Transmission of material in this news release is embargoed until USDL-23-0151

8:30 a.m. (ET) Friday, February 3, 2023

Technical information:
Household data: (202) 691-6378 • [email protected] • www.bls.gov/cps
Establishment data: (202) 691-6555 • [email protected] • www.bls.gov/ces

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • [email protected]

THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION — JANUARY 2023

Total nonfarm payroll employment rose by 517,000 in January, and the unemployment rate changed
little at 3.4 percent, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Job growth was widespread, led
by gains in leisure and hospitality, professional and business services, and health care. Employment also
increased in government, partially reflecting the return of workers from a strike.

Chart 1. Unemployment rate, seasonally adjusted, Chart 2. Nonfarm payroll employment over-the-month change,
January 2021 – January 2023 seasonally adjusted, January 2021 – January 2023
Percent Thousands

7.0 1,000
900
6.5
800
6.0 700
5.5 600
500
5.0
400
4.5 300
4.0 200
100
3.5 0
3.0 -100
Jan-21 Apr-21 Jul-21 Oct-21 Jan-22 Apr-22 Jul-22 Oct-22 Jan-23 Jan-21 Apr-21 Jul-21 Oct-21 Jan-22 Apr-22 Jul-22 Oct-22 Jan-23

This news release presents statistics from two monthly surveys. The household survey measures labor
force status, including unemployment, by demographic characteristics. The establishment survey
measures nonfarm employment, hours, and earnings by industry. For more information about the
concepts and statistical methodology used in these two surveys, see the Technical Note.

Changes to The Employment Situation Data

Establishment survey data have been revised as a result of the annual benchmarking process, the NAICS
2022 conversion, and the updating of seasonal adjustment factors. Also, household survey data for
January 2023 reflect updated population estimates. See the notes beginning on page 4 for more
information.
Household Survey Data

Both the unemployment rate, at 3.4 percent, and the number of unemployed persons, at 5.7 million,
changed little in January. The unemployment rate has shown little net movement since early 2022. (See
table A-1. See the note on page 5 and tables B and C for more information about annual population
adjustments to the household survey estimates.)

Among the major worker groups, the unemployment rates for adult men (3.2 percent), adult women
(3.1 percent), teenagers (10.3 percent), Whites (3.1 percent), Blacks (5.4 percent), Asians (2.8 percent),
and Hispanics (4.5 percent) showed little change in January. (See tables A-1, A-2, and A-3.)

The number of persons jobless less than 5 weeks decreased to 1.9 million in January. The number of
long-term unemployed (those jobless for 27 weeks or more) was essentially unchanged at 1.1 million.
The long-term unemployed accounted for 19.4 percent of the total unemployed in January. (See table A-
12.)

In January, both the labor force participation rate, at 62.4 percent, and the employment-population
ratio, at 60.2 percent, were unchanged after removing the effects of the annual adjustments to the
population controls. These measures have shown little net change since early 2022 and remain below
their pre-pandemic February 2020 levels (63.3 percent and 61.1 percent, respectively). (See table A-1.
For additional information about the effects of the population adjustments, see table C.)

The number of persons employed part time for economic reasons, at 4.1 million, was little changed in
January. These individuals, who would have preferred full-time employment, were working part time
because their hours had been reduced or they were unable to find full-time jobs. (See table A-8.)

The number of persons not in the labor force who currently want a job was 5.3 million in January,
little changed from the prior month. These individuals were not counted as unemployed because they
were not actively looking for work during the 4 weeks preceding the survey or were unavailable to take
a job. (See table A-1.)

Among those not in the labor force who wanted a job, the number of persons marginally attached to
the labor force, at 1.4 million, changed little in January. These individuals wanted and were available
for work and had looked for a job sometime in the prior 12 months but had not looked for work in the 4
weeks preceding the survey. The number of discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached
who believed that no jobs were available for them, was also little changed over the month at 342,000.
(See Summary table A.)

Establishment Survey Data

Total nonfarm payroll employment rose by 517,000 in January, compared with an average monthly
gain of 401,000 in 2022. Job growth was widespread in January, led by gains in leisure and hospitality,
professional and business services, and health care. Employment also increased in government, partially
reflecting the return of workers from a strike. (See table B-1. See the note on page 4 and table A for
more information about the annual benchmark process.)

Leisure and hospitality added 128,000 jobs in January compared with an average of 89,000 jobs per
month in 2022. Over the month, food services and drinking places added 99,000 jobs, while

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employment continued to trend up in accommodation (+15,000). Employment in leisure and hospitality
remains below its pre-pandemic February 2020 level by 495,000, or 2.9 percent.

In January, employment in professional and business services rose by 82,000, led by gains in
professional, scientific, and technical services (+41,000). Job growth in professional and business
services averaged 63,000 per month in 2022.

Government employment increased by 74,000 in January. Employment in state government education

increased by 35,000, reflecting the return of university workers after a strike.

Health care added 58,000 jobs in January. Job growth occurred in ambulatory health care services
(+30,000), nursing and residential care facilities (+17,000), and hospitals (+11,000). In 2022, health care
added an average of 47,000 jobs per month.

Employment in retail trade rose by 30,000 in January, following little net growth in 2022 (an average
of +7,000 per month). In January, job gains in general merchandise retailers (+16,000) and in furniture,
home furnishings, electronics, and appliance retailers (+7,000) were partially offset by a decline in
health and personal care retailers (-6,000).

Construction added 25,000 jobs in January, reflecting an employment gain in specialty trade
contractors (+22,000). Employment in the construction industry grew by an average of 22,000 per
month in 2022.

In January, transportation and warehousing added 23,000 jobs, the same as the industry’s average
monthly gain in 2022. Over the month, employment in support activities for transportation increased by
7,000.

Employment in social assistance increased by 21,000 in January, little different from the 2022 average
gain of 19,000 per month.

Manufacturing employment continued to trend up in January (+19,000). In 2022, manufacturing added

an average of 33,000 jobs per month.

Employment showed little change over the month in other major industries, including mining,
quarrying, and oil and gas extraction; wholesale trade; information; financial activities; and other
services.

In January, average hourly earnings for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls rose by 10 cents, or
0.3 percent, to $33.03. Over the past 12 months, average hourly earnings have increased by 4.4 percent.
In January, average hourly earnings of private-sector production and nonsupervisory employees rose
by 7 cents, or 0.2 percent, to $28.26. (See tables B-3 and B-8.)

The average workweek for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls rose by 0.3 hour to 34.7 hours in
January. In manufacturing, the average workweek increased by 0.4 hour to 40.5 hours, and overtime
increased by 0.1 hour to 3.1 hours. The average workweek for production and nonsupervisory
employees on private nonfarm payrolls increased by 0.2 hour to 34.1 hours. (See tables B-2 and B-7.)

The change in total nonfarm payroll employment for November was revised up by 34,000, from
+256,000 to +290,000, and the change for December was revised up by 37,000, from +223,000 to

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+260,000. With these revisions, employment gains in November and December combined were 71,000
higher than previously reported. (Monthly revisions result from additional reports received from
businesses and government agencies since the last published estimates and from the recalculation of
seasonal factors. The annual benchmark process also contributed to the November and December
revisions.)

_____________
The Employment Situation for February is scheduled to be released on Friday, March 10, 2023, at
8:30 a.m. (ET).

Revisions to Establishment Survey Data

In accordance with annual practice, the establishment survey data released today have been
benchmarked to reflect comprehensive counts of payroll jobs for March 2022. These counts are derived
principally from the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW), which counts jobs covered
by the Unemployment Insurance (UI) tax system. In addition, the basis for industry classification in the
establishment survey has been revised from the 2017 North American Industry Classification System
(NAICS) to NAICS 2022. Approximately 10 percent of employment was reclassified into different
industries as a result of the NAICS revision. Implementation of NAICS 2022 resulted in major revisions
reflecting content and coding changes in the retail trade and information sectors, as well as minor
revisions within the mining and logging, manufacturing, wholesale trade, financial activities, and other
services sectors. Many industry titles and descriptions were also updated to better reflect official NAICS
titles.

Revisions due to both the NAICS 2022 conversion and the benchmark process affected more historical
data than typical in the annual benchmark process. The NAICS revisions are reflected for the entire
history of affected industries for both seasonally and not seasonally adjusted data. Details of the updated
titles and new, discontinued, and collapsed industries (and resulting changes to tables B-1 through B-9)
are available at www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cesnewseries.htm.

The total nonfarm employment level for March 2022 was revised upward by 568,000 (+506,000 on a not
seasonally adjusted basis, or +0.3 percent). The average not seasonally adjusted benchmark revision (in
absolute terms) over the past 10 years is 0.1 percent.

The over-the-year change in total nonfarm employment for March 2022 was revised from +6,425,000 to
+7,096,000 (seasonally adjusted). Table A presents revised total nonfarm employment data on a
seasonally adjusted basis from January to December 2022.

All revised historical establishment survey data are available on the BLS website at
www.bls.gov/ces/data/home.htm. In addition, an article that discusses the benchmark and post-
benchmark revisions and other technical issues is available at www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cesbmart.htm.

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Table A. Revisions to total nonfarm employment, January to December 2022, seasonally adjusted
(Numbers in thousands)

Level Over-the-month change

Year and month As As
As revised previously Difference As revised previously Difference
published published
2022
January……………………. 150,106 149,744 362 364 504 -140
February…………………… 151,010 150,458 552 904 714 190
March....…………………… 151,424 150,856 568 414 398 16
April....…………………… 151,678 151,224 454 254 368 -114
May......…………………… 152,042 151,610 432 364 386 -22
June.....……………………… 152,412 151,903 509 370 293 77
July.....……………………… 152,980 152,440 540 568 537 31
August...…………………… 153,332 152,732 600 352 292 60
September………………… 153,682 153,001 681 350 269 81
October..…………………… 154,006 153,264 742 324 263 61
November.………………… 154,296 153,520 776 290 256 34
December (p)……...……… 154,556 153,743 813 260 223 37

(p) = preliminary.

Adjustments to Population Estimates for the Household Survey

Effective with data for January 2023, updated population estimates were incorporated into the household
survey. Population estimates for the household survey are developed by the U.S. Census Bureau. Each
year, the Census Bureau updates the estimates to reflect new information and assumptions about the
growth of the population since the previous decennial census. The change in population reflected in the
new estimates results from adjustments for net international migration, updated vital statistics, and
improvements in estimation methodology.

In accordance with usual practice, BLS will not revise the official household survey estimates for
December 2022 and earlier months. However, to show the impact of the population adjustments, table B
displays differences in selected December labor force series based on the old and new population
estimates.

The adjustments increased the estimated size of the civilian noninstitutional population in December by
954,000, the civilian labor force by 871,000, employment by 810,000, and unemployment by 60,000.
The number of persons not in the labor force increased by 82,000. Although the total unemployment rate
was unaffected, the employment-population ratio and labor force participation rate each increased by 0.1
percentage point.

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Data users are cautioned that these annual population adjustments can affect the comparability of
household data series over time. Table C shows the effect of the introduction of new population
estimates on the change in selected labor force measures between December 2022 and January 2023.
Additional information on the population adjustments and their effect on national labor force estimates
is available at www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cps-pop-control-adjustments.pdf.

Population controls for veterans, which are derived from a Department of Veterans Affairs population
model and are updated periodically, have also been updated with the release of data for January 2023.
Historical data have not been revised.

Table B. Effect of the updated population controls on December 2022 estimates by sex, race, and Hispanic
or Latino ethnicity, not seasonally adjusted
(Numbers in thousands)
Black or Hispanic or
Category Total Men Women White African Asian Latino
American ethnicity

Civilian noninstitutional population....... 954 869 84 309 153 437 291

Civilian labor force.......................... 871 857 14 365 168 291 289
Participation rate....................... 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2
Employed..................................... 810 812 -2 335 149 282 271
Employment-population ratio....... 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2
Unemployed................................. 60 45 16 30 20 8 19
Unemployment rate................... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1
Not in labor force........................... 82 13 71 -56 -15 146 2
NOTE: Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding. Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or
African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. Persons whose
ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Table C. December 2022-January 2023 changes in selected labor force measures, with
adjustments for population control effects
(Numbers in thousands)
Dec.-Jan. change, after
Dec.-Jan. change, 2023 population
Category removing the population
as published control effect
control effect ¹

Civilian noninstitutional population....... 1,118 954 164

Civilian labor force.......................... 866 871 -5
Participation rate....................... 0.1 0.1 0.0
Employed..................................... 894 810 84
Employment-population ratio....... 0.1 0.1 0.0
Unemployed................................. -28 60 -88
Unemployment rate................... -0.1 0.0 -0.1
Not in labor force........................... 252 82 170
¹ This Dec.-Jan. change is calculated by subtracting the population control effect from the
over-the-month change in the published seasonally adjusted estimates.
NOTE: Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding.

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HOUSEHOLD DATA
Summary table A. Household data, seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Change from:
Jan. Nov. Dec. Jan.
Category Dec. 2022-
2022 2022 2022 2023
Jan. 2023

Employment status
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263,202 264,708 264,844 265,962 –
Civilian labor force.......................................................... . 163,633 164,527 164,966 165,832 –
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.2 62.2 62.3 62.4 –
Employed.................................................................. . 157,122 158,527 159,244 160,138 –
Employment-population ratio......................................... . 59.7 59.9 60.1 60.2 –
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,511 6,000 5,722 5,694 –
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.0 3.6 3.5 3.4 –
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99,570 100,181 99,878 100,130 –
Unemployment rates
Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.0 3.6 3.5 3.4 –
Adult men (20 years and over). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.8 3.3 3.1 3.2 –
Adult women (20 years and over). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6 3.3 3.2 3.1 –
Teenagers (16 to 19 years). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.9 11.3 10.4 10.3 –
White. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 3.3 3.0 3.1 –
Black or African American. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.9 5.7 5.7 5.4 –
Asian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5 2.6 2.4 2.8 –
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity................................................ . 4.9 4.0 4.1 4.5 –
Total, 25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 3.0 2.8 2.8 –
Less than a high school diploma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3 4.4 5.0 4.5 –
High school graduates, no college. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5 3.9 3.6 3.7 –
Some college or associate degree. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5 3.2 2.9 2.9 –
Bachelor’s degree and higher............................................. . 2.3 2.0 1.9 2.0 –
Reason for unemployment
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,217 2,761 2,629 2,529 –
Job leavers..................................................................... . 953 829 825 884 –
Reentrants...................................................................... . 1,995 1,798 1,767 1,817 –
New entrants................................................................... . 438 558 497 531 –
Duration of unemployment
Less than 5 weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,428 2,244 2,233 1,946 –
5 to 14 weeks.................................................................. . 1,619 1,694 1,639 1,785 –
15 to 26 weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 819 821 826 890 –
27 weeks and over............................................................ . 1,683 1,215 1,069 1,111 –
Employed persons at work part time
Part time for economic reasons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,735 3,688 3,878 4,050 –
Slack work or business conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,412 2,546 2,648 2,685 –
Could only find part-time work. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 975 826 911 999 –
Part time for noneconomic reasons......................................... . 20,236 21,226 21,628 22,083 –
Persons not in the labor force
Marginally attached to the labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,527 1,491 1,260 1,354 –
Discouraged workers....................................................... . 406 406 410 342 –

- December - January changes in household data are not shown due to the introduction of updated population controls.
NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will
not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced
annually with the release of January data.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Summary table B. Establishment data, seasonally adjusted

Jan. Nov. Dec. Jan.

Category 2022 2022 2022p 2023p

EMPLOYMENT BY SELECTED INDUSTRY

(Over-the-month change, in thousands)
Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364 290 260 517
Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 228 269 443
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 41 43 46
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -1 8 5 2
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -4 19 26 25
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 14 12 19
Durable goods1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 14 25 4
Motor vehicles and parts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.3 5.7 9.0 -6.5
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 0 -13 15
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317 187 226 397
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.8 -0.4 10.5 11.3
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.1 -45.6 1.4 30.1
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.8 -37.1 13.0 22.9
Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1 -0.9 -0.1 -0.7
Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 13 -5 -5
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 11 11 6
Professional and business services1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 0 39 82
Temporary help services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.4 -48.5 -40.9 25.9
Private education and health services1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -5 95 76 105
Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -20.9 82.6 80.3 79.2
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 123 64 128
Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -7 29 16 18
Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 62 -9 74
(3-month average change, in thousands)
Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516 321 291 356
Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503 290 265 313
WOMEN AND PRODUCTION AND NONSUPERVISORY EMPLOYEES
AS A PERCENT OF ALL EMPLOYEES2
Total nonfarm women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49.7 49.8 49.8 49.8
Total private women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.3 48.4 48.4 48.4
Total private production and nonsupervisory employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81.5 81.4 81.3 81.4
HOURS AND EARNINGS
ALL EMPLOYEES
Total private
Average weekly hours. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.6 34.5 34.4 34.7
Average hourly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $31.63 $32.80 $32.93 $33.03
Average weekly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,094.40 $1,131.60 $1,132.79 $1,146.14
Index of aggregate weekly hours (2007=100)3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111.2 114.3 114.2 115.6
Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.3 -0.1 -0.1 1.2
Index of aggregate weekly payrolls (2007=100)4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168.2 179.2 179.8 182.5
Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.4 0.3 0.3 1.5
DIFFUSION INDEX
(Over 1-month span)5
Total private (250 industries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66.6 63.4 65.4 69.0
Manufacturing (72 industries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.8 59.7 56.3 56.3

1
Includes other industries, not shown separately.
2
Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the
service-providing industries.
3
The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding annual average aggregate
hours.
4
The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding annual average
aggregate weekly payrolls.
5
Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal
balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment.
p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
Frequently Asked Questions about Employment and Unemployment Estimates
1. Why are there two monthly measures of employment?

The household survey and establishment survey both produce sample-based estimates of
employment, and both have strengths and limitations. The establishment survey employment series
has a smaller margin of error on the measurement of month-to-month change than the household
survey because of its much larger sample size. An over-the-month employment change of about
130,000 is statistically significant in the establishment survey, while the threshold for a statistically
significant change in the household survey is about 600,000. However, the household survey has a
more expansive scope than the establishment survey because it includes self-employed workers
whose businesses are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, agricultural workers, and private
household workers, who are excluded by the establishment survey. The household survey also
provides estimates of employment for demographic groups. For more information on the differences
between the two surveys, please visit www.bls.gov/web/empsit/ces_cps_trends.htm.

2. Are undocumented immigrants counted in the surveys?

It is likely that both surveys include at least some undocumented immigrants. However, neither the
establishment nor the household survey is designed to identify the legal status of workers. Therefore,
it is not possible to determine how many are counted in either survey. The establishment survey does
not collect data on the legal status of workers. The household survey does include questions which
identify the foreign and native born, but it does not include questions about the legal status of the
foreign born. Data on the foreign and native born are published each month in table A-7 of The
Employment Situation news release.

3. Why does the establishment survey have revisions?

The establishment survey revises published estimates to improve its data series by incorporating
additional information that was not available at the time of the initial publication of the estimates.
The establishment survey revises its initial monthly estimates twice, in the immediately succeeding
2 months, to incorporate additional sample receipts from respondents in the survey and recalculated
seasonal adjustment factors. For more information on the monthly revisions, please visit
www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cestn.htm#section7.

On an annual basis, the establishment survey incorporates a benchmark revision that re-anchors
estimates to nearly complete employment counts available from unemployment insurance tax
records. The benchmark helps to control for sampling and modeling errors in the estimates. For more
information on the annual benchmark revision, please visit www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cesbmart.htm.

4. Does the establishment survey sample include small firms?

Yes; about 40 percent of the establishment survey sample is comprised of business establishments
with fewer than 20 employees. The establishment survey sample is designed to maximize the
reliability of the statewide total nonfarm employment estimate; firms from all states, size classes, and
industries are appropriately sampled to achieve that goal.
5. Does the establishment survey account for employment from new businesses?

Yes; monthly establishment survey estimates include an adjustment to account for the net
employment change generated by business births and deaths. The adjustment comes from an
econometric model that forecasts the monthly net jobs impact of business births and deaths based
on the actual past values of the net impact that can be observed with a lag from the Quarterly Census
of Employment and Wages. The establishment survey uses modeling rather than sampling for this
purpose because the survey is not immediately able to bring new businesses into the sample. There
is an unavoidable lag between the birth of a new firm and its appearance on the sampling frame and
availability for selection. BLS adds new businesses to the survey twice a year.
6. Is the count of unemployed persons limited to just those people receiving unemployment
insurance benefits?

No; the estimate of unemployment is based on a monthly sample survey of households. All persons
who are without jobs and are actively seeking and available to work are included among the
unemployed. (People on temporary layoff are included even if they do not actively seek work.) There
is no requirement or question relating to unemployment insurance benefits in the monthly survey.
7. Does the official unemployment rate exclude people who want a job but are not currently
looking for work?

Yes; however, there are separate estimates of persons outside the labor force who want a job,
including those who are not currently looking because they believe no jobs are available (discouraged
workers). In addition, alternative measures of labor underutilization (some of which include
discouraged workers and other groups not officially counted as unemployed) are published each
month in table A-15 of The Employment Situation news release. For more information about these
alternative measures, please visit www.bls.gov/cps/lfcharacteristics.htm#altmeasures.
8. How can unusually severe weather affect employment and hours estimates?

In the establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period that includes the 12th of the
month. Unusually severe weather is more likely to have an impact on average weekly hours than
on employment. Average weekly hours are estimated for paid time during the pay period, including
pay for holidays, sick leave, or other time off. The impact of severe weather on hours estimates
typically, but not always, results in a reduction in average weekly hours. For example, some
employees may be off work for part of the pay period and not receive pay for the time missed,
while some workers, such as those dealing with cleanup or repair, may work extra hours.
Typically, it is not possible to precisely quantify the effect of extreme weather on payroll
employment estimates. In order for severe weather conditions to reduce employment estimates,
employees have to be off work without pay for the entire pay period. Employees
who receive pay for any part of the pay period, even 1 hour, are counted in the payroll
employment figures. For more information on how often employees are paid, please visit
www.bls.gov/ces/publications/length-pay-period.htm.
In the household survey, the reference period is generally the calendar week that includes the 12th
of the month. Persons who miss the entire week's work for weather-related events are counted as
employed whether or not they are paid for the time off. The household survey collects data on the
number of persons who had a job but were not at work due to bad weather. It also provides a measure
of the number of persons who usually work full time but had reduced hours due to bad weather.
Current and historical data are available on the household survey's most requested statistics page,
please visit data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/surveymost?ln.
Technical Note
This news release presents statistics from two major unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent
surveys, the Current Population Survey (CPS; household of the labor force. The labor force participation rate is the
survey) and the Current Employment Statistics survey (CES; labor force as a percent of the population, and
establishment survey). The household survey provides the employment-population ratio is the employed as a
information on the labor force, employment, and percent of the population. Additional information
unemployment that appears in the "A" tables, marked about the household survey can be found at
HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about 60,000 www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.
eligible households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for
the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). Establishment survey. The sample establishments are
The establishment survey provides information on drawn from private nonfarm businesses such as factories,
employment, hours, and earnings of employees on nonfarm offices, and stores, as well as from federal, state, and local
payrolls; the data appear in the "B" tables, marked government entities. Employees on nonfarm payrolls are
ESTABLISHMENT DATA. BLS collects these data each those who worked or received pay for any part of the
month from the payroll records of a sample of reference pay period, including persons on paid leave.
nonagricultural business establishments. Each month the Persons are counted in each job they hold. Hours and
CES program surveys about 122,000 businesses and earnings data are produced for the private sector for all
government agencies, representing approximately 666,000 employees and for production and nonsupervisory
individual worksites, in order to provide detailed industry employees. Production and nonsupervisory employees are
data on employment, hours, and earnings of workers on defined as production and related employees in
nonfarm payrolls. The active sample includes approximately manufacturing and mining and logging, construction
one-third of all nonfarm payroll jobs. workers in construction, and non-supervisory employees in
For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a private service-providing industries.
particular week or pay period. In the household survey, the Industries are classified on the basis of an
reference period is generally the calendar week that contains establishment's principal activity in accordance with the
the 12th day of the month. In the establishment survey, the 2022 version of the North American Industry Classification
reference period is the pay period including the 12th, which System. Additional information about the establishment
may or may not correspond directly to the calendar week. survey can be found at www.bls.gov/ces/.

Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys Differences in employment estimates. The numerous
conceptual and methodological differences between the
Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect household and establishment surveys result in important
the entire civilian noninstitutional population. Based on distinctions in the employment estimates derived from the
responses to a series of questions on work and job search surveys. Among these are:
activities, each person 16 years and over in a sample
household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in • The household survey includes agricultural
the labor force. workers, self-employed workers whose businesses
People are classified as employed if they did any work are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, and
at all as paid employees during the reference week; worked private household workers among the employed.
in their own business, profession, or on their own farm; or These groups are excluded from the establishment
worked without pay at least 15 hours in a family business or survey.
farm. People are also counted as employed if they were
temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, bad • The household survey includes people on unpaid
weather, vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal leave among the employed. The establishment
reasons. survey does not.
People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of
the following criteria: they had no employment during the • The household survey is limited to workers 16 years
reference week; they were available for work at that time; of age and older. The establishment survey is not
and they made specific active efforts to find employment limited by age.
sometime during the 4-week period ending with the
reference week. Persons laid off from a job and expecting • The household survey has no duplication of
recall need not be looking for work to be counted as individuals, because individuals are counted only
unemployed. The unemployment data derived from the once, even if they hold more than one job. In the
household survey in no way depend upon the eligibility for establishment survey, employees working at more
or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits. than one job and thus appearing on more than one
The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and payroll are counted separately for each appearance.
unemployed persons. Those persons not classified as
employed or unemployed are not in the labor force. The
Seasonal adjustment Reliability of the estimates

Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor Statistics based on the household and establishment
force and the levels of employment and unemployment surveys are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error.
undergo regularly occurring fluctuations. These events may When a sample, rather than the entire population, is
result from seasonal changes in weather, major holidays, and surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may
the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such differ from the true population values they represent. The
seasonal variation can be very large. component of this difference that occurs because samples
Because these seasonal events follow a more or less differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its
regular pattern each year, their influence on the level of a variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate.
series can be tempered by adjusting for regular seasonal There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence,
variation. These adjustments make nonseasonal that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more
developments, such as declines in employment or increases than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value
in the participation of women in the labor force, easier to because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally
spot. For example, in the household survey, the large number conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.
of youth entering the labor force each June is likely to For example, the confidence interval for the monthly
obscure any other changes that have taken place relative to change in total nonfarm employment from the establishment
May, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic survey is on the order of plus or minus 130,000. Suppose the
activity has risen or declined. Similarly, in the establishment estimate of nonfarm employment increases by 50,000 from
survey, payroll employment in education declines by about one month to the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on
20 percent at the end of the spring term and later rises with the monthly change would range from -80,000 to +180,000
the start of the fall term, obscuring the underlying (50,000 +/- 130,000). These figures do not mean that the
employment trends in the industry. Because seasonal sample results are off by these magnitudes, but rather that
employment changes at the end and beginning of the school there is about a 90-percent chance that the true over-the-
year can be estimated, the statistics can be adjusted to make month change lies within this interval. Since this range
underlying employment patterns more discernable. The includes values of less than zero, we could not say with
seasonally adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with confidence that nonfarm employment had, in fact, increased
which to analyze changes in month-to-month economic that month. If, however, the reported nonfarm employment
activity. rise was 250,000, then all of the values within the 90-percent
Many seasonally adjusted series are independently confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case,
adjusted in both the household and establishment surveys. it is likely (at least a 90-percent chance) that nonfarm
However, the adjusted series for many major estimates, such employment had, in fact, risen that month. At an
as total payroll employment, employment in most major unemployment rate of around 6.0 percent, the 90-percent
sectors, total employment, and unemployment are computed confidence interval for the monthly change in unemployment
by aggregating independently adjusted component series. as measured by the household survey is about +/- 300,000,
For example, total unemployment is derived by summing the and for the monthly change in the unemployment rate it is
adjusted series for four major age-sex components; this about +/- 0.2 percentage point.
differs from the unemployment estimate that would be In general, estimates involving many individuals or
obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the establishments have lower standard errors (relative to the
duration, reasons, or more detailed age categories. size of the estimate) than estimates which are based on a
Percentage distributions of unemployment by reason and small number of observations. The precision of estimates
duration are derived from the sum of the independently also is improved when the data are cumulated over time, such
seasonally adjusted component series and will not as for quarterly and annual averages.
necessarily match calculations made using the seasonally The household and establishment surveys are also
adjusted total unemployment level. Additional information affected by nonsampling error, which can occur for many
about seasonal adjustment in the household survey can be reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the
found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#sa. population, inability to obtain information for all respondents
For both the household and establishment surveys, a in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to
concurrent seasonal adjustment methodology is used in provide correct information on a timely basis, mistakes made
which new seasonal factors are calculated each month using by respondents, and errors made in the collection or
all relevant data, up to and including the data for the current processing of the data.
month. In the household survey, new seasonal factors are For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for
used to adjust only the current month's data. In the the most recent 2 months are based on incomplete returns;
establishment survey, however, new seasonal factors are for this reason, these estimates are labeled preliminary in the
used each month to adjust the three most recent monthly tables. It is only after two successive revisions to a monthly
estimates. The prior 2 months are routinely revised to estimate, when nearly all sample reports have been received,
incorporate additional sample reports and recalculated that the estimate is considered final.
seasonal adjustment factors. In both surveys, 5-year Another major source of nonsampling error in the
revisions to historical data are made once a year. establishment survey is the inability to capture, on a timely
basis, employment generated by new firms. To correct for The sample-based estimates from the establishment
this systematic underestimation of employment growth, an survey are adjusted once a year (on a lagged basis) to
estimation procedure with two components is used to universe counts of payroll employment obtained from
account for business births. The first component excludes administrative records of the unemployment insurance
employment losses from business deaths from sample-based program. The difference between the March sample-based
estimation in order to offset the missing employment gains employment estimates and the March universe counts is
from business births. This is incorporated into the sample- known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a rough proxy
based estimation procedure by simply not reflecting sample for total survey error. The new benchmarks also incorporate
units going out of business, but imputing to them the same changes in the classification of industries. Over the past
employment trend as the other firms in the sample. This decade, absolute benchmark revisions for total nonfarm
procedure accounts for most of the net birth/death employment have averaged 0.1 percent, with a range from
employment. -0.3 percent to 0.3 percent.
The second component is an ARIMA time series model
designed to estimate the residual net birth/death employment Other information
not accounted for by the imputation. The historical time
series used to create and test the ARIMA model was derived If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech
from the unemployment insurance universe micro-level disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access telecommunications
database, and reflects the actual residual net of births and relay services.
deaths over the past 5 years.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age
[Numbers in thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1
Employment status, sex, and age Jan. Dec. Jan. Jan. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan.
2022 2022 2023 2022 2022 2022 2022 2022 2023

TOTAL
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263,202 264,844 265,962 263,202 264,356 264,535 264,708 264,844 265,962
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162,825 164,224 165,070 163,633 164,619 164,646 164,527 164,966 165,832
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.9 62.0 62.1 62.2 62.3 62.2 62.2 62.3 62.4
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155,618 158,872 158,692 157,122 158,850 158,593 158,527 159,244 160,138
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59.1 60.0 59.7 59.7 60.1 60.0 59.9 60.1 60.2
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,207 5,352 6,378 6,511 5,770 6,053 6,000 5,722 5,694
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4 3.3 3.9 4.0 3.5 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.4
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100,378 100,621 100,892 99,570 99,736 99,890 100,181 99,878 100,130
Persons who currently want a job. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,872 4,948 5,466 5,718 5,813 5,681 5,528 5,176 5,314
Men, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128,236 129,050 129,998 128,236 128,807 128,897 128,983 129,050 129,998
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86,488 87,251 87,842 86,997 87,659 87,772 87,793 87,864 88,334
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67.4 67.6 67.6 67.8 68.1 68.1 68.1 68.1 67.9
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82,376 84,304 84,120 83,451 84,532 84,559 84,557 84,880 85,186
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.2 65.3 64.7 65.1 65.6 65.6 65.6 65.8 65.5
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,112 2,947 3,723 3,546 3,127 3,212 3,236 2,984 3,147
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.8 3.4 4.2 4.1 3.6 3.7 3.7 3.4 3.6
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41,748 41,799 42,156 41,239 41,148 41,126 41,189 41,186 41,665
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119,612 120,360 121,283 119,612 120,140 120,225 120,301 120,360 121,283
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83,649 84,262 84,872 83,885 84,602 84,606 84,525 84,694 85,084
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69.9 70.0 70.0 70.1 70.4 70.4 70.3 70.4 70.2
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79,879 81,589 81,524 80,695 81,816 81,776 81,698 82,033 82,324
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66.8 67.8 67.2 67.5 68.1 68.0 67.9 68.2 67.9
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,770 2,673 3,348 3,190 2,786 2,829 2,827 2,661 2,760
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5 3.2 3.9 3.8 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.1 3.2
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,962 36,098 36,412 35,727 35,537 35,619 35,776 35,666 36,199
Women, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134,966 135,795 135,963 134,966 135,548 135,638 135,725 135,795 135,963
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76,337 76,973 77,228 76,636 76,960 76,874 76,734 77,102 77,498
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.6 56.7 56.8 56.8 56.8 56.7 56.5 56.8 57.0
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,242 74,568 74,572 73,671 74,318 74,033 73,970 74,364 74,952
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.3 54.9 54.8 54.6 54.8 54.6 54.5 54.8 55.1
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,095 2,405 2,656 2,965 2,642 2,841 2,764 2,738 2,546
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1 3.1 3.4 3.9 3.4 3.7 3.6 3.6 3.3
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58,629 58,821 58,736 58,331 58,588 58,764 58,991 58,692 58,465
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126,570 127,345 127,546 126,570 127,117 127,204 127,283 127,345 127,546
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,404 73,981 74,308 73,517 73,729 73,752 73,532 73,930 74,379
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58.0 58.1 58.3 58.1 58.0 58.0 57.8 58.1 58.3
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70,637 71,843 71,921 70,872 71,457 71,218 71,088 71,531 72,104
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.8 56.4 56.4 56.0 56.2 56.0 55.9 56.2 56.5
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,767 2,138 2,387 2,645 2,272 2,534 2,444 2,398 2,275
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.8 2.9 3.2 3.6 3.1 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.1
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53,167 53,365 53,238 53,054 53,388 53,452 53,750 53,416 53,167
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,020 17,139 17,133 17,020 17,099 17,107 17,124 17,139 17,133
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,772 5,981 5,890 6,231 6,288 6,288 6,469 6,343 6,368
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.9 34.9 34.4 36.6 36.8 36.8 37.8 37.0 37.2
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,102 5,439 5,247 5,555 5,576 5,598 5,740 5,680 5,710
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.0 31.7 30.6 32.6 32.6 32.7 33.5 33.1 33.3
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 670 541 643 676 712 690 729 662 658
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.6 9.1 10.9 10.9 11.3 11.0 11.3 10.4 10.3
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,248 11,158 11,242 10,789 10,811 10,819 10,655 10,796 10,765

1
The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age
[Numbers in thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1
Employment status, race, sex, and age Jan. Dec. Jan. Jan. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan.
2022 2022 2023 2022 2022 2022 2022 2022 2023

WHITE
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202,819 203,684 204,062 202,819 203,420 203,522 203,617 203,684 204,062
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125,148 125,934 126,133 125,697 126,117 126,180 125,902 126,408 126,699
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.7 61.8 61.8 62.0 62.0 62.0 61.8 62.1 62.1
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120,320 122,301 121,675 121,404 122,261 122,063 121,807 122,556 122,776
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59.3 60.0 59.6 59.9 60.1 60.0 59.8 60.2 60.2
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,828 3,633 4,458 4,293 3,856 4,117 4,094 3,852 3,924
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.9 2.9 3.5 3.4 3.1 3.3 3.3 3.0 3.1
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77,671 77,750 77,928 77,122 77,303 77,342 77,716 77,276 77,362
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65,514 65,789 65,973 65,657 65,884 66,032 65,759 66,045 66,118
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70.0 70.0 69.8 70.2 70.2 70.3 70.0 70.3 70.0
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62,913 63,876 63,596 63,521 64,012 64,026 63,767 64,189 64,210
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67.2 68.0 67.3 67.9 68.2 68.2 67.9 68.3 68.0
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,601 1,912 2,377 2,137 1,871 2,006 1,992 1,856 1,908
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.0 2.9 3.6 3.3 2.8 3.0 3.0 2.8 2.9
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55,127 55,533 55,601 55,178 55,348 55,340 55,174 55,461 55,637
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.0 57.1 57.2 57.0 57.0 57.0 56.8 57.1 57.3
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53,334 54,181 53,977 53,467 53,885 53,691 53,562 53,918 54,093
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.1 55.7 55.6 55.2 55.5 55.3 55.1 55.5 55.7
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,794 1,353 1,624 1,711 1,463 1,649 1,611 1,543 1,544
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 2.4 2.9 3.1 2.6 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.8
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,506 4,612 4,559 4,861 4,885 4,807 4,969 4,902 4,944
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36.1 36.8 36.5 39.0 39.1 38.5 39.7 39.2 39.6
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,073 4,244 4,101 4,416 4,364 4,346 4,478 4,449 4,472
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.7 33.9 32.9 35.4 34.9 34.8 35.8 35.5 35.8
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433 369 458 445 521 462 491 453 472
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.6 8.0 10.0 9.2 10.7 9.6 9.9 9.2 9.5
BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33,978 34,301 34,487 33,978 34,204 34,237 34,272 34,301 34,487
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,914 21,278 21,544 21,054 21,260 21,247 21,365 21,418 21,697
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.6 62.0 62.5 62.0 62.2 62.1 62.3 62.4 62.9
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,392 20,146 20,335 19,604 20,016 19,988 20,139 20,189 20,535
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.1 58.7 59.0 57.7 58.5 58.4 58.8 58.9 59.5
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,522 1,132 1,209 1,450 1,244 1,259 1,226 1,229 1,162
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.3 5.3 5.6 6.9 5.9 5.9 5.7 5.7 5.4
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,063 13,023 12,943 12,924 12,944 12,990 12,907 12,883 12,790
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,669 9,886 10,038 9,738 9,892 9,783 9,947 9,956 10,115
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67.0 67.8 68.2 67.4 68.0 67.2 68.3 68.3 68.7
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,934 9,399 9,461 9,053 9,322 9,269 9,408 9,446 9,579
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.9 64.5 64.2 62.7 64.1 63.7 64.6 64.8 65.0
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 735 487 577 685 570 514 539 510 535
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.6 4.9 5.8 7.0 5.8 5.3 5.4 5.1 5.3
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,560 10,631 10,790 10,568 10,637 10,696 10,633 10,679 10,804
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.9 61.7 62.6 61.9 61.9 62.2 61.8 62.0 62.6
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,921 10,100 10,276 9,957 10,057 10,080 10,077 10,093 10,301
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58.1 58.7 59.6 58.3 58.6 58.6 58.6 58.6 59.7
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639 531 514 611 579 616 556 586 504
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1 5.0 4.8 5.8 5.4 5.8 5.2 5.5 4.7
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686 761 716 748 731 768 785 784 778
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.7 30.4 28.5 30.3 29.4 30.8 31.4 31.4 31.0
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538 646 599 594 636 639 654 650 655
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.8 25.9 23.9 24.0 25.6 25.7 26.2 26.0 26.1
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 114 118 154 95 128 131 134 123
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.6 15.0 16.4 20.6 12.9 16.7 16.7 17.1 15.8

See footnotes at end of table.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age — Continued
[Numbers in thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1
Employment status, race, sex, and age Jan. Dec. Jan. Jan. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan.
2022 2022 2023 2022 2022 2022 2022 2022 2023
ASIAN
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,903 17,005 17,541 16,903 17,132 17,129 16,980 17,005 17,541
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,806 10,890 11,196 10,870 11,106 11,106 10,995 10,918 11,240
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.9 64.0 63.8 64.3 64.8 64.8 64.8 64.2 64.1
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,403 10,650 10,856 10,489 10,832 10,781 10,704 10,654 10,926
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.5 62.6 61.9 62.1 63.2 62.9 63.0 62.7 62.3
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403 241 340 382 274 325 291 265 313
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.7 2.2 3.0 3.5 2.5 2.9 2.6 2.4 2.8
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,097 6,115 6,345 6,032 6,025 6,023 5,984 6,086 6,301

1
The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups will not sum to totals shown in table A-1 because data are not presented for all races. Updated population controls are
introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-3. Employment status of the Hispanic or Latino population by sex and age
[Numbers in thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1
Employment status, sex, and age Jan. Dec. Jan. Jan. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan.
2022 2022 2023 2022 2022 2022 2022 2022 2023

HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45,740 46,624 47,010 45,740 46,373 46,459 46,545 46,624 47,010
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30,274 30,872 31,131 30,384 30,673 30,725 30,600 30,893 31,153
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66.2 66.2 66.2 66.4 66.1 66.1 65.7 66.3 66.3
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,595 29,594 29,430 28,905 29,462 29,430 29,382 29,611 29,737
Employment-population ratio.............. . 62.5 63.5 62.6 63.2 63.5 63.3 63.1 63.5 63.3
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,679 1,278 1,701 1,479 1,211 1,295 1,218 1,281 1,416
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.5 4.1 5.5 4.9 3.9 4.2 4.0 4.1 4.5
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,466 15,752 15,879 15,355 15,700 15,734 15,944 15,731 15,857
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,538 16,691 16,834 16,578 16,536 16,653 16,526 16,725 16,795
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79.8 79.0 78.8 80.0 78.7 79.1 78.4 79.2 78.6
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,676 15,958 15,875 15,872 15,967 16,000 15,925 16,047 16,073
Employment-population ratio.............. . 75.6 75.6 74.3 76.6 76.0 76.0 75.5 76.0 75.2
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 862 734 958 705 569 653 601 677 722
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2 4.4 5.7 4.3 3.4 3.9 3.6 4.0 4.3
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,367 12,837 13,024 12,384 12,771 12,655 12,637 12,785 13,024
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59.5 60.6 61.1 59.6 60.6 59.9 59.7 60.3 61.1
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,717 12,385 12,391 11,781 12,314 12,185 12,179 12,307 12,447
Employment-population ratio.............. . 56.4 58.5 58.1 56.7 58.4 57.7 57.6 58.1 58.4
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 651 453 633 603 457 469 458 478 577
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3 3.5 4.9 4.9 3.6 3.7 3.6 3.7 4.4
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,369 1,343 1,274 1,423 1,366 1,417 1,438 1,383 1,334
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.4 31.1 29.4 33.7 31.8 33.0 33.4 32.0 30.8
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,203 1,252 1,164 1,252 1,181 1,245 1,279 1,257 1,217
Employment-population ratio.............. . 28.5 29.0 26.9 29.6 27.5 29.0 29.7 29.1 28.1
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 92 110 171 185 173 159 126 116
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.1 6.8 8.7 12.0 13.6 12.2 11.0 9.1 8.7

1
The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted
columns.
NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the
release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-4. Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment
[Numbers in thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Educational attainment Jan. Dec. Jan. Jan. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan.
2022 2022 2023 2022 2022 2022 2022 2022 2023

Less than a high school diploma

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,762 8,918 8,829 8,746 8,990 9,141 8,901 8,885 8,814
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.9 45.8 46.1 44.8 45.7 46.6 45.6 45.6 46.0
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,044 8,428 8,267 8,194 8,491 8,574 8,506 8,443 8,417
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.2 43.3 43.1 42.0 43.1 43.7 43.5 43.4 43.9
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 719 490 562 551 499 567 395 442 397
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.2 5.5 6.4 6.3 5.5 6.2 4.4 5.0 4.5
High school graduates, no college1
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36,764 35,532 35,983 36,994 35,282 35,070 35,192 35,605 36,189
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.7 56.1 56.1 57.1 56.2 55.9 55.7 56.2 56.4
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,877 34,270 34,457 35,312 33,975 33,692 33,816 34,339 34,836
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53.8 54.1 53.7 54.5 54.1 53.7 53.5 54.2 54.3
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,887 1,262 1,526 1,682 1,307 1,378 1,377 1,266 1,353
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1 3.6 4.2 4.5 3.7 3.9 3.9 3.6 3.7
Some college or associate degree
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,182 35,849 35,952 35,347 35,575 35,806 35,880 35,789 36,082
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.9 62.8 63.2 63.2 62.7 62.7 62.9 62.7 63.5
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33,871 34,851 34,859 34,106 34,558 34,734 34,748 34,735 35,046
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.5 61.0 61.3 60.9 60.9 60.8 60.9 60.8 61.7
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,311 998 1,093 1,242 1,017 1,071 1,133 1,054 1,036
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.7 2.8 3.0 3.5 2.9 3.0 3.2 2.9 2.9
Bachelor’s degree and higher2
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61,803 63,241 62,863 61,737 63,519 63,312 63,041 63,150 62,854
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.7 72.8 72.7 72.6 72.9 72.7 72.5 72.7 72.7
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60,349 62,156 61,526 60,343 62,381 62,089 61,781 61,947 61,591
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.0 71.5 71.1 71.0 71.6 71.3 71.1 71.3 71.2
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,454 1,085 1,338 1,394 1,138 1,223 1,260 1,203 1,263
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 1.7 2.1 2.3 1.8 1.9 2.0 1.9 2.0

1
Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent.
2
Includes persons with bachelor’s, master’s, professional, and doctoral degrees.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals for those 25 years and over because of the
independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-5. Employment status of the civilian population 18 years and over by veteran status, period of service,
and sex, not seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Total Men Women
Employment status, veteran status, and period of service Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan.
2022 2023 2022 2023 2022 2023

VETERANS, 18 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,495 18,024 16,474 15,991 2,021 2,033
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,872 8,630 7,669 7,490 1,204 1,141
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.0 47.9 46.6 46.8 59.6 56.1
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,535 8,390 7,371 7,294 1,164 1,096
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46.1 46.5 44.7 45.6 57.6 53.9
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338 240 298 196 40 44
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.8 2.8 3.9 2.6 3.3 3.9
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,623 9,394 8,805 8,501 817 892
Gulf War-era II veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,757 4,913 3,879 4,002 878 911
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,787 3,918 3,166 3,275 620 644
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79.6 79.7 81.6 81.8 70.7 70.6
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,591 3,768 2,994 3,167 596 601
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75.5 76.7 77.2 79.1 67.9 66.0
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 150 172 108 24 42
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2 3.8 5.4 3.3 3.9 6.6
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 971 995 713 728 258 267
Gulf War-era I veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,311 3,011 2,834 2,569 477 442
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,417 2,197 2,071 1,862 346 335
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73.0 73.0 73.1 72.5 72.6 75.8
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,389 2,161 2,043 1,827 346 334
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.2 71.8 72.1 71.1 72.5 75.5
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 36 28 35 1 1
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 1.7 1.3 1.9 0.2 0.4
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 893 813 763 706 131 107
World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam-era veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,368 6,099 6,115 5,841 253 258
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 993 827 955 809 38 19
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.6 13.6 15.6 13.8 15.1 7.2
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 943 823 911 805 32 19
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.8 13.5 14.9 13.8 12.8 7.2
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 4 44 4 6 0
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.0 0.5 4.6 0.5 – –
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,375 5,272 5,160 5,032 215 239
Veterans of other service periods
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,059 4,001 3,646 3,579 413 422
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,675 1,687 1,477 1,544 199 143
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.3 42.2 40.5 43.1 48.1 34.0
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,612 1,638 1,423 1,495 189 143
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39.7 40.9 39.0 41.8 45.8 33.8
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 50 54 49 10 1
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.8 2.9 3.7 3.1 4.8 0.7
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,384 2,314 2,169 2,035 214 279
NONVETERANS, 18 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235,614 238,664 107,121 109,368 128,493 129,296
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151,745 154,167 77,789 79,289 73,956 74,877
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.4 64.6 72.6 72.5 57.6 57.9
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145,118 148,269 74,107 75,919 71,012 72,350
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.6 62.1 69.2 69.4 55.3 56.0
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,627 5,898 3,682 3,370 2,945 2,527
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4 3.8 4.7 4.3 4.0 3.4
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83,869 84,497 29,332 30,078 54,537 54,419

NOTE: Veterans served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the
U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August
1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service
periods (all other time periods). Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified only in the most recent one. Veterans who served during one of the
selected wartime periods and another period are classified only in the wartime period. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not
shown where base is less than 75,000).
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-6. Employment status of the civilian population by sex, age, and disability status, not seasonally
adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Persons with a disability Persons with no disability
Employment status, sex, and age Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan.
2022 2023 2022 2023

TOTAL, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population..................................................... . 31,600 32,585 231,603 233,376
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,213 7,847 155,612 157,223
Participation rate.................................................................... . 22.8 24.1 67.2 67.4
Employed............................................................................ . 6,553 7,292 149,065 151,399
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.7 22.4 64.4 64.9
Unemployed......................................................................... . 660 554 6,547 5,824
Unemployment rate.............................................................. . 9.1 7.1 4.2 3.7
Not in labor force...................................................................... . 24,386 24,739 75,991 76,153
Men, 16 to 64 years
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,160 3,206 77,363 78,534
Participation rate.................................................................... . 39.4 40.5 81.6 81.8
Employed............................................................................ . 2,799 2,970 73,847 75,225
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.9 37.5 77.9 78.3
Unemployed......................................................................... . 361 236 3,517 3,309
Unemployment rate.............................................................. . 11.4 7.4 4.5 4.2
Not in labor force...................................................................... . 4,869 4,716 17,444 17,513
Women, 16 to 64 years
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,865 3,212 68,788 69,128
Participation rate.................................................................... . 35.6 38.8 71.3 71.9
Employed............................................................................ . 2,640 2,969 66,059 66,863
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.8 35.9 68.4 69.5
Unemployed......................................................................... . 226 243 2,729 2,265
Unemployment rate.............................................................. . 7.9 7.6 4.0 3.3
Not in labor force...................................................................... . 5,185 5,066 27,723 27,040
Both sexes, 65 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,188 1,428 9,461 9,561
Participation rate.................................................................... . 7.7 8.7 23.5 23.2
Employed............................................................................ . 1,114 1,353 9,160 9,311
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2 8.3 22.7 22.6
Unemployed......................................................................... . 73 75 301 250
Unemployment rate.............................................................. . 6.2 5.2 3.2 2.6
Not in labor force...................................................................... . 14,332 14,957 30,825 31,599

NOTE: A person with a disability has at least one of the following conditions: is deaf or has serious difficulty hearing; is blind or has serious difficulty
seeing even when wearing glasses; has serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions because of a physical, mental, or
emotional condition; has serious difficulty walking or climbing stairs; has difficulty dressing or bathing; or has difficulty doing errands alone such as
visiting a doctor’s office or shopping because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition. Updated population controls are introduced annually with
the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-7. Employment status of the civilian population by nativity and sex, not seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Total Men Women
Employment status and nativity Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan.
2022 2023 2022 2023 2022 2023

Foreign born, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population.................................. . 44,624 45,899 21,886 22,530 22,738 23,369
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29,255 29,945 16,869 17,243 12,387 12,702
Participation rate................................................. . 65.6 65.2 77.1 76.5 54.5 54.4
Employed......................................................... . 27,978 28,692 16,192 16,491 11,786 12,201
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.7 62.5 74.0 73.2 51.8 52.2
Unemployed...................................................... . 1,277 1,253 677 752 601 501
Unemployment rate........................................... . 4.4 4.2 4.0 4.4 4.9 3.9
Not in labor force................................................... . 15,368 15,954 5,017 5,287 10,352 10,667
Native born, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population.................................. . 218,579 220,063 106,351 107,468 112,228 112,595
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133,569 135,125 69,619 70,599 63,950 64,526
Participation rate................................................. . 61.1 61.4 65.5 65.7 57.0 57.3
Employed......................................................... . 127,640 130,000 66,184 67,629 61,456 62,371
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58.4 59.1 62.2 62.9 54.8 55.4
Unemployed...................................................... . 5,929 5,125 3,435 2,970 2,494 2,155
Unemployment rate........................................... . 4.4 3.8 4.9 4.2 3.9 3.3
Not in labor force................................................... . 85,009 84,938 36,732 36,869 48,278 48,069

NOTE: The foreign born are those residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States
or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents neither of whom was a U.S. citizen. The native born are persons who were born
in the United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam or who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen.
Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-8. Employed persons by class of worker and part-time status
[In thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Category Jan. Dec. Jan. Jan. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan.
2022 2022 2023 2022 2022 2022 2022 2022 2023

CLASS OF WORKER
Agriculture and related industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,224 2,267 2,145 2,311 2,178 2,206 2,228 2,311 2,245
Wage and salary workers1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,454 1,482 1,428 1,505 1,473 1,495 1,492 1,496 1,485
Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . . . 735 755 682 769 696 692 715 791 720
Unpaid family workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 31 35 – – – – – –
Nonagricultural industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153,394 156,604 156,547 154,585 156,762 156,570 156,344 156,818 157,645
Wage and salary workers1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144,501 147,639 147,532 145,922 147,291 147,109 147,381 147,886 148,822
Government.................................... . 21,593 21,943 21,968 21,188 21,331 21,211 21,084 21,683 21,548
Private industries.............................. . 122,907 125,696 125,564 124,386 126,371 126,102 126,468 126,169 126,981
Private households. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575 692 669 – – – – – –
Other industries............................. . 122,332 125,003 124,895 123,741 125,712 125,460 125,819 125,538 126,248
Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . . . 8,830 8,923 8,952 9,109 9,155 9,261 8,970 9,036 9,217
Unpaid family workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 43 63 – – – – – –
PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME2
All industries
Part time for economic reasons3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,176 3,991 4,498 3,735 3,843 3,664 3,688 3,878 4,050
Slack work or business conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,828 2,755 3,114 2,412 2,576 2,535 2,546 2,648 2,685
Could only find part-time work. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 935 893 993 975 942 867 826 911 999
Part time for noneconomic reasons4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,105 22,084 22,096 20,236 21,260 21,297 21,226 21,628 22,083
Nonagricultural industries
Part time for economic reasons3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,094 3,903 4,401 3,671 3,762 3,578 3,623 3,810 3,959
Slack work or business conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,782 2,703 3,057 2,383 2,526 2,487 2,497 2,611 2,646
Could only find part-time work. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 927 873 983 966 940 862 819 892 988
Part time for noneconomic reasons4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,738 21,640 21,683 19,878 20,912 20,950 20,844 21,211 21,674

1
Includes self-employed workers whose businesses are incorporated.
2
Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the survey reference week and excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs for
the entire week.
3
Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for an economic reason such as slack work or unfavorable business
conditions, inability to find full-time work, or seasonal declines in demand.
4
Refers to persons who usually work part time for noneconomic reasons such as childcare problems, family or personal obligations, school or
training, retirement or Social Security limits on earnings, and other reasons. This excludes persons who usually work full time but worked only 1 to
34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as vacations, holidays, illness, and bad weather.
- Data not available.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment
of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-9. Selected employment indicators
[Numbers in thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Characteristic Jan. Dec. Jan. Jan. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan.
2022 2022 2023 2022 2022 2022 2022 2022 2023

AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155,618 158,872 158,692 157,122 158,850 158,593 158,527 159,244 160,138
16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,102 5,439 5,247 5,555 5,576 5,598 5,740 5,680 5,710
16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,965 2,251 2,033 2,183 2,100 2,200 2,241 2,371 2,265
18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,137 3,188 3,215 3,384 3,462 3,387 3,500 3,312 3,462
20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150,516 153,433 153,444 151,567 153,274 152,994 152,787 153,564 154,428
20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,376 13,728 14,336 13,753 13,752 13,780 13,759 13,834 14,705
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137,141 139,705 139,108 137,886 139,503 139,160 138,845 139,477 139,834
25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100,214 102,069 101,921 100,703 101,954 101,509 101,400 101,848 102,366
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,726 35,152 35,343 35,019 35,349 35,296 35,073 35,066 35,594
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,050 35,029 34,904 34,162 34,619 34,611 34,777 34,983 35,010
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31,437 31,888 31,674 31,522 31,986 31,601 31,550 31,799 31,762
55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36,927 37,636 37,188 37,183 37,550 37,651 37,446 37,630 37,468
Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82,376 84,304 84,120 83,451 84,532 84,559 84,557 84,880 85,186
16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,497 2,714 2,596 2,756 2,716 2,783 2,859 2,847 2,862
16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 899 1,018 907 1,022 962 1,034 1,059 1,109 1,039
18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,599 1,696 1,689 1,743 1,750 1,752 1,809 1,748 1,838
20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79,879 81,589 81,524 80,695 81,816 81,776 81,698 82,033 82,324
20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,797 6,967 7,144 7,028 7,040 7,144 7,071 7,080 7,354
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,082 74,623 74,379 73,771 74,703 74,548 74,451 74,767 75,036
25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53,236 54,325 54,269 53,713 54,325 54,106 54,119 54,370 54,708
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,346 18,644 18,717 18,578 18,829 18,701 18,548 18,629 18,916
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,264 18,743 18,752 18,420 18,579 18,649 18,761 18,798 18,896
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,626 16,938 16,801 16,716 16,917 16,756 16,810 16,943 16,896
55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,846 20,298 20,110 20,058 20,378 20,442 20,332 20,396 20,328
Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,242 74,568 74,572 73,671 74,318 74,033 73,970 74,364 74,952
16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,605 2,725 2,651 2,799 2,861 2,815 2,881 2,833 2,848
16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,067 1,233 1,125 1,161 1,138 1,167 1,182 1,262 1,226
18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,538 1,492 1,526 1,640 1,712 1,635 1,691 1,564 1,624
20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70,637 71,843 71,921 70,872 71,457 71,218 71,088 71,531 72,104
20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,578 6,761 7,192 6,724 6,712 6,636 6,688 6,755 7,351
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64,059 65,082 64,729 64,115 64,801 64,612 64,394 64,711 64,798
25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46,978 47,744 47,651 46,990 47,628 47,403 47,281 47,477 47,658
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,380 16,508 16,627 16,441 16,519 16,596 16,525 16,436 16,678
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,786 16,286 16,152 15,742 16,040 15,963 16,016 16,185 16,114
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,811 14,950 14,873 14,807 15,069 14,845 14,740 14,857 14,866
55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,081 17,338 17,078 17,125 17,172 17,209 17,113 17,233 17,140
MARITAL STATUS
Married men, spouse present1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45,145 46,099 45,927 45,314 45,920 45,624 45,988 46,209 46,119
Married women, spouse present1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36,004 36,763 36,569 35,923 36,582 36,179 36,322 36,472 36,490
Women who maintain families2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,983 10,150 10,154 – – – – – –
FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS
Full-time workers3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129,747 131,812 131,175 131,151 132,575 132,179 132,300 132,299 132,577
Part-time workers4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25,871 27,060 27,516 25,815 26,249 26,413 26,115 26,794 27,400
MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS
Total multiple jobholders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,337 8,140 7,877 7,466 7,755 7,519 7,676 8,046 8,001
Percent of total employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.7 5.1 5.0 4.8 4.9 4.7 4.8 5.1 5.0
SELF-EMPLOYMENT
Self-employed workers, incorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,366 6,811 6,560 – – – – – –
Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,564 9,678 9,635 9,878 9,851 9,953 9,686 9,827 9,937

1
Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to persons in opposite-sex
married couples only.
2
Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020,
referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse.
3
Employed full-time workers are persons who usually work 35 hours or more per week.
4
Employed part-time workers are persons who usually work less than 35 hours per week.
- Data not available.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series.
Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-10. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted
Number of
unemployed persons Unemployment rates
Characteristic (in thousands)
Jan. Dec. Jan. Jan. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan.
2022 2022 2023 2022 2022 2022 2022 2022 2023

AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,511 5,722 5,694 4.0 3.5 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.4
16 to 19 years.................................... . 676 662 658 10.9 11.3 11.0 11.3 10.4 10.3
16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 217 277 11.2 12.2 9.8 11.5 8.4 10.9
18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401 461 384 10.6 11.0 11.9 11.3 12.2 10.0
20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,835 5,059 5,035 3.7 3.2 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.2
20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,076 1,085 1,116 7.3 7.0 6.9 6.8 7.3 7.1
25 years and over............................. . 4,841 4,025 4,020 3.4 2.8 3.0 3.0 2.8 2.8
25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,646 3,008 3,136 3.5 2.9 3.2 3.2 2.9 3.0
25 to 34 years............................ . 1,566 1,400 1,459 4.3 3.6 4.0 4.1 3.8 3.9
35 to 44 years............................ . 1,239 862 927 3.5 3.0 2.9 2.6 2.4 2.6
45 to 54 years............................ . 842 746 750 2.6 2.1 2.8 2.7 2.3 2.3
55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,179 1,032 874 3.1 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.7 2.3
Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,546 2,984 3,147 4.1 3.6 3.7 3.7 3.4 3.6
16 to 19 years.................................... . 356 323 387 11.4 11.2 12.1 12.5 10.2 11.9
16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 114 183 13.3 13.1 11.7 15.6 9.3 15.0
18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 223 207 10.2 10.3 12.6 10.9 11.3 10.1
20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,190 2,661 2,760 3.8 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.1 3.2
20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 656 555 620 8.5 7.9 7.2 7.7 7.3 7.8
25 years and over............................. . 2,600 2,139 2,225 3.4 2.8 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.9
25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,941 1,564 1,722 3.5 3.0 3.1 3.0 2.8 3.1
25 to 34 years............................ . 850 763 856 4.4 3.6 3.9 4.1 3.9 4.3
35 to 44 years............................ . 671 441 484 3.5 2.9 2.6 2.4 2.3 2.5
45 to 54 years............................ . 419 360 382 2.4 2.3 2.8 2.6 2.1 2.2
55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659 575 504 3.2 2.4 2.3 2.6 2.7 2.4
Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,965 2,738 2,546 3.9 3.4 3.7 3.6 3.6 3.3
16 to 19 years.................................... . 320 339 271 10.3 11.5 9.8 10.0 10.7 8.7
16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 103 93 9.3 11.3 8.0 7.4 7.6 7.1
18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 238 177 11.0 11.6 11.1 11.7 13.2 9.8
20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,645 2,398 2,275 3.6 3.1 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.1
20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420 530 496 5.9 6.0 6.6 5.9 7.3 6.3
25 years and over............................. . 2,242 1,886 1,795 3.4 2.7 3.1 3.0 2.8 2.7
25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,706 1,444 1,414 3.5 2.9 3.3 3.3 3.0 2.9
25 to 34 years............................ . 716 637 604 4.2 3.6 4.0 4.1 3.7 3.5
35 to 44 years............................ . 567 421 443 3.5 3.1 3.2 2.9 2.5 2.7
45 to 54 years............................ . 423 386 368 2.8 1.9 2.7 2.8 2.5 2.4
55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540 452 386 3.1 2.4 2.5 2.3 2.6 2.2
MARITAL STATUS
Married men, spouse present1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 910 844 837 2.0 1.8 1.9 2.0 1.8 1.8
Married women, spouse present1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 891 764 710 2.4 1.9 2.2 2.0 2.1 1.9
Women who maintain families2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527 383 403 5.0 4.7 5.7 4.9 3.6 3.8
FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS
Full-time workers3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,342 4,661 4,634 3.9 3.5 3.7 3.5 3.4 3.4
Part-time workers4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,198 1,079 1,078 4.4 3.7 3.9 4.4 3.9 3.8

1
Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to
persons in opposite-sex married couples only.
2
Data are not seasonally adjusted. Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members,
but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020, referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an
opposite-sex spouse.
3
Full-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work full time (35 hours or more per week) or are on layoff from full-time
jobs.
4
Part-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work part time (less than 35 hours per week) or are on layoff from
part-time jobs.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment
of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-11. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment
[Numbers in thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Reason Jan. Dec. Jan. Jan. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan.
2022 2022 2023 2022 2022 2022 2022 2022 2023

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Job losers and persons who completed
temporary jobs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,924 2,583 3,226 3,217 2,530 2,695 2,761 2,629 2,529
On temporary layoff. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,467 848 1,238 952 772 853 806 814 734
Not on temporary layoff. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,458 1,735 1,987 2,265 1,758 1,842 1,956 1,815 1,795
Permanent job losers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,707 1,255 1,330 1,633 1,202 1,267 1,351 1,339 1,257
Persons who completed temporary jobs. . . . 750 480 657 632 555 575 605 476 538
Job leavers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 948 768 881 953 904 861 829 825 884
Reentrants........................................... . 1,973 1,613 1,807 1,995 1,834 1,873 1,798 1,767 1,817
New entrants........................................ . 362 388 465 438 460 494 558 497 531
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Job losers and persons who completed
temporary jobs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.5 48.3 50.6 48.7 44.2 45.5 46.4 46.0 43.9
On temporary layoff. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.4 15.8 19.4 14.4 13.5 14.4 13.5 14.2 12.7
Not on temporary layoff. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.1 32.4 31.2 34.3 30.7 31.1 32.9 31.7 31.2
Job leavers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.1 14.4 13.8 14.4 15.8 14.5 13.9 14.4 15.3
Reentrants........................................... . 27.4 30.1 28.3 30.2 32.0 31.6 30.2 30.9 31.5
New entrants........................................ . 5.0 7.3 7.3 6.6 8.0 8.3 9.4 8.7 9.2
UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE
CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE
Job losers and persons who completed
temporary jobs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 1.6 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.5
Job leavers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
Reentrants........................................... . 1.2 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1
New entrants........................................ . 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the
independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-12. Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment
[Numbers in thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Duration Jan. Dec. Jan. Jan. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan.
2022 2022 2023 2022 2022 2022 2022 2022 2023

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Less than 5 weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,888 2,128 2,358 2,428 2,158 2,215 2,244 2,233 1,946
5 to 14 weeks....................................... . 1,765 1,490 1,965 1,619 1,643 1,774 1,694 1,639 1,785
15 weeks and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,554 1,733 2,055 2,501 1,990 1,987 2,036 1,895 2,001
15 to 26 weeks................................... . 856 749 926 819 901 817 821 826 890
27 weeks and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,698 984 1,129 1,683 1,089 1,169 1,215 1,069 1,111
Average (mean) duration, in weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.0 19.1 19.1 24.5 20.3 20.8 21.4 19.5 20.4
Median duration, in weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.5 7.5 8.4 9.6 8.5 8.4 8.8 8.9 9.1
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Less than 5 weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.1 39.8 37.0 37.1 37.3 37.1 37.6 38.7 33.9
5 to 14 weeks....................................... . 24.5 27.8 30.8 24.7 28.4 29.7 28.4 28.4 31.1
15 weeks and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35.4 32.4 32.2 38.2 34.4 33.2 34.1 32.9 34.9
15 to 26 weeks................................... . 11.9 14.0 14.5 12.5 15.6 13.7 13.7 14.3 15.5
27 weeks and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.6 18.4 17.7 25.7 18.8 19.6 20.3 18.5 19.4

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the
independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-13. Employed and unemployed persons by occupation, not seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Unemployment
Employed Unemployed
rates
Occupation
Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan.
2022 2023 2022 2023 2022 2023

Total, 16 years and over1............................................ . 155,618 158,692 7,207 6,378 4.4 3.9
Management, professional, and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . 66,740 69,249 1,583 1,460 2.3 2.1
Management, business, and financial operations
occupations.................................................... . 28,536 29,934 623 604 2.1 2.0
Professional and related occupations......................... . 38,204 39,315 961 856 2.5 2.1
Service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,232 25,244 1,733 1,401 6.7 5.3
Sales and office occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31,164 30,358 1,347 1,184 4.1 3.8
Sales and related occupations................................. . 14,581 14,185 642 645 4.2 4.4
Office and administrative support occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,583 16,173 705 538 4.1 3.2
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance
occupations....................................................... . 13,858 14,023 915 894 6.2 6.0
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 924 915 88 65 8.7 6.7
Construction and extraction occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,094 8,399 689 709 7.8 7.8
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations. . . . . . . . . . . 4,840 4,709 139 120 2.8 2.5
Production, transportation, and material moving
occupations....................................................... . 19,624 19,817 1,243 968 6.0 4.7
Production occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,973 8,292 455 260 5.4 3.0
Transportation and material moving occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . 11,651 11,526 788 708 6.3 5.8

1
Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, occupations reflect
the introduction of the 2018 Census occupational classification system into the Current Population Survey, or household survey. This classification
system is derived from the 2018 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). No historical data have been revised. Data for 2020 are not strictly
comparable with earlier years.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-14. Unemployed persons by industry and class of worker, not seasonally adjusted
Number of
unemployed Unemployment
persons rates
Industry and class of worker (in thousands)
Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan.
2022 2023 2022 2023

Total, 16 years and over1............................................................... . 7,207 6,378 4.4 3.9

Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,822 5,061 4.5 3.9
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction................................... . 46 2 8.4 0.3
Construction......................................................................... . 709 720 7.1 6.9
Manufacturing....................................................................... . 549 399 3.6 2.6
Durable goods.................................................................... . 305 228 3.1 2.3
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 172 4.4 3.1
Wholesale and retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 956 992 4.8 5.1
Transportation and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365 345 4.5 4.2
Information........................................................................... . 102 114 4.2 3.9
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 236 1.9 2.3
Professional and business services.............................................. . 835 649 4.5 3.5
Education and health services.................................................... . 699 599 2.9 2.4
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,046 797 8.2 6.0
Other services....................................................................... . 317 209 4.9 3.3
Agriculture and related private wage and salary workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 70 8.5 4.9
Government workers.................................................................. . 477 429 2.2 1.9
Self-employed workers, unincorporated, and unpaid family workers. . . . . . . . . . . . 416 354 4.1 3.5

1
Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, industries reflect the
introduction of the 2017 Census industry classification system into the Current Population Survey. This industry classification system is derived from
the 2017 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). No historical data have been revised.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-15. Alternative measures of labor underutilization
[Percent]
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Measure Jan. Dec. Jan. Jan. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan.
2022 2022 2023 2022 2022 2022 2022 2022 2023

U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer,

as a percent of the civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . 1.6 1.1 1.2 1.5 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.2
U-2 Job losers and persons who completed
temporary jobs, as a percent of the civilian
labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 1.6 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.5
U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the
civilian labor force (official unemployment
rate). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4 3.3 3.9 4.0 3.5 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.4
U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged
workers, as a percent of the civilian labor
force plus discouraged workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.7 3.5 4.1 4.2 3.8 3.9 3.9 3.7 3.6
U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged
workers, plus all other persons marginally
attached to the labor force, as a percent of
the civilian labor force plus all persons
marginally attached to the labor force. . . . . . . . . 5.4 4.0 4.7 4.9 4.4 4.5 4.5 4.2 4.2
U-6 Total unemployed, plus all persons
marginally attached to the labor force, plus
total employed part time for economic
reasons, as a percent of the civilian labor
force plus all persons marginally attached to
the labor force.................................... . 7.9 6.4 7.4 7.1 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.5 6.6

NOTE: Persons marginally attached to the labor force are those who currently are neither working nor looking for work but indicate that they want and
are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the past 12 months. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have
given a job-market related reason for not currently looking for work. Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are
available for full-time work but have had to settle for a part-time schedule. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of
January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-16. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Total Men Women
Category Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan.
2022 2023 2022 2023 2022 2023

NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE

Total not in the labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100,378 100,892 41,748 42,156 58,629 58,736
Persons who currently want a job. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,872 5,466 2,971 2,722 2,901 2,744
Marginally attached to the labor force1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,623 1,434 925 730 698 704
Discouraged workers2........................................ . 422 349 320 233 102 117
Other persons marginally attached to the labor force3. . . 1,200 1,085 605 498 596 587
MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS
Total multiple jobholders4............................................ . 7,337 7,877 3,597 3,847 3,741 4,030
Percent of total employed......................................... . 4.7 5.0 4.4 4.6 5.1 5.4
Primary job full time, secondary job part time. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,259 4,418 2,310 2,367 1,949 2,051
Primary and secondary jobs both part time. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,736 1,862 591 634 1,145 1,228
Primary and secondary jobs both full time...................... . 282 343 152 214 130 129
Hours vary on primary or secondary job. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,017 1,212 523 610 495 602

1
Data refer to persons who want a job, have searched for work during the prior 12 months, and were available to take a job during the reference
week, but had not looked for work in the past 4 weeks.
2
Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for reasons such as thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks
schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination.
3
Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as school or family responsibilities, ill health, and
transportation problems, as well as a number for whom reason for nonparticipation was not determined.
4
Includes a small number of persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail
[In thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Change
Industry Jan. Nov. Dec. Jan. Jan. Nov. Dec. Jan. from:
2022 2022 2022p 2023p 2022 2022 2022p 2023p Dec.2022 -
Jan.2023p

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147,932 155,642 155,349 152,844 150,106 154,296 154,556 155,073 517
Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125,993 132,866 132,748 130,582 128,031 131,972 132,241 132,684 443
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,330 21,501 21,378 21,060 20,785 21,425 21,468 21,514 46
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 566 627 627 620 578 624 629 631 2
Logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.9 45.9 46.0 45.6 44.9 45.6 45.9 45.6 -0.3
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction.. . 521.0 581.0 581.0 574.3 533.5 578.6 583.0 585.6 2.6
Oil and gas extraction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110.2 117.1 118.3 117.7 111.1 117.1 117.6 118.6 1.0
Mining (except oil and gas). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174.2 187.9 184.0 179.7 180.0 187.1 186.4 185.7 -0.7
Coal mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39.0 41.0 40.8 40.6 39.2 41.1 41.1 40.7 -0.4
Metal ore mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.9 43.1 43.3 43.3 42.3 43.3 43.5 43.7 0.2
Nonmetallic mineral mining and
quarrying. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93.3 103.8 99.9 95.8 98.5 102.6 101.8 101.3 -0.5
Support activities for mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236.6 276.0 278.7 276.9 242.4 274.4 279.0 281.3 2.3
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,251 7,900 7,766 7,546 7,590 7,833 7,859 7,884 25
Construction of buildings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,668.3 1,782.3 1,772.9 1,740.3 1,718.4 1,772.9 1,785.3 1,789.4 4.1
Residential building construction. . . . . . . . . . . . 876.6 934.2 928.1 906.7 902.9 929.0 934.0 934.1 0.1
Nonresidential building construction. . . . . . . . . 791.7 848.1 844.8 833.6 815.5 843.9 851.3 855.3 4.0
Heavy and civil engineering construction. . . . . . 948.8 1,101.4 1,041.4 984.0 1,043.0 1,078.4 1,079.0 1,077.8 -1.2
Specialty trade contractors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,633.7 5,016.5 4,951.7 4,821.4 4,828.3 4,981.2 4,994.4 5,016.3 21.9
Residential specialty trade contractors. . . . . . 2,161.1 2,335.9 2,303.0 2,244.9 2,247.8 2,321.9 2,325.8 2,331.2 5.4
Nonresidential specialty trade contractors. . . 2,472.6 2,680.6 2,648.7 2,576.5 2,580.5 2,659.3 2,668.6 2,685.1 16.5
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,513 12,974 12,985 12,894 12,617 12,968 12,980 12,999 19
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,798 8,072 8,103 8,051 7,849 8,073 8,098 8,102 4
Wood product manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420.5 428.1 429.4 429.6 422.8 429.0 430.6 431.7 1.1
Nonmetallic mineral product
manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402.3 429.4 428.2 426.6 414.9 428.7 432.6 436.8 4.2
Primary metal manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357.0 366.4 367.8 364.5 357.8 365.6 366.0 365.6 -0.4
Fabricated metal product manufacturing. . . . 1,401.9 1,444.3 1,448.4 1,444.5 1,410.6 1,447.4 1,450.1 1,453.2 3.1
Machinery manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,076.7 1,115.9 1,123.0 1,118.6 1,082.9 1,119.1 1,122.8 1,124.8 2.0
Computer and electronic product
manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,067.6 1,100.4 1,103.0 1,095.6 1,071.3 1,099.9 1,100.9 1,100.2 -0.7
Computer and peripheral equipment
manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159.7 166.9 168.2 167.5 159.8 166.4 167.4 167.7 0.3
Communications equipment
manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85.5 84.8 84.5 83.6 85.8 84.9 85.2 84.1 -1.1
Semiconductor and other electronic
component manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373.7 392.9 393.6 392.2 376.1 393.4 394.0 394.8 0.8
Navigational, measuring, electromedical,
and control instruments
manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418.5 423.1 424.2 419.8 418.9 422.9 422.1 420.9 -1.2
Manufacturing and reproducing magnetic
and optical media and audio and video
equipment manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.2 32.7 32.5 32.5 30.7 32.3 32.2 32.8 0.6
Electrical equipment, appliance, and
component manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395.0 404.5 403.9 405.5 396.8 405.1 405.3 407.1 1.8
Transportation equipment manufacturing1. . . 1,680.8 1,772.0 1,791.2 1,765.8 1,687.7 1,766.8 1,781.8 1,773.4 -8.4
Motor vehicles and parts2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 988.8 1,044.4 1,059.2 1,036.9 991.7 1,038.6 1,047.6 1,041.1 -6.5
Furniture and related product
manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377.9 375.9 373.6 368.7 380.8 376.6 373.6 373.1 -0.5
Miscellaneous manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617.9 634.8 634.5 631.2 622.9 634.9 634.6 636.0 1.4
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,715 4,902 4,882 4,843 4,768 4,895 4,882 4,897 15
Food manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,648.9 1,719.7 1,726.1 1,708.9 1,667.6 1,714.5 1,719.3 1,726.2 6.9
Textile mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97.8 96.6 96.1 96.4 98.7 96.5 96.2 97.1 0.9
Textile product mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105.2 102.7 102.3 103.0 105.7 102.8 102.6 103.3 0.7
Apparel manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90.3 94.7 92.8 93.2 92.6 93.8 92.7 94.8 2.1
Paper manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355.3 360.7 358.9 359.9 355.3 360.9 359.3 360.1 0.8
Printing and related support activities. . . . . . . 372.7 384.3 385.0 378.6 376.1 381.2 381.6 381.8 0.2
Petroleum and coal products
manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98.6 106.8 102.0 99.9 102.5 106.1 103.9 103.9 0.0
Chemical manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 885.1 921.9 915.5 907.2 889.1 922.0 915.6 912.1 -3.5
Plastics and rubber products
manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 737.1 757.0 755.4 749.4 742.8 759.7 755.8 757.0 1.2

See footnotes at end of table.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail
— Continued
[In thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Change
Industry Jan. Nov. Dec. Jan. Jan. Nov. Dec. Jan. from:
2022 2022 2022p 2023p 2022 2022 2022p 2023p Dec.2022 -
Jan.2023p
Nondurable goods - Continued
Beverage, tobacco, and leather and allied
product manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324.3 357.4 347.6 346.0 337.9 357.0 355.4 360.4 5.0
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105,663 111,365 111,370 109,522 107,246 110,547 110,773 111,170 397
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,241 29,272 29,504 28,758 28,289 28,731 28,756 28,819 63
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,809.3 6,023.1 6,032.5 5,993.0 5,854.7 6,019.2 6,029.7 6,041.0 11.3
Merchant wholesalers, durable goods. . . . . . . 3,207.4 3,320.2 3,330.8 3,322.1 3,225.8 3,324.2 3,331.6 3,341.9 10.3
Merchant wholesalers, nondurable goods. . . 2,106.1 2,176.4 2,175.9 2,149.4 2,131.0 2,170.8 2,174.2 2,174.5 0.3
Wholesale trade agents and brokers. . . . . . . . 495.8 526.5 525.8 521.5 497.9 524.2 523.9 524.6 0.7
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,361.4 15,765.7 15,866.4 15,449.5 15,395.3 15,451.1 15,452.5 15,482.6 30.1
Motor vehicle and parts dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,962.0 2,024.4 2,019.6 2,004.1 1,985.9 2,025.4 2,026.8 2,028.5 1.7
Automobile dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,234.1 1,260.8 1,257.3 1,249.3 1,243.7 1,261.2 1,260.1 1,259.8 -0.3
Other motor vehicle dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163.3 174.7 172.7 168.8 173.4 178.4 178.7 179.2 0.5
Automotive parts, accessories, and tire
retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564.6 588.9 589.6 586.0 568.8 585.8 588.0 589.5 1.5
Building material and garden equipment
and supplies dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,363.5 1,395.0 1,385.1 1,357.6 1,421.9 1,421.8 1,419.5 1,417.0 -2.5
Food and beverage retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,137.8 3,244.1 3,260.6 3,213.4 3,154.9 3,219.3 3,227.1 3,228.9 1.8
Furniture, home furnishings, electronics,
and appliance retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 921.4 900.6 906.5 885.5 918.4 881.2 879.3 886.2 6.9
Furniture and home furnishings retailers.. . 466.4 458.4 462.6 451.5 458.8 447.3 447.5 445.4 -2.1
Electronics and appliance retailers. . . . . . . . 455.0 442.2 443.9 434.0 448.7 425.7 426.6 428.2 1.6
General merchandise retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,192.9 3,228.4 3,269.0 3,126.8 3,124.8 3,051.8 3,041.6 3,057.6 16.0
Department stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 982.0 1,009.8 1,038.0 956.7 940.2 915.7 910.4 915.3 4.9
Warehouse clubs, supercenters, and
other general merchandise retailers. . . . 2,210.9 2,218.6 2,231.0 2,170.1 2,184.5 2,136.1 2,131.2 2,142.3 11.1
Health and personal care retailers. . . . . . . . . . . 1,123.6 1,131.9 1,139.5 1,119.9 1,111.6 1,110.4 1,113.5 1,107.9 -5.6
Gasoline stations and fuel dealers. . . . . . . . . . 1,009.0 1,052.8 1,055.5 1,049.4 1,018.2 1,051.1 1,055.2 1,058.9 3.7
Clothing, clothing accessories, shoe, and
jewelry retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,144.6 1,204.0 1,239.2 1,171.4 1,133.5 1,151.0 1,150.7 1,158.1 7.4
Sporting goods, hobby, musical instrument,
book, and miscellaneous retailers. . . . . . . . . 1,506.6 1,584.5 1,591.4 1,521.4 1,526.1 1,539.1 1,538.8 1,539.5 0.7
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,520.8 6,926.8 7,049.9 6,761.3 6,489.2 6,704.6 6,717.6 6,740.5 22.9
Air transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476.8 519.3 520.5 521.7 481.4 520.7 523.8 526.6 2.8
Rail transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143.3 148.4 148.7 148.7 144.0 148.4 148.9 149.4 0.5
Water transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.8 63.3 64.5 62.8 60.3 64.8 65.6 65.9 0.3
Truck transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,533.4 1,616.4 1,610.3 1,590.5 1,557.4 1,605.5 1,610.6 1,614.7 4.1
Transit and ground passenger
transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404.0 439.6 444.1 444.0 398.4 422.7 429.8 437.2 7.4
Pipeline transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50.5 48.2 48.1 47.6 51.0 48.2 47.9 48.2 0.3
Scenic and sightseeing transportation. . . . . . . 23.2 28.9 27.5 27.4 29.6 32.0 31.9 33.1 1.2
Support activities for transportation. . . . . . . . . . 765.2 814.1 820.2 813.9 769.0 805.7 810.5 817.0 6.5
Couriers and messengers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,185.1 1,263.8 1,385.3 1,164.5 1,120.3 1,121.0 1,111.5 1,108.4 -3.1
Warehousing and storage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,881.5 1,984.8 1,980.7 1,940.2 1,877.8 1,935.6 1,937.1 1,940.0 2.9
Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549.3 555.9 555.5 553.7 550.2 556.0 555.9 555.2 -0.7
Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,943 3,145 3,135 3,069 2,985 3,129 3,124 3,119 -5
Motion picture and sound recording
industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412.5 487.7 469.1 432.9 443.1 477.8 465.9 465.9 0.0
Publishing industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 907.7 954.3 955.5 945.3 911.3 953.5 953.9 952.6 -1.3
Broadcasting and content providers. . . . . . . . . . . 350.3 359.3 358.7 351.9 353.1 357.3 358.6 355.9 -2.7
Telecommunications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655.3 662.3 661.6 653.7 657.3 661.2 658.1 656.7 -1.4
Computing infrastructure providers, data
processing, web hosting, and related
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440.6 480.9 489.6 484.1 442.6 479.7 486.2 485.2 -1.0
Web search portals, libraries, archives, and
other information services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176.1 200.8 200.8 200.6 177.4 199.8 201.6 202.5 0.9
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,883 9,116 9,136 9,056 8,941 9,097 9,108 9,114 6
Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,600.2 6,710.0 6,720.9 6,685.8 6,613.8 6,697.0 6,698.0 6,699.1 1.1
Monetary authorities-central bank. . . . . . . . . . . 20.9 21.7 21.8 21.7 21.0 21.8 21.8 21.8 0.0
Credit intermediation and related
activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,700.3 2,684.3 2,686.3 2,680.4 2,701.4 2,685.2 2,683.4 2,682.8 -0.6

See footnotes at end of table.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail
— Continued
[In thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Change
Industry Jan. Nov. Dec. Jan. Jan. Nov. Dec. Jan. from:
2022 2022 2022p 2023p 2022 2022 2022p 2023p Dec.2022 -
Jan.2023p
Credit intermediation and related -
Continued
Depository credit intermediation1. . . . . . . . . . 1,750.3 1,779.4 1,784.8 1,783.1 1,750.3 1,780.8 1,783.3 1,783.2 -0.1
Commercial banking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,363.0 1,374.4 1,376.8 1,375.9 1,362.5 1,376.1 1,376.5 1,375.8 -0.7
Nondepository credit intermediation. . . . . . . 614.3 581.6 579.8 577.6 616.2 581.1 578.5 580.1 1.6
Activities related to credit intermediation.. . 335.7 323.3 321.7 319.7 334.9 323.3 321.6 319.5 -2.1
Securities, commodity contracts, funds,
trusts, and other financial vehicles,
investments, and related activities. . . . . . . . 1,012.7 1,070.9 1,073.4 1,073.0 1,019.1 1,068.1 1,071.0 1,077.8 6.8
Insurance carriers and related activities. . . . . 2,866.3 2,933.1 2,939.4 2,910.7 2,872.3 2,921.9 2,921.8 2,916.7 -5.1
Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . . . . . . . . 2,282.4 2,405.7 2,415.1 2,370.1 2,327.0 2,399.8 2,410.4 2,414.5 4.1
Real estate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,761.3 1,850.6 1,855.1 1,829.1 1,788.1 1,841.9 1,847.0 1,855.8 8.8
Rental and leasing services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499.6 532.4 537.2 519.1 516.9 535.4 540.9 536.4 -4.5
Lessors of nonfinancial intangible assets
(except copyrighted works). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.5 22.7 22.8 21.9 22.0 22.5 22.5 22.3 -0.2
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,786 23,028 22,901 22,493 22,164 22,791 22,830 22,912 82
Professional, scientific, and technical
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,225.7 10,714.5 10,744.1 10,710.7 10,263.5 10,684.8 10,713.1 10,754.4 41.3
Legal services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,164.2 1,186.8 1,189.7 1,177.9 1,170.2 1,180.1 1,181.5 1,183.9 2.4
Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping,
and payroll services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,109.4 1,109.3 1,129.1 1,167.2 1,077.6 1,133.0 1,131.2 1,138.6 7.4
Architectural, engineering, and related
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,554.7 1,643.9 1,644.4 1,629.6 1,575.1 1,638.9 1,644.3 1,650.6 6.3
Specialized design services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143.9 156.6 159.1 156.1 146.6 154.9 157.1 158.3 1.2
Computer systems design and related
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,400.9 2,504.3 2,490.3 2,488.3 2,405.1 2,489.6 2,492.9 2,493.5 0.6
Management, scientific, and technical
consulting services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,721.3 1,841.2 1,850.0 1,838.3 1,733.9 1,823.2 1,833.2 1,851.1 17.9
Scientific research and development
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 856.1 910.4 915.0 908.8 862.5 910.7 913.9 916.8 2.9
Advertising, public relations, and related
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461.5 493.5 493.8 487.2 469.0 493.6 493.4 494.8 1.4
Other professional, scientific, and technical
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 813.7 868.5 872.7 857.3 823.4 860.9 865.6 866.9 1.3
Management of companies and enterprises. . . 2,451.8 2,509.8 2,524.2 2,503.7 2,460.2 2,507.9 2,515.7 2,513.2 -2.5
Administrative and support and waste
management and remediation services. . . . . 9,108.0 9,804.1 9,632.3 9,278.1 9,440.6 9,598.0 9,601.3 9,644.5 43.2
Administrative and support services. . . . . . . . . 8,650.9 9,315.6 9,147.9 8,798.4 8,976.7 9,114.0 9,117.7 9,155.4 37.7
Office administrative services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 562.7 609.5 609.7 607.1 569.2 609.0 612.6 615.2 2.6
Facilities support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154.5 159.2 158.3 158.8 154.5 157.9 158.0 158.9 0.9
Employment services1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,728.2 4,023.9 3,946.6 3,732.1 3,841.4 3,875.9 3,860.0 3,877.4 17.4
Temporary help services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,998.1 3,222.3 3,149.0 2,964.2 3,091.3 3,092.9 3,052.0 3,077.9 25.9
Business support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 821.2 785.0 785.4 781.0 815.7 765.6 767.3 774.3 7.0
Travel arrangement and reservation
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156.5 176.5 179.3 178.7 161.0 177.2 181.5 183.0 1.5
Investigation and security services. . . . . . . . 924.5 976.5 978.9 967.8 936.9 969.4 971.8 979.5 7.7
Services to buildings and dwellings. . . . . . . 1,995.1 2,245.6 2,150.6 2,044.8 2,180.9 2,220.8 2,224.0 2,228.3 4.3
Other support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308.2 339.4 339.1 328.1 317.0 338.2 342.4 338.7 -3.7
Waste management and remediation
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457.1 488.5 484.4 479.7 463.9 484.0 483.6 489.1 5.5
Private education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . 23,694 25,024 24,966 24,744 23,887 24,756 24,832 24,937 105
Private educational services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,604.9 4,043.1 3,922.8 3,760.7 3,719.6 3,859.2 3,854.7 3,880.5 25.8
Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,089.2 20,981.2 21,043.6 20,983.6 20,167.7 20,897.1 20,977.4 21,056.6 79.2
Health care3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,979.9 16,607.0 16,662.7 16,602.8 16,037.3 16,543.3 16,596.2 16,654.4 58.2
Ambulatory health care services. . . . . . . . . . 7,937.5 8,288.3 8,314.6 8,273.1 7,976.4 8,250.3 8,278.0 8,307.9 29.9
Offices of physicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,754.3 2,860.1 2,877.0 2,860.4 2,767.6 2,847.4 2,858.9 2,870.0 11.1
Offices of dentists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,003.7 1,033.8 1,031.3 1,026.8 1,004.9 1,029.2 1,031.2 1,028.5 -2.7
Offices of other health practitioners. . . . . 1,046.8 1,114.0 1,114.7 1,108.3 1,052.1 1,108.8 1,110.3 1,114.7 4.4
Outpatient care centers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,011.2 1,054.6 1,057.9 1,056.9 1,014.1 1,051.3 1,052.7 1,059.4 6.7
Medical and diagnostic laboratories. . . . 316.1 320.8 321.1 322.3 316.4 320.4 320.3 322.3 2.0
Home health care services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,488.3 1,570.2 1,576.3 1,562.5 1,502.3 1,558.9 1,569.4 1,575.8 6.4
Other ambulatory health care
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317.1 334.8 336.3 335.9 319.0 334.4 335.2 337.1 1.9
Hospitals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,092.3 5,247.3 5,262.7 5,245.6 5,099.7 5,229.3 5,243.4 5,254.3 10.9

See footnotes at end of table.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail
— Continued
[In thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Change
Industry Jan. Nov. Dec. Jan. Jan. Nov. Dec. Jan. from:
2022 2022 2022p 2023p 2022 2022 2022p 2023p Dec.2022 -
Jan.2023p
Health care - Continued
Nursing and residential care facilities. . . . . 2,950.1 3,071.4 3,085.4 3,084.1 2,961.2 3,063.7 3,074.8 3,092.2 17.4
Skilled nursing care facilities. . . . . . . . . . . . 1,341.2 1,375.1 1,382.9 1,379.2 1,344.5 1,369.6 1,375.6 1,380.1 4.5
Residential intellectual and
developmental disability, mental
health, and substance abuse
facilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592.3 620.5 623.4 621.1 595.8 619.7 622.2 625.0 2.8
Continuing care retirement
communities and assisted living
facilities for the elderly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 866.8 920.8 925.2 928.3 870.0 920.0 922.3 930.7 8.4
Other residential care facilities. . . . . . . . . . 149.8 155.0 153.9 155.5 150.8 154.4 154.7 156.3 1.6
Social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,109.3 4,374.2 4,380.9 4,380.8 4,130.4 4,353.8 4,381.2 4,402.2 21.0
Individual and family services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,725.1 2,905.9 2,912.9 2,912.6 2,734.7 2,895.9 2,913.1 2,922.7 9.6
Community food and housing, and
emergency and other relief services. . . . 196.4 207.1 210.1 209.6 196.8 206.2 208.1 209.4 1.3
Vocational rehabilitation services. . . . . . . . . 266.0 273.1 274.1 272.9 271.7 272.6 274.9 277.9 3.0
Child care services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 921.8 988.1 983.8 985.7 927.2 979.0 985.1 992.2 7.1
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,592 15,998 15,948 15,657 15,374 16,258 16,322 16,450 128
Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . . . . . . . . 1,954.4 2,248.5 2,240.9 2,154.1 2,212.7 2,380.2 2,400.2 2,415.0 14.8
Performing arts, spectator sports, and
related industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402.7 495.4 488.2 453.4 464.6 510.3 514.6 516.7 2.1
Museums, historical sites, and similar
institutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137.7 164.5 161.6 152.9 150.9 165.5 164.9 166.4 1.5
Amusement, gambling, and recreation
industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,414.0 1,588.6 1,591.1 1,547.8 1,597.2 1,704.4 1,720.7 1,731.9 11.2
Accommodation and food services. . . . . . . . . . . . 12,637.4 13,749.3 13,707.1 13,503.1 13,161.0 13,877.6 13,921.6 14,035.0 113.4
Accommodation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,578.9 1,772.7 1,770.8 1,749.9 1,690.4 1,834.5 1,846.9 1,861.7 14.8
Food services and drinking places. . . . . . . . . . 11,058.5 11,976.6 11,936.3 11,753.2 11,470.6 12,043.1 12,074.7 12,173.3 98.6
Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,524 5,782 5,780 5,745 5,606 5,785 5,801 5,819 18
Repair and maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,343.7 1,418.7 1,410.8 1,407.6 1,360.4 1,414.1 1,418.2 1,422.6 4.4
Personal and laundry services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,413.4 1,515.5 1,522.3 1,507.6 1,442.4 1,517.9 1,522.7 1,531.1 8.4
Religious, grantmaking, civic, professional,
and similar organizations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,766.5 2,847.6 2,846.8 2,830.0 2,803.6 2,853.2 2,859.7 2,865.7 6.0
Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,939 22,776 22,601 22,262 22,075 22,324 22,315 22,389 74
Federal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,864 2,884 2,891 2,869 2,874 2,873 2,873 2,878 5
Federal, except U.S. Postal Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,253.9 2,281.0 2,279.2 2,269.9 2,266.1 2,276.5 2,278.6 2,281.6 3.0
U.S. Postal Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 610.2 603.2 611.7 599.2 607.8 596.6 594.7 596.6 1.9
State government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,998 5,290 5,165 5,012 5,101 5,116 5,078 5,117 39
State government education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,369.6 2,633.8 2,509.1 2,355.9 2,457.3 2,453.1 2,412.2 2,446.9 34.7
State government, excluding education. . . . . . . . . . 2,628.8 2,656.3 2,656.3 2,655.8 2,643.8 2,663.2 2,665.7 2,670.1 4.4
Local government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,077 14,602 14,545 14,381 14,100 14,335 14,364 14,394 30
Local government education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,842.0 8,136.0 8,118.4 7,994.6 7,735.8 7,848.3 7,864.6 7,881.9 17.3
Local government, excluding education. . . . . . . . . . 6,235.3 6,466.3 6,426.1 6,386.3 6,364.3 6,486.6 6,499.3 6,512.0 12.7

1
Includes other industries, not shown separately.
2
Includes motor vehicles, motor vehicle bodies and trailers, and motor vehicle parts.
3
Includes ambulatory health care services, hospitals, and nursing and residential care facilities.
p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-2. Average weekly hours and overtime of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry
sector, seasonally adjusted
Jan. Nov. Dec. Jan.
Industry 2022 2022 2022p 2023p

AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS

Total private............................................................................ . 34.6 34.5 34.4 34.7
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39.8 39.8 39.7 40.2
Mining and logging............................................................... . 44.7 46.3 45.6 46.5
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38.7 38.5 38.6 39.2
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.3 40.2 40.1 40.5
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.7 40.6 40.6 40.9
Nondurable goods............................................................. . 39.7 39.6 39.4 39.8
Private service-providing........................................................... . 33.6 33.4 33.4 33.6
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.2 34.2 34.2 34.3
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39.1 38.8 38.8 39.0
Retail trade..................................................................... . 30.4 30.3 30.3 30.3
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37.9 38.4 38.4 38.8
Utilities.......................................................................... . 42.6 42.1 41.7 41.3
Information........................................................................ . 36.9 36.7 36.4 36.5
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37.5 37.4 37.3 37.5
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36.7 36.5 36.4 36.7
Private education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.4 33.4 33.3 33.5
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.9 25.5 25.3 25.8
Other services.................................................................... . 32.2 32.2 32.3 32.3
AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS
Manufacturing.......................................................................... . 3.3 3.1 3.0 3.1
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.1
Nondurable goods.................................................................. . 3.4 2.9 2.8 3.0

p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry
sector, seasonally adjusted
Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings
Industry Jan. Nov. Dec. Jan. Jan. Nov. Dec. Jan.
2022 2022 2022p 2023p 2022 2022 2022p 2023p

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $31.63 $32.80 $32.93 $33.03 $1,094.40 $1,131.60 $1,132.79 $1,146.14
Goods-producing...................................... . 31.90 33.00 33.11 33.24 1,269.62 1,313.40 1,314.47 1,336.25
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35.32 36.45 36.68 36.85 1,578.80 1,687.64 1,672.61 1,713.53
Construction......................................... . 33.89 35.43 35.60 35.75 1,311.54 1,364.06 1,374.16 1,401.40
Manufacturing....................................... . 30.58 31.40 31.46 31.57 1,232.37 1,262.28 1,261.55 1,278.59
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.18 32.98 32.94 33.04 1,309.73 1,338.99 1,337.36 1,351.34
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.88 28.74 28.93 29.07 1,106.84 1,138.10 1,139.84 1,156.99
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.56 32.76 32.89 32.98 1,060.42 1,094.18 1,098.53 1,108.13
Trade, transportation, and utilities................ . 27.16 28.17 28.22 28.35 928.87 963.41 965.12 972.41
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.49 35.68 35.89 36.26 1,348.56 1,384.38 1,392.53 1,414.14
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.56 23.46 23.44 23.53 685.82 710.84 710.23 712.96
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.24 28.11 28.11 28.08 1,032.40 1,079.42 1,079.42 1,089.50
Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46.41 48.14 48.47 48.88 1,977.07 2,026.69 2,021.20 2,018.74
Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45.14 47.46 47.73 47.78 1,665.67 1,741.78 1,737.37 1,743.97
Financial activities.................................. . 40.88 42.13 42.40 42.48 1,533.00 1,575.66 1,581.52 1,593.00
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37.92 39.40 39.55 39.64 1,391.66 1,438.10 1,439.62 1,454.79
Private education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . 31.40 32.47 32.64 32.80 1,048.76 1,084.50 1,086.91 1,098.80
Leisure and hospitality............................. . 19.42 20.61 20.77 20.78 502.98 525.56 525.48 536.12
Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28.44 29.41 29.43 29.62 915.77 947.00 950.59 956.73

p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-4. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by
industry sector, seasonally adjusted
[2007=100]
Index of aggregate weekly hours1 Index of aggregate weekly payrolls2
Percent Percent
change change
Industry Jan. Nov. Dec. from: from:
Jan. Dec. Jan. Nov. Dec. Jan. Dec.
2022 2022 2022p 2023p 2022 - 2022 2022 2022p 2023p 2022 -
Jan. Jan.
2023p 2023p

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111.2 114.3 114.2 115.6 1.2 168.2 179.2 179.8 182.5 1.5
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94.2 97.1 97.1 98.5 1.4 135.9 144.9 145.3 148.0 1.9
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81.2 90.8 90.1 92.2 2.3 115.1 132.9 132.7 136.4 2.8
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101.3 104.0 104.6 106.5 1.8 149.1 160.0 161.8 165.5 2.3
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91.5 93.8 93.6 94.7 1.2 130.1 136.9 137.0 139.0 1.5
Durable goods.......................... . 89.9 92.3 92.6 93.3 0.8 128.5 135.2 135.4 136.9 1.1
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94.5 96.8 96.0 97.3 1.4 133.7 141.1 140.9 143.5 1.8
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116.0 118.9 119.1 120.3 1.0 178.0 189.3 190.4 192.8 1.3
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . 105.7 107.4 107.5 108.0 0.5 154.8 163.1 163.5 165.1 1.0
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101.0 103.0 103.2 103.9 0.7 145.7 153.8 154.9 157.6 1.7
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95.3 95.3 95.3 95.5 0.2 142.1 147.8 147.7 148.6 0.6
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . 141.3 147.9 148.2 150.3 1.4 195.8 211.5 212.0 214.7 1.3
Utilities................................... . 101.4 101.3 100.3 99.2 -1.1 155.5 161.1 160.6 160.2 -0.2
Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.6 104.9 103.9 104.0 0.1 161.7 177.2 176.5 176.9 0.2
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109.8 111.5 111.3 112.0 0.6 175.1 183.1 184.0 185.5 0.8
Professional and business services. . . . . 127.3 130.1 130.0 131.6 1.2 195.5 207.7 208.3 211.2 1.4
Private education and health services.. . 130.3 135.0 135.0 136.4 1.0 196.8 210.9 212.0 215.2 1.5
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113.6 118.3 117.8 121.1 2.8 178.0 196.7 197.4 203.0 2.8
Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104.1 107.4 108.0 108.4 0.4 162.2 173.1 174.3 175.9 0.9

1
The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2007
annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment.
2
The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the
corresponding 2007 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly
earnings, average weekly hours, and employment.
p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-5. Employment of women on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted
Women employees (in thousands) Percent of all employees
Industry Jan. Nov. Dec. Jan. Jan. Nov. Dec. Jan.
2022 2022 2022p 2023p 2022 2022 2022p 2023p

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74,640 76,844 76,989 77,252 49.7 49.8 49.8 49.8
Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61,844 63,848 63,976 64,205 48.3 48.4 48.4 48.4
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,738 4,955 4,963 4,966 22.8 23.1 23.1 23.1
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 80 81 83 12.8 12.8 12.9 13.2
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,059 1,110 1,111 1,113 14.0 14.2 14.1 14.1
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,605 3,765 3,771 3,770 28.6 29.0 29.1 29.0
Durable goods................................. . 1,914 2,008 2,016 2,014 24.4 24.9 24.9 24.9
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,691 1,757 1,755 1,756 35.5 35.9 35.9 35.9
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57,106 58,893 59,013 59,239 53.2 53.3 53.3 53.3
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,146 11,309 11,328 11,348 39.4 39.4 39.4 39.4
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,769.9 1,833.5 1,845.4 1,849.6 30.2 30.5 30.6 30.6
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,505.1 7,504.3 7,513.0 7,520.4 48.7 48.6 48.6 48.6
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,733.1 1,828.7 1,825.1 1,833.2 26.7 27.3 27.2 27.2
Utilities.......................................... . 137.8 142.8 144.1 144.8 25.0 25.7 25.9 26.1
Information........................................ . 1,179 1,262 1,268 1,274 39.5 40.3 40.6 40.8
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,997 5,069 5,074 5,082 55.9 55.7 55.7 55.8
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . 10,284 10,508 10,504 10,553 46.4 46.1 46.0 46.1
Private education and health services. . . . . . . . . 18,350 19,059 19,113 19,174 76.8 77.0 77.0 76.9
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,142 8,595 8,615 8,684 53.0 52.9 52.8 52.8
Other services.................................... . 3,008 3,091 3,111 3,124 53.7 53.4 53.6 53.7
Government............................................ . 12,796 12,996 13,013 13,047 58.0 58.2 58.3 58.3

p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-6. Employment of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry
sector, seasonally adjusted1
[In thousands]
Jan. Nov. Dec. Jan.
Industry 2023p
2022 2022 2022p

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104,319 107,392 107,544 108,023

Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,882 15,370 15,398 15,439
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435 467 472 478
Construction......................................................................... . 5,630 5,789 5,803 5,822
Manufacturing....................................................................... . 8,817 9,114 9,123 9,139
Durable goods.................................................................... . 5,414 5,608 5,623 5,631
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,403 3,506 3,500 3,508
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89,437 92,022 92,146 92,584
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... . 23,851 24,183 24,199 24,256
Wholesale trade.................................................................. . 4,662.1 4,778.0 4,793.8 4,802.4
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,092.6 13,119.4 13,124.7 13,146.1
Transportation and warehousing............................................... . 5,658.4 5,843.5 5,839.1 5,865.9
Utilities............................................................................. . 437.8 442.2 441.7 442.0
Information........................................................................... . 2,374 2,488 2,486 2,478
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,714 6,857 6,850 6,860
Professional and business services.............................................. . 17,760 18,171 18,125 18,214
Private education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,852 21,534 21,611 21,730
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,344 14,086 14,155 14,312
Other services....................................................................... . 4,542 4,703 4,720 4,734

1
Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory
employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm
payrolls.
p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-7. Average weekly hours and overtime of production and nonsupervisory employees on private
nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1
Jan. Nov. Dec. Jan.
Industry 2022 2022 2022p 2023p

AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS

Total private............................................................................ . 34.0 33.9 33.9 34.1
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.6 40.4 40.3 40.8
Mining and logging............................................................... . 46.3 47.3 46.8 48.6
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39.5 39.2 39.4 39.9
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.1 40.8 40.6 40.9
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.3 41.1 41.0 41.2
Nondurable goods............................................................. . 40.8 40.4 40.1 40.5
Private service-providing........................................................... . 32.9 32.9 32.8 33.0
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.1 34.2 34.0 34.5
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39.1 38.9 38.7 39.0
Retail trade..................................................................... . 30.4 30.5 30.2 30.8
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37.7 37.9 38.0 38.3
Utilities.......................................................................... . 42.5 42.7 42.6 42.6
Information........................................................................ . 36.7 36.5 36.0 36.1
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37.3 37.0 37.0 37.0
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36.3 36.3 36.3 36.6
Private education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.5 32.6 32.6 32.7
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.7 24.5 24.4 24.6
Other services.................................................................... . 31.2 31.1 31.2 31.3
AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS
Manufacturing.......................................................................... . 4.2 3.7 3.6 3.8
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 3.9 3.8 3.8
Nondurable goods.................................................................. . 4.1 3.5 3.4 3.7

1
Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory
employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm
payrolls.
p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-8. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production and nonsupervisory employees on private
nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1
Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings
Industry Jan. Nov. Dec. Jan. Jan. Nov. Dec. Jan.
2022 2022 2022p 2023p 2022 2022 2022p 2023p

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $26.88 $28.09 $28.19 $28.26 $913.92 $952.25 $955.64 $963.67
Goods-producing...................................... . 27.32 28.58 28.70 28.92 1,109.19 1,154.63 1,156.61 1,179.94
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.87 33.26 33.57 33.94 1,475.58 1,573.20 1,571.08 1,649.48
Construction......................................... . 31.44 33.00 33.20 33.38 1,241.88 1,293.60 1,308.08 1,331.86
Manufacturing....................................... . 24.54 25.60 25.64 25.84 1,008.59 1,044.48 1,040.98 1,056.86
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.62 26.87 26.78 26.94 1,058.11 1,104.36 1,097.98 1,109.93
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.79 23.53 23.76 24.05 929.83 950.61 952.78 974.03
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26.79 27.99 28.08 28.12 881.39 920.87 921.02 927.96
Trade, transportation, and utilities................ . 23.40 24.47 24.52 24.58 797.94 836.87 833.68 848.01
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28.53 29.76 29.93 29.93 1,115.52 1,157.66 1,158.29 1,167.27
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.31 20.04 20.08 20.19 587.02 611.22 606.42 621.85
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.10 26.44 26.32 26.46 946.27 1,002.08 1,000.16 1,013.42
Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.28 43.09 43.39 43.44 1,754.40 1,839.94 1,848.41 1,850.54
Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37.44 38.56 38.78 38.73 1,374.05 1,407.44 1,396.08 1,398.15
Financial activities.................................. . 31.17 32.75 32.92 32.97 1,162.64 1,211.75 1,218.04 1,219.89
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.87 33.13 33.26 33.35 1,156.88 1,202.62 1,207.34 1,220.61
Private education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . 28.32 29.57 29.66 29.80 920.40 963.98 966.92 974.46
Leisure and hospitality............................. . 16.98 18.24 18.35 18.21 419.41 446.88 447.74 447.97
Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.35 25.26 25.31 25.39 759.72 785.59 789.67 794.71

1
Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory
employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm
payrolls.
p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-9. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for production and nonsupervisory employees on
private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1
[2002=100]
Index of aggregate weekly hours2 Index of aggregate weekly payrolls3
Percent Percent
change change
Industry Jan. Nov. Dec. from: from:
Jan. Dec. Jan. Nov. Dec. Jan. Dec.
2022 2022 2022p 2023p 2022 - 2022 2022 2022p 2023p 2022 -
Jan. Jan.
2023p 2023p

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118.2 121.3 121.5 122.7 1.0 212.3 227.8 228.9 231.8 1.3
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92.3 94.9 94.8 96.3 1.6 154.5 166.1 166.6 170.5 2.3
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107.0 117.4 117.4 123.5 5.2 198.4 227.1 229.2 243.7 6.3
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111.3 113.6 114.5 116.3 1.6 189.0 202.5 205.2 209.6 2.1
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83.2 85.4 85.0 85.8 0.9 133.5 142.9 142.6 145.0 1.7
Durable goods.......................... . 84.0 86.6 86.6 87.2 0.7 134.4 145.3 144.8 146.6 1.2
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81.8 83.5 82.7 83.7 1.2 131.7 138.8 138.8 142.3 2.5
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125.4 129.0 128.8 130.2 1.1 230.4 247.6 248.0 251.1 1.3
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . 113.8 115.8 115.2 117.1 1.6 190.4 202.5 201.8 205.8 2.0
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108.2 110.3 110.1 111.2 1.0 182.2 193.8 194.5 196.4 1.0
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.9 101.5 100.5 102.7 2.2 167.1 174.3 173.0 177.7 2.7
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . 161.4 167.6 167.9 170.0 1.3 257.9 282.1 281.3 286.4 1.8
Utilities................................... . 95.2 96.6 96.2 96.3 0.1 164.0 173.7 174.3 174.6 0.2
Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99.4 103.7 102.2 102.1 -0.1 184.3 197.9 196.1 195.8 -0.2
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117.9 119.4 119.3 119.5 0.2 226.0 240.6 241.6 242.3 0.3
Professional and business services. . . . . 143.9 147.2 146.9 148.8 1.3 272.8 290.2 290.6 295.2 1.6
Private education and health services.. . 144.5 149.7 150.2 151.5 0.9 270.1 292.1 294.1 298.0 1.3
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120.7 126.4 126.5 129.0 2.0 232.8 261.8 263.6 266.7 1.2
Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99.4 102.6 103.3 103.9 0.6 176.3 188.8 190.5 192.2 0.9

1
Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory
employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm
payrolls.
2
The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2002
annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment.
3
The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the
corresponding 2002 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly
earnings, average weekly hours, and employment.
p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.