participation in sports is hard to measure and usually depends on how the audience views it. As a basic
guideline, a "sport participant" is someone who participates in sports, whether formally or informally.
Athlete , coach , or official are some examples of sports participation that can be classified by a
specific role played in sport (both playing and non-playing roles).There are numerous roles in sport,
both paid and volunteer. It can also be determined whether someone is participating in organized sport
by how they describe it (e.g, solo or group, unplanned or scheduled, or the location/setting).{Eime, R.,
Harvey, J. & Charity, M. BMC Public Health 20, 1344 (2020)}

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2.4-Types of sports

 Modified sports
 Extreme sports
 Social sports
 Adventure sports
 Sports

2.4.1-Modified sports

Since a person or group of people offer structure to a particular physical activity and ascribe rules and
purpose to its outcome, sports have grown over the years. Yet, sports can adapt through time, usually to
become more inclusive.some of examples are cricket,football,hockey etc.

2.4.2-Extreme sports

Most sports have some element of risk, such as the chance of injury or the danger of competition
affecting the result of a match. Extreme sports raise the risk variables to a degree that is typically
outside the purview of a sport's regulatory organization.
In addition to requiring potentially specialized equipment, these activities frequently involve speed,
height, and intense physical exertion. In many instances, a sport is altered (to the extreme), and new
rules transform the sport's activity into something new. In other instances, there are no rules at
all.examples,Sky diving,Downhill ski racing etc

2.4.3-Social sports

The term "social sport" refers to participation in sports in a less formal setting (i.e., anytime, anywhere).
Individual differences can be found in the reasons why people participate as well as the personal and
social benefits.
In social sports, participant connections are typically given greater weight than performance outcomes.
Even while there is frequently a competitive element, it is typically unregulated and
unofficial.example,Basketball 3x3, Pole sports etc

2.4.4-Adventure sports

The performance skills involved in running, cycling, paddling, skiing, etc. are used in adventure sports,
but in a different way and in an outdoor setting. The fundamental components of sport—physical effort
and/or talent, competition, regulations, and organizations—apply, but not in the conventional
sense.example,adventure racing etc

2.4.5-E-sports

A general word for organized, competitive video gaming, especially professional gaming, is e sports
(electronic sports). According to the International E sports Federation (IESF), it is "a competitive sport
in which players compete in a variety of video games in a virtual, electronic environment using both
their physical and mental skills."example,tekken,fifa etc.

Fig 6 -{sky diving,adventure sports} Fig 7 -{e-sports}

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2.5 History of sports and sports facilities
Notwithstanding the primitive quality of the depiction, paintings from the Lascaux caves in France,
which date back approximately 17,300 years, are the earliest known examples of anything
approximating sport. In reality, several of these artefact, many of which show athletes at their most
primitive level, have been discovered throughout the world, including in Mongolia (7000 BC), Egypt
(6000 BC), Sumeria (3000 BC), and even Meso- America (1000 BC).{History of Sport}{Scott
Jonathan Myers,2014}

Fig 8 -Prehistoric paintings near Lascaux, France Fig 9 -Cave of Swimmers near Wadi Sura, Egypt

The ancestral prototypes for modern sports facilities of all kinds are the stadia and hippodromes of
Ancient Greece. Here, Olympic and other sporting contests were staged, starting – as far as we can tell
– in the eighth century BC.{stadia,5th edition}

Fig 10 -Timeline of Revolutionary Sports Structures developed around the world {Source: KPMG Sports}

The timeline below is primarily developed on the basis of readings from {Lyngsgård, 1990},
{Eichberg, 1998}and {Nielsen, 2005}, and provides a total overview of the present section ‘From
pre-sport to modern sport.

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2.5.1 History of sports events

Year / Event

15000BC : Sprinters First Painted On Walls Of Lascaux Caves In France

6000BC : Swimmers And Archers First Painted On Walls Of Wadi Sura Caves In Libya
776BC : First Athletic Competitions At Olympia
50BC : Roman Gladiatorial Contests To The Death Become Prominent
80 : Colosseum Inaugurated By Emperor Titus in Rome
393 : Ancient Games At Olympia Are Brought To An End By Emperor Theodosius I
1457 : First Reference Of Sport That Became Modern Golf In Scotland
1823 : Rugby Is Invented By Schoolboy William Webb Ellis
1845 : Rules For The Modern Game Of Baseball Are Devised By Alexander Cartwright
1863 : The Football Association Holds Inaugural Meeting In London To Establish Unified Rules
Of The Game
1868 : American Stud Book Prompts The Beginning Of Organized Horse Racing In United States
1869 : First American College Football Game Played Between Rutgers And Princeton
1872 : One of the First Modern Stadiums is completed at Lansdowne Road, Ireland
1877 : First International Cricket Match Held Between England And Australia
1877 : First Lawn-Tennis Championships Are Organized By All-England Croquet Club In
Wimbledon
1891 : Basketball Is Invented By James Naismith
1895 : United States Golf Association Stages First National Amateur And Open Championships
1896 : Athens Hosts Games Of The Inaugural Modern Olympiad, First Major International
Sporting Event On European Continent
1902 : First Professional-Amateur Ice Hockey League Forms In Pennsylvania
1903 : First Tour Dee France Is Run Between 15 Competitors
1903 : First World Series Of Baseball Is Played Between Nine Teams
1904 : St. Louis Hosts Games Of The III Summer Olympiad, First Major International Sporting
Event On North American Continent
1906 : First Grand Pr-ix Of Motor-Racing Is Held Near Le Mans, France
1924 : Chamonix Hosts Games Of The Inaugural Winter Olympiad
1930 : Uruguay Hosts Inaugural World Cup, First Major International Sporting Event On South
American Continent
1954 : Roger Bannister Runs First Ever 4-Minute Mile
1956 : Melbourne Hosts Games Of The XVI Summer Olympiad, First Major International Sporting
Event On Oceanic Continent
1964 : Tokyo Hosts Games Of The XVIII Summer Olympiad, First Major International Sporting
Event On Asian Continent
1965 : Astrodome (MLB) becomes First Multi-Purpose, Domed Stadium
1967 : First World Championship Football Game (aka “Super Bowl”) Is Played
1989 : Sky Dome (MLB) becomes First Stadium with Functional, Fully-Retractable Roof
2010 : South Africa Hosts World Cup, First Major International Sporting Event On African
Continent
2014 : Levi’s Stadium (NFL) becomes First Stadium to achieve LEED Certification for New
Construction
2022 : Qatar Host World Cup, First Major International Sporting Event In The Middle East

{History of Sport}{Scott Jonathan Myers,2014}

17
2.5.2 Evolution of stadium

The earliest Panhellenic stadiums in Greece are where the original legacy of the sports arena begins,
with its old marble stands. The "stadion" (as it was formally renamed in the Roman period) was little
more than an extended circle enclosing a straight track; it received its name from the Olympic single
race before coming to denote the tiers of seating surrounding any playing field, racecourse or stage
{Spampinato}.Roman Colosseum, which was finished in 80 AD, continues to this day to be given the
distinction of most famous stadium in history.

Fig 11 - the Panathenaic Stadium – Athens, Greece .The Colosseum – Rome, Italy

The different configurations that the stadium has undergone can be split down into five groups or
"generations," as follows: (Spampinato)
 The First Stadium (pre-1950s)
 The Equipped Stadium (1950-1980s)
 The Commercial Stadium (1990s)
 The Flexible Stadium (late 1990s-2000s)
 The Urban Icon Stadium (2000s)

Fig 12 -the first stadium pre 1950 {Wembley} Fig 13 - the urban icon stadium >2000 {Taiwan}

Throughout the past 150 years, the stadium's function and perception within the community have
undergone a significant transformation, going from practical to idealistic and everything in between.
But as we approach the next stage of sports architecture, it is abundantly evident that changes are
required if the stadium is to continue to be a viable and sustainable part of the urban fabric.

18
2.6 Influence Of Sports On Human Society

*It teaches us to make a difference in the world on a daily basis, sports have a particular place in
human civilization.

*Integrity and morality are two values that may be learned via participation in sports.

*Sports may transform the foundation of human civilization by teaching a variety of crucial values.

*Participating in sports teaches people that social, political, and ethnic barriers do not exist.

*Sports are important on a personal level because they motivate people to maintain a healthy level of
activity.

*Sports are essential for boosting a country's economy.

*The world of sports plays a significant role in building a healthier society by bringing people from all
walks of life together.

Fig 14- influence of sports

19
2.6.1- Benefits of sports

Stay Healthy Longer

Reduce Stress
Benefits to Families
Reduce Crime Rates with Children
Cultural Diversity
Boost Your Students’ Performance
Tourism

Fig 15- benefits of sports

2.7 Impact of sports facility

2.7.1 Health impact:

Sport and physical exercise both lower the risk of over 20 diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and
various malignancies.

Regular exercise can save health care expenses by £1,750 to £6,900 per person.

2.7.2 Social and cultural impact:

Increased participation in sports demonstrates how sport benefits education by raising achievement
levels, reducing absenteeism and dropout rates, and promoting further education.

For instance, young individuals who participate in sport have an average 8% increase in their numeracy
results compared to non-participants.

According to other research, sports programmed designed for young people at risk of criminal
behaviour can boost self-esteem and lower re offending.

20
 Table 3: impact on performance level{San antinio sports}

Table 4:impact of sports {Hess ,2017 ,Brooke marchinick,2016}

21
2.8 Sports facilities
Facilities specially designed for sports, such as gymnasiums, sports fields, tennis
courts, swimming pools or ice rinks

2.9 Sports amenities

Facilities or areas used for sport but created for other purposes, such as parks with
lawns for ball games or field and forest paths for cross-country skiing and jogging

2.10 Sports complex

A multi-purpose sports facility, recreational facility and lively community center.

A sports complex is a group of sports facilities available in same location within the boundary of that
area example track and field stadiums, football stadiums, baseball stadiums, swimming pools, and
Indoor arenas.

Fig 16 -sports complex

2.11 Gymnasium
Gymnasium, large room used and equipped for the performance of various sports.

A large room used for various indoor sports (such as basketball or boxing) and usually equipped with
gymnastic apparatus.

Fig 17 -indoor gymnasium

22
2.12 Difference between gym and gymnasium

A gym is a fitness studio. While a sports hall tends to be large, allowing several activities to take place
at once such as badminton and gymnastics as well as indoor ball games.

2.13 The Concept of Sport Cities

The concept "sport city" has been used in three different contexts: as a short-term attraction, to identify
a certain area of a city as a sports zone or centre, or to brand a whole city {Smith 2010}. Manchester
used sport to create a social centre and save East Manchester from the effects of post-industrialization.
The Singapore sports centre sought to actively foster public participation in sport and structured
physical exercise, whereas Melbourne aggressively pursued social events through sport. {Pye.N. et al.
2015}. The number of sport cities has significantly increased in the oil-rich Gulf States {Bromber,
Krawietz, and Maguire 2013}

The urge to generate a fresh image for a city, according to Loftman and Spirou {1996}, is what drives
sporting development in urban areas. It's not a recent phenomena for sports to be used to improve the
perception of a location {Reiss 1982}. Instead of creating venues that primarily accommodate
professionals, sports city development has placed more of an emphasis on encouraging amateur locals
and tourists to participate in sports. {Weiner 2000}. Sport facilities in cities should be community-
focused and even viewed as local institutions with the goal of promoting the growth of sport within the
community.

The FIFA World Cup was chosen to be held in Italy in 1990. In two of the ten stadiums, architect
Renzo Piano had a significant impact. Creating a sports city was central to his plans for the San Nicola
neighbourhood and stadium. In West Bari, a sizable park includes the stadium.
According to the city's urban plan, which Ludovico Quaroni created in the early 1970s, the location
was chosen. Develop a green space and formally designate it as a park were the objectives of the
project. Facilities for leisure and non-competitive sports were incorporated into the design to guarantee
constant activity in the park. The park served as an entryway into the countryside for the city (UIA,
2005).

San Pietro adds that the Delle Al pi stadium, which has a seating capacity of 72,000, was also given the
designation of a sports city. It was created with the option for private maintenance. The urban plan for
the stadium took the local context and landscape into consideration.
The website is intended to be accessible to everyone 24 hours a day. The location is integrated to
connect with the metropolitan transportation system and is located inside the urban infrastructure.The
stadium complex is a community area in the city that includes a botanical garden and contains
economic, cultural, and sporting amenities. The park serves as a green space in the city and acts as a
natural barrier between the city's built-up sections.{San Pietro et al 1990}

Fig 18 - delle alpi stadium

23
2.14 Aspect 1: productive space

2.14.1 Productive architecture

Architecture that are productive in terms of human, environmental, and economic benefits are
beneficial overall.{kiss+cath cart}

This refers to environments that encourage well-being, joy, and inspiration in people; producing an
excess of renewable energy, not using any groundwater, and not creating any garbage; generating
genuine economic value ,in the terminology of architecture: a prerequisite for good design.

A recent trend called "productive architecture" aims to have positive effects on people's health,
happiness, and inspiration while also benefiting the economy and the environment.

While this may sound a little "pie-in-the-sky," it is necessary for buildings to be ecologically friendly
moving forward. They must also produce excess renewable energy and ensure that garbage produced
does not contaminate groundwater.

The MIT School of Architecture & Planning assists architects in maximizing design and energy
efficiency by developing simulations, case studies, and visualizations to direct the planning process as
well as by using new insulation materials, enhanced architectural techniques, and altered construction
methodologies during the building process.

In addition to encouraging collaboration between structural engineers and architects during the design
phase, MIT's methodology takes cost and constructibility into account.

Fig 19 - {+pool dong ping wong 2013}

Hence, productive architecture is a method for building design that aims to go beyond "green and
sustainable" improvements to a home to enable the home to have a beneficial impact on the
environment.

Productive architecture envisions dwelling areas that actively increase a location's ecological resiliency,
as opposed to merely "reducing" the footprint or environmental impact of a residence.

24
2.14.2 Integrating Productive Architecture

1-Limit Demand for Raw Materials.

2-Re imagine Waste Stream
3- Limit Energy Demand

Fig 20- {future farm land depiction of productivity}

2.14.3 Ways to enhance productivity through architecture

Promote Health and Well-Being

4-Provide Comfortable Environments

5-Design for the adaptability
6-Use of the right technology
7-Micro-climates
8-Human factor- comfort delight

Fig 21 -{Port Jervis PV factory, 1984. World's first thin-film PV production facility.}

25
2.15 Aspect 2: Energy efficiency

2.15.1 Definition

Energy efficiency is the use of less energy in a building to accomplish the same task as a facility that
uses energy inefficiently. It should be taken into account during the building's design phase, material
selection phase, construction phase, and operational phase.

2.15.2 Explanition

Globally, people now recognize the importance of lowering building energy use. This is due to the fact
that the full-fledged operation of a building consumes as much fossil fuel as other industries.
The development of sustainable cities in the future will be greatly aided by the use of energy efficiency
techniques during building construction and operation.

Energy-efficient building design is creating or renovating structures that can make the best use of the
energy that is given to them by taking action to limit energy loss, such as lowering the loss of heat
through the building envelope.

[1] Homes that are built with energy efficiency in mind or that have been rebuilt to be more energy
efficient provide a variety of advantages. Homes that use less energy are more comfortable, cost less to
run, and are better for the environment.

2.15.3 Why is Energy Efficiency in a Building Important?

One of the most cost-effective strategies to decrease the negative consequences of climate change and
health-related issues is through efficient energy consumption in buildings.

It lowers household costs and carbon dioxide emissions.

Furthermore, because they have better ventilation and cleaner combustion than typical buildings,
energy-efficient structures reduce indoor air pollution.
As a result, the likelihood of illnesses like asthma and lung cancer linked to air pollution will be
decreased.
It boosts building value, lowers the financial and social expenses of medical care, and saves lives.

2.15.4 Ways to improve energy efficiency

There are many ways to improve energy effectiveness.

*Using the appropriate levels of insulation in the walls and roof while keeping in mind regional norms
*Caulking and weather stripping should be used to properly weatherize the building.

*Installing energy-efficient windows with low-e coatings and gas filling, while selecting glazing and
window frame materials that are environmentally friendly

*installing high-performance equipment and measuring its effectiveness during its lifetime

*monitoring and confirming performance through energy audits to identify areas of a building where
energy is being lost and where it is most practical to enhance through retrofitting

The overall strategy for achieving high-efficiency buildings comprises reducing building energy
demands, generating energy locally from renewable resources, and sharing energy by designing
buildings that produce an excess of energy that can be fed back into a sophisticated grid structure.
{us green building council 2015} {World Business Council for Sustainable Development.2015}

26
2.15.5 Energy efficiency in design

 Using right shading devices

 Proper ventilation system {active/passive}
 Optimizing day lighting in interior
 Use of efficient walling material that increase thermal comfort
 Integrating landscape and vegetation
 Labour and transportation ease
 Rainwater harvesting
 Use of natural resources to make energy
 Use of new technology with enhanced sustainable and efficient materials

Fig 22 - rain water harvesting Fig 23 - wall material and insulation

Fig 24 - ventilation system

Fig 25 -construction effectiveness

27
 Fig 26 - solar energy consumption through pv panels

Fig 27 -integration of natural light

Fig 28 -integration of landscape and building

Fig 29 - use of effective material environmentally and economically

28
2.16 Long span pavilion structures
Pavilion structures mostly stand on the materials or have three types
1. Long span Wood structures
2. Long span concrete structures
3. Long span steel structures

2.16.1 Structural systems

Structural systems for long-span buildings can be classified into two groups:
Those subject to bending, which have both tensile and compressive forces
Funicular structures, which experience either pure tension or pure compression
Bending structures include the girder, the two-way grid, the truss, the two-way truss, and the space
truss

2.16.2 Cantilever beam

A cantilever beam is a rigid structural element supported at one end and free at the other.

The cantilever beam can be either made of concrete or steel whose one end is cast or anchored to a
vertical support. It is a horizontal beam structure whose free end is exposed to vertical loads
for small cantilever beams, the span is restricted to 2 m to 3 m. But the span can be increased either by
increasing the depth or using a steel or pre-stressed structural unit

The maximum span of a cantilever beam is generally dependent on the following factors:

 The depth of the cantilever

 The magnitude, type, and location of the load
 The quality and type of material used

2.16.3 Long span Wood structures

A wood beam's span depends on its modulus of elasticity, size, and load it has to carry.
A 4"×10" No. 1 Yellow Cedar beam (with a modulus of elasticity of 1,400 kilo pounds per square inch)
that supports a uniform linear load of 80 pounds per foot can span about 17.0 feet.
Oak wood has a modulus of elasticity of around 800,000 to 1,400,000 pounds per square inch (or psi)

2.16.4 How do I find the span of a wood beam?

To find the span of a wood beam, let's say a 2"×8" beam (with actual measurements of 1.5"×7.5"):

Determine your wood beam's modulus of elasticity (E). Let's say 1,900,000 psi.

Find the area moment of inertia (I) of your beam, where I = b × d³ / 12 = 1.5 in × (7.5 in)³ / 12 =52.73
inches to the fourth power.

Let's say our beam has to support an applied load of 15 pounds per inch. We find the span using this
equation:

span = ∛ [(8 × E × I)/(25 × w)]

span = ∛ [(8 × 1,900,000 psi × 52.73)/(25 × 15 lb/in)]
span = 128.81 inches≈ 10.73 ft

29
Fig 30 -timber joint system hinge and bolt Fig 31 - long span timber structure hall

Glue-laminated timber can be used as a long-span material.Spruce wood. Fir, pine, larch and Douglas
fir. It can be prefabricated using metal connectors into trusses that span up to 45 meters (150 feet).
Its most economical forms, however, are the pure compression shapes of the multiple-arch vault, with
spans up to 93 meters (305 feet), and ribbed domes, with spans up to 107 meters (350 feet)
{the constructor.org}

2.16.5 Concrete structures

 Reinforced concrete, because of its inherent strength in compression, is primarily used for long
spans in funicular compression forms including vaults, shells, and domes.

 Thin parabolic shell vaults stiffened with ribs have been built with spans up to about.

 90 meters (300 feet). More complex forms of concrete shells have been made, including
hyperbolic paraboloids, or saddle shapes, and intersecting parabolic vaults{Britannica.com}

Fig 32 -long span concrete structure roof

2.16.6 Steel structures

 Steel is the major material for long-span structures.The members of trusses act either in pure
compression or pure tension.In the top and bottom horizontal members the forces are greatest at
the centre of the span, and in the verticals and diagonals they are greatest at the supports.

 Trusses are highly efficient in bending and have been made up to 190 meters (623 feet) in span.

 Two-way grids can be made of either plate girders or trusses to span square spaces up to 91
meters (300 feet) in size.These two-way structures are more efficient but more expensive to
{build.Britannica.com}

30
 Fig 33 -long span two way steel trusses structure

Fig 34 -long span two way steel trusses structure

2.16.7 Conclusion

Above all structure system i am using steel Recyclable material

structure system
Light weight structure compare to other Longer span than timber and concrete
Mold to any form easily Durable
Less maintenance Better tension and compression properties
No live load on it so its more effective Strength of steel
Cost effective as compared to timber and Reduce the risk of error
concrete
Skilled labour Design flexibility
Less space for working Feasibility of modification
Easy instalation Occupies 75% less space than concrete column
Local production Ease of repair

31
3-Standards and technicalities

FIG-S- 1- zoning from outside to stands

FIG-S- 2-sight line setbacks and security

FIG-S- 3-disabled person seating and viewing angles

32
 FIG-S- 4- escape stairs and access

FIG-S- 5-c value angles and slopes of stairs

FIG-S- 6-c value calculations

33
FIG-S- 7- zoning FIG-S- 8- orientation of fields

FIG-S- 9-gymnasium occupancy of court

FIG-S- 10- seating dimensions FIG-S- 11- seats way dimensions

34
 FIG-S- 12- structures of steps

FIG-S- 13- chairs allocation types

FIG-S- 14-cameras angles and safety FIG-S- 15- tread dimensions

FIG-S- 16- Egress time calculations {stadium atlas}

35
 FIG-S- 17-vomitory size and angles

FIG-S- 18- gangway size and stands dimension

36
FIG-S- 19- international standard 400m running track{dimension.com,stadium atlas,tss}

FIG-S- 20-international standard 400m running track{dimension.com,stadium atlas,tss}

FIG-S- 21 athletic track with other facilities

37
 FIG-S- 22- shot put {dimension.com,stadium atlas,tss}

FIG-S- 23- international standard long jump{dimension.com,stadium atlas,tss}

FIG-S- 24- international standard javelin throw and hammer throw{dimension.com,stadium atlas,tss}

38
 FIG-S- 25- hammer throw cage {dimension.com,stadium atlas,tss}

FIG-S- 26-international standard high jump{dimension.com,stadium atlas,tss,Olympic association}

FIG-S- 27-international standard football ground{dimension.com,stadium atlas,tss,fifa}

39
 FIG-S- 28- international standard tennis court{dimension.com,stadium atlas,tss}

FIG-S- 29- international standard basket ball court{dimension.com,stadium atlas,tss}

FIG-S- 30-international standard gymnastics courts{dimension.com,stadium atlas,tss}

40
FIG-S- 31- international standard badminton court{dimension.com,stadium atlas,tss}

FIG-S- 32-international standard handball court {dimension.com,stadium atlas,tss}

FIG-S- 33- international standard table tennis court{dimension.com,stadium atlas,tss}

41
FIG-S- 34- international standard squash court{dimension.com,stadium atlas,tss}

42
 FIG-S- 35-international standard 50m Olympic pool {dimension.com,stadium atlas,tss}

FIG-S- 36- international standard taekewondo,karate,judo court{dimension.com,stadium atlas,tss}

FIG-S- 37- international standard pro kabaddi court{dimension.com,stadium atlas,tss}

43
 FIG-S- 38-international standard-boxing ring{dimension.com,stadium atlas,tss}

FIG-S- 39-international standard cricket pitch{dimension.com,stadium atlas,tss}

FIG-S- 40- international standard circle kabaddi{dimension.com,stadium atlas,tss}

44
4-Case studies
4.1-Case study 1
 Name : Second Stage of Hangzhou Cloud Town Exhibition Center
 Architect : Approach Design (ZUP)
 Location : Hangzhou , China.
 Area: 713476 SQFT
 Building typology: sports Park and exhibition center
 Functions: Sport centre, public exhibition space
 Project completion:2018

FIG-C- 1-Aerial view of sports center

4.1.1 Key words

 Sense of ceremony
 Actively embracing imagination
 Entrepreneurial spirit of the town.
 Extension of the horizon
 Green roof

4.1.2 Aspect

 Design felexiblity
 Transformation from heavy to light structure

FIG-C- 2-aerial view of sports center 2

45
Due to the open roof, everyone who enters the area will feel a sense of belonging because it is public,
free, always accessible, and open to experience.
Large numbers frequent the area for pleasure and enjoyment because of how freely people roam around
there.

The layout encourages spontaneous activity, which is evident throughout the park.
The structure serves as a park and an exhibition area combined, and it symbolizes "the spirit of the
place."

4.1.3 Architectural and urban Analysis

Within and above the building are courtyards and spaces devoted solely to sports.
The multipurpose approach not only promotes the exhibition that is on show but also the urban culture
of the city, as there are open-air amphitheaters for unofficial events and performances.

To reduce the size of the massive structure and remove its "aggressiveness," this 66,000 square metre
mega-structure was reduced to just 6.6 meters tall.

It presents itself as a big, grass-covered, low rooftop to maintain a low profile and entice onlookers in.
In order for areas like the exhibition hall in the building to have a total floor to ceiling area of 9 meters,
it had to be buried an additional 3 meters into the ground. This allowed for pedestrian access to the roof
from the street.

Places are designated using various changes in floor height.

Ramps were the primary means of getting from one floor to the next, which made it simpler to ease
into the new level without having to suddenly climb stairs.

FIG-C- 3- 3d elevation view from pedestrian pathway

4.1.4 Activity and its effect on community

Football fields, a watch tower, a sandbox, a platform for roller skating, a communal vegetable garden,
and several other social activities are located on the roof and are connected by a 760-meter jogging
track.

The social events gather a wide variety of conferences, despite the fact that these activities are not
typical of an exhibition centre.

The community is attracted everyday to social events rather than exhibitions.

The location has become the local precinct social area for residents of the urban neighbourhood,
according to arch daily, and is constantly bustling with people due to random events.

46
 FIG-C- 4-sports park view

4.1.5 Social and economic analysis

The building's height was reduced to 6.6 meters in order to retain a link with human size
From the street level, pedestrians can access the entire site, moving from the ground to the top and
inside the structure by simply moving naturally around the area.

In a building typology that is often unoccupied 200 days a year, the facility's focus is on creating a
lively social environment.

The areas also support both indoor and outdoor activities, keeping with the idea of versatile and public
design. When not in use for conferences, it is referred to as a "sports-warehouse."

FIG-C- 5-sky light towards north and green roof

47
FIG-C- 6- ground floor plan view

FIG-C- 7- sectional view

FIG-C- 8- track and outdoor fields

48
 FIG-C- 9-axonometric view

4.1.6 Summary
Sharing and connectivity have gained more traction in the digital domain than in the constructed
environment.
The chances for people to genuinely get to know one another in a social bodily state are becoming
increasingly few.
The architecture recognizes the indisputable interconnections of all beings.
It encourages people to leave their socially segregated surroundings and become a part of a community
in a natural setting.

4.1.7 Conclusion

Interconnection of sports with urban setting

Flexibility in design
Incorporation of natural setting
Spirit of space

49
4.2 Case study 2
 Name : Vertical Gym, Caracas
 Architect : Urban Think Tank
 Location : Caracas, Venezuela
 Area: 1000 sqm
 Building typology: vertical sports gym
 Functions: sports gym and arena
 Project completion:2004

FIG-C- 10- interior view

4.2.1 Key words

 Vertical use of space and context

 Prototype
 Efficient use of space

4.2.2 Motivation analysis

The property is situated amid one of Caracas's sprawling informal settlements, which has a high crime
rate, little urban space, and inadequate infrastructure.
Slums are home to more than 60% of the population.
Children couldn't safely play there, nor was there enough room for them to engage in leisure activities.
An empty, dilapidated sports field in Chacao's Barrio La Cruz was an opportunity that local architects
and Urban Think Tank viewed as a potential location for social gatherings.

FIG-C- 11-interior structure and game arena

50
4.2.3 Social and Economic response

The neighbourhood responded well to the design as it was put into practise by the locals.
Each month, the design generates about 15,000 users overall.
Since it opened, the operational facility has contributed to a more than 30% reduction in crime in this
neighbourhood.
It has provided a secure, open environment that fosters skills, tolerance, and encourages civic
engagement and involvement in sports.
Sports leagues, after-school programs and summer camps have provided a safe and healthy space for
the community’s youth

U-TT concentrates on prototypes and the overall effectiveness of plug-in solutions.

The Vertical Gym is a best practices illustration that offers direction in settings lacking athletic, civic,
and cultural programming facilities.
The goal is to develop goods and procedures that tackle some of the widespread issues we encounter on
a global scale while preserving the design flexibility and sensitivity required to serve local populations.

FIG-C- 12-construction process

4.2.4 Architectural and Urban Analysis

The functional possibilities on site were limited by the site's overall area of 1000 square meters.
The objective was to build a facility that could vertically contain a number of sport functions rather
than changing the nearby sites.
Many of the potential problems from a dense concrete design were avoided by creating a steel structure.
The structure was made off-site and built on-site for a low cost.

Ramps from one level to the next can be accommodated by the prefabricated bolt on steel construction,
resulting in an environmentally responsible design and a universally accessible building.
The building is simple to replace and maintain by prefabricated construction.

To lower operating expenses, the design also incorporates recyclable materials, wind turbines, solar
panels, and a rainwater collection system.

51
 FIG-C- 13- 3d sectional view

4.2.5 Summary

The concept of a public sports facility in Caracas revolutionized the social perspective of the area

The development of numerous athletic facilities in the city of Caracas followed the design's success,
with each facility's design being individually fitted to local needs.

The sports facility not only offers a secure environment for social interaction, but it also improves the
local environment, generating social interest outside of the immediate area.

Teams from different departments will be welcomed to a region that was historically socially excluded
due to its socioeconomic problems through competitive involvement.

Social public spaces are transformed into places of opportunity, hope, and significance.

52
 FIG-C- 14- axonometric view

4.2.6 Conclusion
 Design flexibility
 Energy efficiency
 Stuctural system
 Contextual analysis
 Vertical use of space

53
4.3 Case study 3
 Name :Sports Center of Jinhua City
 Architect : The Architectural Design and Research Institute of Zhejiang University
 Location :Jinhua, China.
 Area: 98183 sqm
 Building typology: Sports complex
 Functions: stadium,gymnasium,swimming pool
 Project completion: 2013

FIG-C- 15- bird eye view

The Jinhua City Sports Center is situated on the southern second ring road, to the north of the city gate.
The Lake Water Park is to the north, and to the southeast, which is practically the city's main vein, the
water floats to create a distinct and vibrant space axis.

The gymnasium is consisted by the two parts; they are the contest hall and the exercise hall.
There are 4549 fixed seats and 1438 movable sports seats in the contest hall, on the first floor, the two
independent halls are set up respectively.

FIG-C- 16-gymnasium interior view

54
4.3.1 Concept and theme

To present the cultural image of Jinhua Wu and convey the strength and spirit of Sport Buildings
The design refined "jump" as the overall design of the theme image, which forms shape and landscape
design of the key elements throughout the architectural design to form a beautiful curve and surface.

FIG-C- 17- aerial view

The swimming pool includes a 50X25 meter match pool, and one 50X20 meter training pool and one
playing pool.803 fixed seats and 813 movable seats in the contest pool.

The training pool has wide vision and good lighting equipment; It can be used as children's swimming,
teaching and entertainment places.

FIG-C- 18-swimming pool view

55
4.3.2 Architectural analysis

 Stadium capacity of 30130 seats

 Gym with 5987 seats
 Swimming pool with 1616 seats
The layout of the three main structures is modeled after a Chinese "pin," which uses a centripetal
method to produce a central square.
Two spatial spindles and a circular secondary shaft work together to design the building and the
surrounding area.
The city has an open and sunken leisure Plaza facing the city on the east side of the major city road.
The major entry image is made up of the combination of the green area and the water's surface.

FIG-C- 19-master plan

56
4.3.3 Structure system

The stadium canopy adopts the curved spatial structure system

uses the truss arch structure and the shell combines
the horizontal projection is crescent shape
its length is 263 meters, the maximum cantilever structure is 44.5 meters, the highest point of structure
is 42.4 meters.

FIG-C- 20-structural system

FIG-C- 21-structural system

FIG-C- 22- trusses

57
4.3.4 V Shaped column

The V- shaped column as an structural element of the building for these three venues
In order to pursue the rich rhythm and dynamic at the same time
Use the concrete pouring to reflect its premium, its solid weight and stable component itself.
It has the obvious contrast against the lightness of the arched roof of the three gymnasiums.

FIG-C- 23- sections

FIG-C- 24-elevation

4.3.5 Conclusion

 Structural analysis
 Space coordination
 Circulation
 Rhythm and dynamics

FIG-C- 25-stadium entrance

58
4.4-Case study 4

4.5-Case study 5

59
5-Research Methodology and Brief
5.1-Questionare

Ǫ1- Do we need sports activity in abbottabad?

Yes  No 

Ǫ2- Is current facility of sports are enough?

Yes  No 

Ǫ3- Which is most likely sports to play in abbottabad?

Cricket 
Football 
Hockey 
Batminton 
Basket ball 
Others 
Volley ball 
Contact sports 
Athletics 
Traditional games 

Ǫ4- if sports complex is made which activity you should take part in?

Cricket 
Football 
Hockey 
Batminton 
Basket ball 
Others 
Volley ball 
Contact sports 
Athletics 
Traditional games 

Ǫ5- which activity you mostly like to see in sports complex?

Cricket 
Football 
Hockey 
Batminton 
Basket ball 
Others 
Volley ball 
Contact sports 
Athletics 
Traditional games 

60
Ǫ6- which sports event you likely to go be part of it?

Cricket 
Football 
Hockey 
Batminton 
Basket ball 
Others 
Volley ball 
Contact sports 
Athletics 
Traditional games 

Q1-What is need of community in abbottabad?

Health 
Education 
Infrastructure 
Sport facility 
Landscaping 
Environment 
Others 

Q2-Is there need of sport facility in abbottabad?

Yes  No 

Q3-What is status of current facility in abbottabad?

V.good  good  fair  bad  worst 

5.2-Sample size determination

 Sample size is determined by qualitative sampling in which rich respondent is selected

 Then using stratified random sampling and cluster sampling respondent are identified
 Most of the respondent are sportsman or related to the sports field to get maximum response

5.3-Way of conducting research

 The research is conducted through two methods

1. Questionnaire
2. Interviews
 The researcher make it ease for respondent to answer
 More than 200 people take part in research and interview
 150 respondent who answer all the required question are selected and analyze

5.4-Conclusion

 Through these analysis researcher determined the facility to be provided and no of user who use
the facility
 Also focus with the current situation of available facility and its needs.

61
5.5-Articles,Surveys and polls

Apart from conducting regular surveys and polls on politics and lifestyles of the people, Gallup
Pakistan pays particular attention to sports.

Several questions pertaining to various sports have been a regular feature of Gallup's surveys as by
doing so, it has been able to highlight some interesting trends.

Football is perhaps the most popular game in the world but unfortunately, it has failed to gain the same
acceptance in Pakistan.

However, more and more people seem to be taking interest in this sport over the past few years.

Gallup Pakistan carried out a special survey during the Football World Cup last year. During this
World Cup, people were asked about their interest in the sport.

 6% replied that they took a lot of interest in the game,

 The percentage of people who claimed to be somewhat interested stood at 22%,
 22% said that they took a little interest
 50% stated that they were not interested at all.

 5% had viewed all of the matches of the World Cup

 15% had viewed some of them
 29% had watched a few of them
 59% had not watched any of them.

25% of the people stated that they took a lot of interest in cricket, 36% were somewhat interested in the
sport and 16% were a little interested while 23% were not at all interested.

Hockey is another sport which makes it to the top of the favorite sports list.18% of the respondents
stated that they took a lot of interest in the game and 39% claimed that they liked to watch it

Another beloved sport is wrestling. While 21% of those questioned claimed to take a lot of interest in
the game, 39% stated that they enjoyed watching it.

The percentages of people who indicated a lot of enthusiasm in them stood at 6%, 5%, 6% and 7%
respectively.

There were several pleasant surprises in the favorites list as well as some people also pointed out games
such as kabaddi, athletics, golf and boating as their favorites.

6% of the people really liked athletics and swimming while 3% took a lot of interest in golf. 8% said
that they had a keen interest in boating.

The overall interest in sports seems to be declining gradually.

In 2007, 24% of the respondents told Gallup that they were very interested in sports, 40% were
somewhat interested, 16% were a little interested and 21% were not at all interested.

Although encouraging, these numbers are lower than those observed in 2006.

In the beginning of 2006, 32% claimed to have a keen interest in sports while 67% said that they had
some interest.

Only 1% of the respondents claimed to have no interest in sports whatsoever.

62
These surveys and polls were conducted by Gallup Pakistan, an affiliate of Gallup International, on a
sample of over 1100 respondents in urban areas of all four provinces of Pakistan.

This sample was statistically selected across all ages, income groups and educational levels. The
error for a sample of this kind is estimated to be +/- 5% at a 95% confidence level.

5.6-Unleashing the potential of a young Pakistan

Any study of human development is incomplete without considering demographic transition; a
phenomenon likely to have a profound impact on Pakistan’s future, given its young population.
64 percent of the nation is younger than 30 and 29 percent of Pakistanis are between 15 and 29 (an age
group which we define as the youth).

Pakistan now has more young people than it has ever had, and this is fore cased to continue to increase
until at least 2050.

Data from national surveys and new data from a National Youth Perceptions Survey was used to
compute a sub-national Human Development Index, Youth Development Index, and a Youth Gender
Inequality Index.

The data drawn from these diverse sources was used to develop a representative sample of the youth
from diverse backgrounds.

The findings revealed some important insights: 29 out of 100 young people are illiterate and only 6
percent have more than 12 years of education. Regarding employment, 39 of 100 youth are employed
(32 of them males and 7 females), 57 of 100 youth (16 males and 41 females) are neither working nor
seeking jobs, and only 4 percent are unemployed and actively looking for work.6 percent of youth
interested in sports take it as profession.

Significant gaps were also found with regard to the space for social engagement and connectivity: only
15 percent of youth have access to the Internet, 52 percent own a cell phone, 94 percent do not have
access to a library, and 93 percent lack access to a sports facility.

5.7-Conclusion

These articles and research paper helps to identify the users that are going to take part in this facility
via any domain I-e player,staff,admin,spectator etc.

It helps to analyze the current situation at national and regional level.give some insight about the
interest of people of Pakistan as a whole towards sports activity.

Its also guides towards the interest of youth and their transition towards sports activities at different
levels.

63
5.8-User analysis

Which is most likely sports to play in abbottabad

No Name Frequency Total Percentage %
1 Cricket 42 150 28
2 Football 35 150 23.33333333
3 Hockey 8 150 5.333333333
4 Batminton 15 150 10
5 Basket ball 8 150 5.333333333
6 Volley ball 9 150 6
7 Contact sports 23 150 15.33333333
8 Athletics 10 150 6.666666667

If sports complex is made which activity you should take part in

No Name Frequency Total Percentage %
1 Squash 8 150 5.333333333
2 Football 43 150 28.66666667
3 Shooting 12 150 8
4 Batminton 11 150 7.333333333
5 Basket ball 7 150 4.666666667
6 Volley ball 11 150 7.333333333
7 Contact sports 34 150 22.66666667
8 Athletics 16 150 10.66666667
9 Others 8 150 5.333333333

Which activity you mostly like to see in sports complex

No Name Frequency Total Percentage %
1 Cricket 37 150 24.66666667
2 Football 35 150 23.33333333
3 Hockey 11 150 7.333333333
4 Batminton 13 150 8.666666667
5 Basket ball 8 150 5.333333333
6 Volley ball 10 150 6.666666667
7 Contact sports 25 150 16.66666667
8 Athletics 11 150 7.333333333

Which sports event you likely to go be part of it

No Name Frequency Total Percentage %
1 Squash 4 150 2.666666667
2 Football 73 150 48.66666667

64
 3 Shooting 2 150 1.333333333
4 Batminton 8 150 5.333333333
5 Basket ball 7 150 4.666666667
6 Volley ball 9 150 6
7 Contact sports 25 150 16.66666667
8 Athletics 14 150 9.333333333
9 Others 8 150 5.333333333

Total user per game

Total user Daily user per game Name
866 46.18666667 Squash
866 248.2533333 Football
866 69.28 Shooting
866 63.50666667 Batminton
866 40.41333333 Basket ball
866 63.50666667 Volley ball
866 196.2933333 Contact sports
866 92.37333333 Athletics
866 46.18666667 Others

Total user per game

Total user Expected spectator per national game Name
13000 346.6666667 Squash
13000 6326.666667 Football
13000 173.3333333 Shooting
13000 693.3333333 Batminton
13000 606.6666667 Basket ball
13000 780 Volley ball
13000 2166.666667 Contact sports
13000 1213.333333 Athletics
13000 693.3333333 Others

Table 5-User analysis

5.9-Conclusion
As per questionnaire, interviews articles and ground realities different users are identified per games.

Users staff and spectator capacities are calculated as per required games and their need.

Daily users and expected spectator capacity are calculated with future extension and safety
precautions.

65
5.10-Current level of sports facilities

Fig 35-current level of sports facility in abbottabad

Current level of sports facilities are analyzed and per demand status of infrastructure and quality level
helps in defining the design brief.

66
5.11-Design brief
S.NO NAME OF ARENA NAME OF GAMES
1 MAIN STADIUM FOOTBALL
ATHLETIC TRACK
RUGBY
SHOTPUT
JAVALIEN
LONG JUMP
HAMMER THROW
HIGH JUMP
SNOOKER
GYM
2 MULTIPURPOSE GROUND KABBADI
TUG OF WAR
STONE LIFTING
GATKA
ARCHRY
3 MALE GYMNASIUM BATMINTON
VOLLEY BALL
BASKET BALL
FUTSAL
HAND BALL
TABLE TENNIS
4 FEMALE GYMNASIUM BATMINTON
BASKET BALL/VOLLEY BALL
TABLE TENNIS
TAEKWANDO
KARATE
JUDO
5 INDOOR HALL GYM
GYMNASTIC
WEIGHT LIFTING
6 MARTIAL ARTS HALL KARATE
PRO KABBDI
TAEKWANDO
JUDO
MMA
BOXING
WRESTLING

7 SQUASH COURT SQUASH

8 SHOOTING ARENA PISTOL SHOOTING
RIFLE SHOOTING
ARCHRY
Table 6-Design brief

67
5.12-Architect Brief

AREA
S.NO NAME OF AREA AREA IN SQFT IN
KANAL
1 MALE GYMNASIUM 34000 6.25

2 FEMALE GYMNASIUM 16200 2.97

3 SQUASH COURT 12600 2.3

4 SWIMMING ARENA 16500 3.9

5 MASJID 4610 0.84

6 PRACTICE HALL 17800 3.26

7 STAFF HOSTEL 4900 0.9

8 MARTIAL ARTS HALL 36630 5.8

9 MAIN STADIUM 229378 42.1

10 CAFE 3000 0.52

11 TEAM HOSTEL 5795 1.06

12 LAWN TENNIS 8420 1.54

MULTIPURPOSE
13 18866 3.46
GROUND

14 GYMNASTIC HALL 7200 1.3

15 ADMIN BLOCK 5130 0.94

16 PARKING 98100 18

17 RESIDENCE 2700 0.5

18 SHOOTING ARENA 5500 1.01

TOTAL 527329 96.65

Table 7-Architect brief

 As per standards and requirements the architect brief is calculated through tss and sports atlas .
 Provisions are also included I-e circulation and MEP provisions.
 The design spaces indoor gymnasium ,swimming pool and pavilion are considered as primary
focus and more details are followed

68
Table 8-graphical analysis of architect brief

69
 SWIMMING POOL
SPACE USER TYPE OF USER AREA{SQFT}

OLYMPIC POOL 50M 20M 10 F ATHLETES 10770

STORE ROOM {-} STAFF 100

MECHANICAL ROOM {-} STAFF 300

FIRST AID ROOM ATHLETES STAFF 80

OFFICIAL ROOM {4-8} OFFICAIL 150

INCHARGE ROOM 1 ADMIN 100

SPECTATOR SEATING 400 SPECTATORS 2800

GUARD ROOM 2 STAFF 100

LOCKER ROOM {M} 20 ATHLETES 220

LOCKER ROOM {F} 10 ATHLETES 120

SHOWERS{M AND F} {5/2} ATHLETES 60/25

WC {M AND F} {3/2} ATHLETES {100/60}

WC {SP} {2} SPECTATORS 60

WATER USAGE {32400 CUBIC FT}

TOTAL AREA=14920 SQFT
25% CIRCULATION = 1100
5% PROVISION = 210
TOTAL GROSS AREA = 15250 SQFT

GYMNASIUM MAIN BLOCK

SPORTS HALL 1 6 COURT HALL ATHLETES 10448

SPORTS HALL 2 3 COURT HALL ATHLETES 5248

STORE ROOM {-} STAFF 500

MECHANICAL ROOM {-} STAFF 300

FIRST AID ROOM ATHLETES STAFF 120

OFFICAL ROOM {6} OFFICAIL 225

INCHARGE ROOM 1 ADMIN 100

MAT STORE {-} STAFF 120

DRESSING ROOM{2} 16 PER EACH ATHLETES 400 EACH 800 BOTH

BAG STORE+CHANE ROOM 60 LOCKERS ATHLETES 200

SHOWERS{4}+WC{4} 60 ATHLETES 120+120+60=300

WC FOR SPECTATORS{6-2} 2000 SPECTATORS 300

SPECTATOR SITTING 2000 SPECTATORS 8640

TOTAL NET AREA=27120 SQFT

25% CIRCULATION = 3080
5% PROVISION = 1400
TOTAL GROSS AREA = 31700 SQFT

GYMNASIUM PRACTICE BLOCK

70
 BOXING HALL+MMA+UFC 40-50 ATHLETES 655+746+1000=3768

GYMNASTIC HALL 20-30 ATHLETES 3750

PRACTICE HALL {4 COURT} 40-60 ATHLETES 7452

DRESSING ROOM{60}+100 BAG
{60} ATHLETES 400+380=780
STORAGE
OFFICE 2 STAFF 144

STAFF ROOM {-} STAFF 120

CLEANERS ROOM {-} STAFF 100

TOTAL AREA=16114 SQFT+5% PROVISION = 805

TOTAL AREA=21746 SQFT+5% PROVISION = 16919

MAIN STADIUM BLOCK

DRESSING ROOM{2} 16 PER EACH ATHLETES 400 EACH 800 BOTH

DRESSING ROOM{1} 50 ATHLETES 800

DRESSING ROOM{1} FM 20 ATHLETES 450

OFFICAL ROOM 6 OFFICAIL 200

FIRST AID ROOM 2 STAFF 150

OFFICES 2 SINGLE OF 2 ADMIN 270 EACH 540 BOTH

OFFICES 3 SINGLE 3 ADMIN 144 EACH 432 ALL

OFFICES 5 DOUBLE 10 ADMIN 120 EACH 600 ALL

STAFF ROOM {-} STAFF 170

PA ROOM {2} 4 STAFF 100 EACH 200 BOTH

KITCHENATE 1 STAFF 120

CONTROL ROOM {-} STAFF 200

CONFERENCE ROOM 20-22 ADMIN+ATHLETES 450

MEETING ROOM ,8,10 ADMIN+ATHLETES 169

MEDIA ROOM + LOUNGE {-} MEDIA 360

BROADCASTING ROOM 4 MEDIA 400

CAFE 200 ALL USER 2730+490=3250

GYM 100 ATHLETES 3000+500=3500

1800 FOR TABLES
TABLE TENNIS{5} 20 ATHLETES
=2700
918 FOR
SNOOKER{5} 20 ATHLETES
TABLES=1740
CLEANERS ROOM {-} STAFF 120

DUMPING ROOM {-} STAFF 100

EQUIPMENT STORAGE {-} STAFF 1200

GENERAL STORAGE {-} STAFF 1000

MENCHANICAL ROOM {-} STAFF 600

ELECTRIC ROOM {-} STAFF 300

SPECTATOR WC 40M+4FM STAFF+SPECTATORS 175 FOR 4=1995

REPAIRING AREA {-} STAFF 300

TOTAL AREA=21746 SQFT+5% PROVISION = 1100

TOTAL AREA=22846 SQFT

71
6- Site analysis

6.1-Site data

 Location:Dotar gali,dhamtour,Bypass,Abbottabad,Kpk.

 Latitude:34.1206743 / n 34° 07' 13''

 Longitude:73.2648702 / e 73° 15' 52''

 Site shape : Irregular

 Site dimensions :

 281kannals
 5630marlas
 1532949sqft

The site for sports complex abbottabad is proposed on newly built dhamtour bypass road.
The site is proposed by directorate of sports Kpk in 2022.

FIG SA- 1-Zoning of site selection

6.2-Site assessment

Before finalizing the site some important decisions are made to ensure the demand of rapidly changing
market in future,general location,social,economical and environmental impacts,accessibility and
general location.

Site is currently located in conjunction of semi urban and green field site,but the time of development
and finalization its in semi urban zone.
Local transportation system available from early morning to mid night.
One more advantage currently having of this site is low land cost which is going to increase in
upcoming year.

Current financial situation of government in Pakistan we can afford to have site of such large area in
urban or semi urban zone so its more feasible in terms of economic impact to have site in green field in
vision for future.in addition to that in Abbottabad region we don’t have such large scale land area
available as well in urban or semi urban area.

As the location is out of urban zone so the environmental impact on context is minimize and enhancing
the social context is much easier.
After addressing all the issues and their best possible solution we come to the decision that this site is
feasible for sports complex abbottabad due to its user friendly nature and future visions.

72
6.3-Location plans
6.3.1-Macro plan {islamabad-abbottabad}127km:1hr 43 mintues

FIG SA- 2-macro plan

6.3.2-Meso plan
1-{havalien interchange to site} 13km : 24mintues
2-{fawara chock to site} 18km : 28 minutes

FIG SA- 3-meso plan 1 FIG SA- 4-meso plan 2

6.3.3-Micro plan
{bypass to site}0.4km : 2 minutes

73
6.4-Imagery

FIG SA- 6-site views

FIG SA- 7-3d bird eye views

74
6.5-Site topography

FIG SA- 8-contour details 1

FIG SA- 9-topographic analysis

FIG SA- 10-contour lines

75
FIG SA- 11-steep analysis FIG SA- 12-terrain 3D

FIG SA- 13-site section

FIG SA- 15-color analysis of contour

FIG SA- 16-terrain 2D

76
6.6-Site dimension and tonality

FIG SA- 17-site axis and boundary

FIG SA- 18-Patwari dimensions FIG SA- 19-Tonality

77
6.7-Site context and analysis

FIG SA- 20- solar and wind analysis

FIG SA- 21-accessibility and permeability

FIG SA- 22-nodes,edges and legibility

78
 FIG SA- 23-contextual analysis

FIG SA- 24-temperature graph

FIG SA- 25-Richness and life style FIG SA- 26-flora and fauna

79
6.8-Swot analysis

6.8.1-Strenght

 maximum views on all sites

 appropriate climatic condition
for summer camps
 site richness interim of
 contour utilization
 hard strata
 easy access
 natural environment
 availability of dumping area
 proposed site by kpk
 Less land use value

6.8.2-Opportunity

 soon to be one of developed

 area of abbottabad
 ease of access not only
 for abbottabad and havalien
 but also for giliyat region
 land mark of that region

6.8.3Weakness

 Less amount of commercial area or health

facility nearby
 cutting and filling

6.8.4-Threat

 government setback
 wildernes

6.9-Conclusions

From all the above site assessments,SWOT and PEST analysis I would able to conclude that this site is
feasible for the sports complex and serve as the land mark for the region in the upcoming years.at the
inaugural opening time the facility nearby are also being developed and local transportation is also
enhance.the only major challenge is how to manage the cutting and filling in this process to be
architecturally and structurally sound

80
7- Design process
7.1-Zonning

Zonning
Out door facilities Indoor facilities Recreational zone Housing facilities
Athletic track Male gymnasium Open gym Players hostel
Football Ground Practice Hall Public park Staff hostel
Lawn tennis Gymnastic Hall Viewing deck Admin residence
Multi purpose ground Female gymnasium
Archery area Squash court
Cricket net Shooting Arena
Admin zone

81
7.2-Soft scaping and Hard scaping

7.3-Mater Plan Zoning and Development

7.3.1-Initial development phase

82
83
7.3.2-Development Phase 2

84
7.3.3-Development Phase 3

7.3.4-Development Phase 4

7.3.5-Development Phase 5

85
7.3.6-Development Phase 6

7.3.7-Conclusion
All these conceptual process and zoning help to generate the master plan with effective and productive
planning and circulation.All blocks are place in such A way that they can be sustain more in term of
light,ventilation and energy and also generate their own energy.Orientation of fields and courts are also
up-to standard.

86
7.4-Conceptual Sketches
Sketches focuses on development through various phases,in term of structure and facade and contour
analysis and form placement on it.It also help to identify the material ,techniques,various systems and
impacts of the form and structure

87
88
89
7.5-Detail process work of Main stadium,Gymnasium,Swimming Pool

7.5.1-Main Stadium Process Work

90
91
7.5.2-Gymnasium

92
7.5.3-Swimming Pool

93
8-Final Drawing
8.1 Master Plan

The site typology, circulation, and field orientation are the main areas of concentration in the master
plan.The arenas are set up to take full advantage of the terrain, i.e. less steep terrain.Each block has a
unique concept based on the research and design process.All the building pieces have sustainability as
their key thing in common.
There are regular green patches that serve as a place for connection and meeting as well as a healing
atmosphere.To take full advantage of the site's and its surroundings' views, the residence area is at the
top.
The ratio between the entire walkway and road is 1:12.Additionally, future zones are provided, and
steeper terrain is used for forest space.

94
8.2 3D Views

95
8.3 Master Plan Sections

96
8.4 Main Stadium

97
98
99
Details

Truss system 3d cutoff view

The complex's main stadium serves as its beating centre.It is the centre of all the facilities.In order to
prevent the most cutting and filling, it is situated in a less steep area.

Plans are put in place to make the most of the circulation pattern both on regular days and in an
emergency.Additionally, open seating on green space is offered to increase customer comfort.

The roofing system is constructed of a lightweight ETFE material that is not only sustainable but can
be adjusted during the day to let in the most light possible for the stands.

The native roofing system is the inspiration for the roof design.ETFE materials are molded using the
corresponding pattern.The tier's steps are similarly constructed of precast concrete, a sustainable
material.

Areas for administration, players, and services are used underneath the steps.A roofing system also
enables the gathering and storing of rainwater.

The roof's weight is supported by a one-way brace frame structure.Through ramps and steps, each
space is connected to the surrounding environment.

100
8.5 Main Stadium Section and Elevation

101
102
8.6 Main Stadium Renders

103
8.7 Gymnasium

104
8.8 Gymnasium Section and Elevation

105
106
8.9 Gymnasium Renders

107
8.10 Swimming Arena

108
8.11 Swimming Arena Section and Elevation

109
The design of the swimming pool is based on the swimmer's diving position.Additionally, it
incorporates the idea of air movement. It has a PTFE lightweight material roofing system.

To gain the most light and seclusion at the same time, louvers are available on the north and west
sides.Planning primarily considers the topography and context of the place.

Its placement in the master design is at a lower level to ensure minimal energy use in the water supply.

110
8.12 Swimming Arena Renders

111
 9-Special Note

This thesis research report assists the student in efficiently researching and planning sports programme.
I wanted to start by emphasizing designers and students of architecture that their first concern should
be the flow of the spaces.

They must also take the earthquake zone into account when designing the pavilion and arena
structures.Learn about new innovations and technology that can improve your design.

Last but not least, since it is currently the most important necessity, you must specifically focus on
sustainable and high-performance buildings.

“Do not follow where the path may lead. Go,instead where there is no path and leave a trail.”
Ralph Waldo Emerson

Feel free to contact if you have any queries

Email: [email protected]
Contact no :+92 3107055499

112
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{1}Satdium atlas stefan nixdorf

{2}History of stadium

Staium of 21st century by Jonathan Mayers

Stadia by Rob Shread

Sports and Architecture by Benjamin s Flower

Sportnz.org.nz/facilityguide

A blue print for successful stadium development by Von Gerken ,Marg and partners Architects

Uefa guide to quality stadiums by UEFA

Sports Halls Design & Layouts by Sports England

Expanding the field: a new prototype for stadium design BY Joseph John Blecha

“Şahin, Mustafa. (2010)|. CARL DIEM AND THE OLYMPICS. Ovidius University Annals, Series
Physical Education and Sport.

Spampinato, Angelo. “Stadium History”. World Stadiums.

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https://www.britannica.com/technology/construction/Concrete-structures

https://skyciv.com/technical/steel-vs-timber-vs-
concrete/#:~:text=It%20is%20durable%2C%20results%20in,similar%20to%20that%20of%20concrete.

https://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/cantilever-
beams/167474/#:~:text=What%20is%20the%20maximum%20span,or%20pre%2Dstressed%20structur
al%20unit.

https://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/cantilevered-beams-trusses-applications-advantages/36236/

https://www.bdir.com/product/lightweight-etfe-film-roof-facade-for-football-olympics-
stadium#:~:text=%22ETFE%22%20is%20an%20ethylene%20%2D,usually%200.05%20to%200.25%2
0mm.

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