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Sets, Relations and Functions
 Cartesian Product of two Sets

1.7
 Cartesian Product of two Sets
Let A and B be two non-empty sets.
The Cartesian product of the sets A and B is defined as
A × B = { (a, b) : a ∈ A and b ∈ B }

Ex. If A = {1, 3} and B = {a, b, c}, then

A×B=
Ex. If A = {1, 3}, then
1.7
A×A=
Let A and B be two non-empty sets.
The Cartesian product of the sets A and B is defined as
A × B = { (a, b) : a ∈ A and b ∈ B }

Ex. If A = {1, 3} and B = {a, b, c}, then

A × B = {(1, a), (1, b), (1, c), (3, a), (3, b), (3, c)}
Ex. If A = {1, 3}, then
A × A = {(1, 1), (1, 3), (3, 1), (3, 3)}
Results

If n(A) = p and n(B) = q, then n(A × B) = pq

 Question!

Q If A = {1, 3} and B = {5, 6, 9} then number of subsets of A × B is

A 6 B 26 C 25 D 23

Hint

Number of subsets of P = 2n(P)

 Question!

Q If A = {1, 3} and B = {5, 6, 9} then number of subsets of A × B is

A 6 B 26 C 25 D 23
Solution :

A = {1, 3}, n(A) = 2

B = {5, 6, 9}, n(B) = 3
Number of subsets of A × B = 2n(A) × n(B)
= 22 × 3
= 26
Relations
 Relations
Definition
Let A and B be two non-empty sets.
Any subset of A × B is called a relation from A to B.
 Definition
Let A and B be two non-empty sets.
Any subset of A × B is called a relation from A to B.

Ex. Let A = {1, 3, 5} and B = {6, 7}, then

A×B=
 Definition
Let A and B be two non-empty sets.
Any subset of A × B is called a relation from A to B.

Ex. Let A = {1, 3, 5} and B = {6, 7}, then

A × B = { (1, 6), (1, 7), (3, 6), (3, 7), (5, 6), (5, 7) }
Consider,
R1 = { (1, 6), (3, 6), (5, 7) } and
R2 = { (3, 7) }
Clearly R1 and R2, being subsets of A × B,
are relations from A to B.
 Question!

Q Find number of relations from A = {1, 3} and B = {5, 6, 9}

Solution :
n(A) = 2
n(B) = 3
Number of relations
= 2n(A)n(B) = 22× 3 = 26
 Relations

Results

Number of relations from A to B = 2n(A) × n(B)

Description of Relations
 Description of Relations
There are three ways to describe a relation.
Let’s do it by examples. 1
1
3
Let A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {1, 3, 5, 7} 2
5
3
7
(1) R = {(1,1), (2, 3), (3, 5)}
A B
(or)
 Description of Relations
There are three ways to describe a relation.
Let’s do it by examples. 1
1
3
Let A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {1, 3, 5, 7} 2
5
3
7
(1) R = {(1,1), (2, 3), (3, 5)}
A B
(or)
(2) R = {(x, y) : y = 2x – 1, x ∊ A and y ∊ B}
(or)
 Description of Relations
There are three ways to describe a relation.
Let’s do it by examples. 1
1
3
Let A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {1, 3, 5, 7} 2
5
3
7
(1) R = {(1,1), (2, 3), (3, 5)}
A B
(or)
(2) R = {(x, y) : y = 2x – 1, x ∊ A and y ∊ B}
(or)
(3) x R y ⇔ y = 2x – 1; x ∊ A and y ∊ B
Note

(a) If (x, y) ∈ R, then we call y as the image of x

and x as the pre-image of y.
(b) Relation from A to A (i.e., subset of A × A) is also called
relation on A, in short.
Domain and Range of a Relation

1
1
3
2
5
3
7

A B
 Domain and Range of a Relation

Domain of R = {x : (x, y) ∈ R}
Range of R = {y : (x, y) ∈ R}
If R is a relation from A to B, then B is called co-domain.
 Observations
Consider a relation x R y ⇔ y = x + 1 defined on A = {1, -1, 2, 3, 4}

Venn Diagram Depiction

Domain of R = -1 -1
1 1
2 2
Range of R =
3 3
4 4

A A
 Observations
Consider a relation x R y ⇔ y = x + 1 defined on A = {1, -1, 2, 3, 4}

Venn Diagram Depiction

Domain of R = { 1, 2, 3 } -1 -1
1 1
2 2
Range of R = {2, 3, 4 }
3 3
4 4

A A
 Question!

Q Given R = {(x, y) : x, y ∈ W, x2 + y2 = 25}. Find the domain and

Range of R.
Solution :

According to the question,

R = {(x, y) : x, y ∈ W, x2 + y2 = 25}
R = {(0, 5) (3, 4), (4, 3), (5, 0)}
The domain of R consists of all the first elements of all the ordered pairs of R.
Domain of R = {0, 3, 4, 5}
The range of R contains all the second elements of all the ordered pairs of R.
Range of R = {5, 4, 3, 0}
Types of Relation
 Types of Relation
(1) Empty Relation
Let A be a set and ɸ ⊂ A ✕ A, it follows that ɸ is a relation on
A which is called the empty relation.
(2) Universal Relation
Let A be a set and A ✕ A ⊆ A ✕ A, it follows that A ✕ A is a
relation on A which is called the universal relation.

(3) Identity Relation

If every element of A is related to itself only, then the relation
is called identity relation. Symbolically, the relation
IA = {(a, a) : a ∈ A} is called an Identity relation on A.
Remark

Relations can be further categorized as

(a) reflexive relation
(b) symmetric relation
(c) transitive relation
(d) equivalence relation
These will be covered in class XII
Functions
Introduction to Functions
 Introduction to Functions
We all are already familiar with the term function,
like we used to find values of f (x) = x2 at x = 1, 2, 3 etc.
and many more such functions.

Basically, function is just a relation having 2 particular

characteristics.
Definition of a Function and associated terms
Definition of a Function and associated terms
Definition
Let A and B be two non empty sets.
A function from A to B, i.e., f : A ⟶ B, is a relation such that
(a) all the elements of A are related to the elements of B and
(b) no element of A is related to more than one element of B
 Question!

Q Which of the following relations on the set {4, 5, 6} is not a function

on the same set?

A {(4, 4), (5, 5), (6, 6)}

B {(4, 5), (5, 5), (6, 4)}

C {(4, 6), (5, 4), (6, 5)}

D {(4, 5), (5, 4), (5, 6)}

 Question!

Q Which of the following relations on the set {4, 5, 6} is not a function

on the same set?

A {(4, 4), (5, 5), (6, 6)}

B {(4, 5), (5, 5), (6, 4)}

C {(4, 6), (5, 4), (6, 5)}

D {(4, 5), (5, 4), (5, 6)}

Solution :

Observe that, only in the case of the relation

{(4, 5), (5, 4), (5, 6)},the element “5” is assigned to
two different elements “4” and “6”.
So, it is not a function.
Example

f : A → B , where A = {-1, 1, 2} and B = {1, 4, 9} defined by

>
f (x) = x2 is a function for which f

(1) A = {-1, 1, 2} is called the domain of f -1 1

1 4
(2) B = {1, 4, 9} is called the co-domain of f
2 9
(3) {1, 4} is called the range of f ,
A B
which is the collection of all images.
Observation

> >
f f

A B A B

Both are relations, but neither is a function from A to B.

Observation

Vertical Line Test

Neither of the above graphs represent functions.
Classification of Functions
 Classification of Functions
Formally, this topic will be covered in more detail in XIIth
standard.
 Classification of Functions
Injectivity
If no two inputs have the same image, then the function is
called one-one (or injective), otherwise it’s called many-one.

> >
f f

A B A B
Ex. One-one functions ⟶ y = x3, y = 2x + 1 etc.
Many to one functions ⟶ y = x2, y = cos x etc.

Formally, to check it we solve

f(x1) = f(x2)
If we get x1 = x2 only, then it’s one-one otherwise it’s many-one.
 Question!

Q Check whether the following functions are one-one or many-one

(a) f(x) = x2
(b) f(x) = x5
(c) f(x) = x2, x ∈ R+
 Question!

Q Check whether the following functions are one-one or many-one

(a) f(x) = x2
Solution :

Let f(x1) = f(x2)

⇒ x12 = x22
⇒ x1 = ± x2
Since we didn’t get x1 = x2 only.
Thus, f (x) is many-one.
 Question!

Q Check whether the following functions are one-one or many-one

(b) f(x) = x5
Solution :

Let f(x1) = f(x2)

⇒ x15 = x25
⇒ x1 = x2
Since we got x1 = x2
Thus, f (x) is one-one.
 Question!

Q Check whether the following function is one-one or many-one

(c)
Solution :

Let f(x1) = f(x2)

⇒ x12 = x22
⇒ x1 = x2 since x ∈ R+
Since we got x1 = x2
Thus, f (x) is one-one.
 Horizontal Line Test
(a) (b)

(a) A horizontal line cuts the graph at 2 points. So, it is not one-one function
(b) No horizontal line cuts the graph at more than one point.
So, it is one-one function
 Classification of Functions
Surjectivity
If Range = Codomain, then function is called onto,
otherwise it’s into.

Formally, to check it we find range of y = f (x) and compare it

with codomain.
We will be learning methods to find range in some time.
Surjectivity
If Range = Codomain, then function is called onto,
otherwise it’s into.

Formally, to check it we find range of y = f (x) and compare it

with codomain.
We will be learning methods to find range in some time.
 Sets, Relations and Functions
Domain of a Function
 Domain of a Function
Here, in this section, we will learn how do we find domain of a given
function.

Domain
It’s primarily a collection of values of x for which
the function y = f (x) is defined.
 Question!

Q Consider the following

 Rules to find Domain
1 is defined if
(1) 一 ≠0

(1) is defined if ≥0
(2) logba is defined if a > 0 and b > 0, b ≠ 1

Note: Domain of f (x) + g(x) is intersection of domains of f (x) and g(x) .

 Question!

Q Find the domain of the following,

 Question!

Q Find the domain of the following.

Ex
Solution :

As denominator is polynomial so its domain is all real

numbers except where it is zero.
∴ Domain = - {± 3}
 Question!

Q Find the domain of the following.

Ex
Solution :

For domain,
 Question!

Q Find the domain of the following.

Ex
Solution :

For domain,
x2 – 9 > 0
x2 > 9
x < -3 or x > 3
 Question!

Q Find the domain of the following.

Ex
Solution :

For domain,
x2 – 4 > 0
x2 > 4
x < -2 or x > 2
 Question!

Q Find the domain of the following.

Ex
 Question!

Q Find the domain of the following.

Ex
Solution :

For domain,
2
x > 0 & ≠ 1 and 4 - x > 0
x > 0 & ≠ 1 and x2 < 4 , that is -2 < x < 2
Taking common,
 Question!

Q Find the domain of the following.

Ex
Solution :

For domain,

x2 - 4 ≥ 0 and x - 5 > 0
x2 ≥ 4 and x > 5
x ≤ -2 or x ≥ 2 and x > 5

Thus,
 Question!

Q Find the domain of

Ex
 Solution :

For domain,

− + − + −
−3/2 1 3/2 2

Thus,
 Question!

Q Find the domain:

Solution :
 Question!

Q Solve for x.

Ex
 Solution :

...(1)
Taking common, we get
Here,

Now squaring (1) on both sides

MASTER CLASS
TEACHER TEACHER
 Jee 2021

100 %ilers : 17
99 percentilers
Jee 2021 307+
 548
JEE Adv.
2020
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