Department of Physics

Savitribai Phule Pune University

1. Consider an atom with electronic reduced mass µ = mM /(m+M), where M is the mass of
nucleus and m is the mass of an electron. Show that the reciprocal wavelengths of the spectral
1 1 𝜇
line become 𝜅 = 𝑅𝑀 𝑍 2 (𝑛2 − 𝑛2 ) where RM =M / (m + M) 𝑅∞ ≡ 𝑚
𝑅∞ . RM is the Rydberg
𝑓 𝑖
constant for a nucleus of mass M and 𝑅∞ is the Rydberg constant. Show also, that RM ≤ 𝑅∞ .

2. The wavelength of the Hα line for hydrogen is 656.59 nm. What is the wavelength for Hα line
for Deuterium and Tritium? Find the separation between Hα line of Hydrogen and Hα line of
Deuterium and Tritium. (Use the concept of reduced mass µ here).

3. Find the most probable radius for the electron of a hydrogen atom in the 1s and 2p states.
−2𝑟 −𝑟
4𝑟 2 𝑟4
Given, 𝑃1,0 (𝑟) = 𝑒 𝑎0 ; 𝑃2,1 (𝑟) = 𝑒 𝑎0 . Calculate the average orbital radius of a
𝑎03 24 𝑎05

1s electron in the hydrogen atom. What is the probability of the electron in the 1s state of the
hydrogen atom being at a radius greater than the Bohr radius a0?

4. Calculate the expectation value <r>21 for hydrogen atom and compare it with the value r at
which the radial probability density reaches its maximum for the state n = 2, l = 1.

5. (a) What are the possible values of l for n = 6?

(b) What are the possible values of ml for l = 6?

(c) What is the smallest possible value of n for which l can be 4?

(d) What is the smallest possible l that can have a z component of 4ℏ?
6. An electron is in an angular momentum state with l = 3. (a) What is the length of the electron’s
angular momentum vector? (b) How many different possible z components can the angular
momentum vector have? List the possible z components. (c) What are the values of the angle that
⃗ vector makes with the z axis? (Sketch the space quantization of Lz).
the 𝑳

7. Prove the degeneracy relation for hydrogen atom;

𝑔𝑛 = ∑(2𝑙 + 1) = 𝑛2
𝑙=0

Construct a table of all possible states (n,l,ml) and eigen functions (Ψ𝑛,𝑙,𝑚𝑙 ) for n = 4.

8. Which of the following transitions for quantum numbers (n, l, ml, ms) are allowed for the
hydrogen atom, and for those allowed, what is the energy involved?
(a) (2, 0, 0, 1/2) → (3, 1, 1, 1/2) ; (b) (2, 0, 0, 1/2) → (3, 0, 0, 1/2);
(c) (4, 2, -1, -1/2) → (2, 1, 0, 1/2).
Also, Explain why each of the following sets of quantum numbers (n, l,ml ,ms) is not permitted
for hydrogen.
(a) (2, 2,−1,+1/2) (b) (3, 1,+2,−1/2) (c) (4, 1,+1,−3/2) (d) (2,−1,+1,+1/2)
 Department of Physics
Savitribai Phule Pune University
PHY-C 107 – Atomic and Molecular Physics
Tutorial # 2 October 25-30, 2021

1. Determine the field gradient of a 50-cm long Stern-Gerlach magnet that would produce a
1 mm separation at the end of the magnet between the two components of a beam of silver
atoms emitted with typical kinetic energy from 960 oC oven. The magnetic dipole moment
of silver due to a single l = 0 electron, just as for hydrogen. (Assume the atoms to be in
the ground state and their mean kinetic energy to be 2 kT; Bohr magneton μ B = 9.27 ×
10−24J T-1.)

2. Draw a diagram which shows the fine structure of doublets for 2P1/2 and 2P3/2; 2D3/2 and
2
D5/2; 2P5/2 and 2P7/2 states. Find the magnitude of spin-orbit energy for 2p1/2 and 2p3/2
state of the hydrogen atom. The radius of the orbit is 3ao = 1.5Å. (Bohr radius ao =
[𝑗(𝑗+1)−𝑙(𝑙+1)−𝑠(𝑠+1)]ℏ2
0.529Å, 𝑆⃗. 𝐿
⃗⃗ = ).
2

3. If the doublet splitting of the first excited state, 2 2P3/2 – 2 2P1/2 of He+ is 5.84 cm-1.
Calculate the corresponding separation for hydrogen atom.

4. Find the possible multiplicities × of the terms of the types (a) xD2; (b) xP3/2; (c) xF1.

5. Using Hund’s rules, find the ground-state L and S of (a) fluorine (Z = 9); (b) magnesium

(Z = 12); (c) titanium (Z = 22); (d) iron (Z = 26).

6. A system comprises an atom in 2P3/2 state and a d electron. Find the possible spectral

terms of that system.

7. Compute the possible terms and energy levels for a configuration with three optically
active electrons 2p, 3p, 4d.
8. By using Pauli’s exclusion principle deduce the allowed spectroscopic terms for two dd

and ff equivalent electrons. Derive the spectral terms of oxygen atom in normal state.

9. Deduce the terms of ground state and excited state of carbon. Apply selection rules and

explain the emission spectral lines in case of carbon.

10. Assuming j-j coupling derive the spectral terms of 4p4d configuration.
 Department of Physics
Savitribai Phule Pune University
PHY-C 107 – Atomic and Molecular Physics
Tutorial # 3 November 22-27, 2021

1. Estimate the values of energies of electron in the Argon atom in n =1, n=2 and n= 3

states based on the Hartree Theory.

2. Deduce the spectroscopic term symbols for two valence pf electrons.

3. Considering the interaction energies (Γ − Calculations) for LS coupling sketch the energy

level diagram for two valence pf electrons.

4. Explain the ortho and para helium. Sketch the energy level diagram and show the

possible emission line taking into consideration the selection rules.

5. State the Lande interval rule and using it find the ratio of intervals between 3P , 3D and
3
F multiplet structures and verify it.

6. Show that the normal Zeeman effect should be observed for transitions between the 1D2

and 1P1 states.

7. Deduce the ground state term symbol for sodium (Z = 11). Why sodium exhibit doublets

of yellow color. With neat labelled diagram explain the Zeeman effect for sodium atom

when it is placed in weak magnetic field. A sample of certain element is placed in

magnetic field of 0.3 T. How far apart is Zeeman component of spectral line of

wavelength λ = 4500 Å.

8. What kind of Zeeman effect, normal or anomalous, is observed in a weak magnetic

field in the case of spectral lines caused by the following transitions?

(a) 1P → 1S; (b) 2D3/2 → 2P3/2; (c) 3D1 → 3Po; (d) 5I5 → 5H4

9. Compute Zeeman pattern for 3D3→3P2 transition and show p (π) and s (σ) components.

(Use the vertical and diagonal difference method and show the transitions).

10. Calculate the Landé g factor for an atom with a single (a) s electron, (b) p electron, (c)

d electron and for 4D1/2 and 5F1, 6F1/2 and 8G1/2. Comment on this.
 Department of Physics
Savitribai Phule Pune University
PHY-C 107 – Atomic and Molecular Physics
Tutorial # 4 December 01-04, 2021

1. Discuss the Paschen Back effect for one valence electron system by considering the
principal doublet (i.e., D1 and D2 lines) 2S1/2 ← 2P1/2,3/2 transitions of sodium. Justify
the phenomenon of Paschen Back effect by considering magnetic interaction energy
𝑖. 𝑒. Δ𝐸.

2. Draw the Paschen-Back pattern for 3S1 ← 3P0,1,2 transitions.

3. Two levels in an atom whose nuclear spin is I = 3, have the designations 2D3/2 and 2P1/2.
Find the expected number of components in the hyperfine structure of the
corresponding spectral line.

4. The nuclear spin of bismuth atom is I =9/2. Using this, find the number of levels in
which the term 2D5/2 of bismuth will split due to 𝐼⃗ − 𝐽⃗ interaction (illustrate
graphically the Lande interval rule for this case). If the separation of the 22𝐷5/2 and
2 -1
3𝐷 5/2 levels is 30 cm , calculate the separations of the rest of the adjacent levels.

5. A certain element emits a Kα X-ray of wavelength 0.1940 nm. Identify the element.

6. The Kα line of an unknown material has an energy of 66 keV. Find the atomic number
Z of the material.

7. Account for, the x-ray spectra of elements of nearby atomic number are qualitatively
similar, while the optical spectra of these elements may be different.

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