Physics

Motion

By- Alok Choubey Sir

Topics to be covered
1 Motion

2 Distance and Displacement

3 Speed and Velocity

4 Uniform and Non-uniform Motion

MOTION
A BODY IS SAID TO BE IN MOTION WHEN IT CHANGES ITS
POSITION WITH RESPECT TO ITS SURROUNDINGS.

The position of the hands In a river, the position Due to revolution, the position
of the clock CHANGES of water CHANGES of the earth with respect to the
continuously continuously sun CHANGES continuously
A BODY IS SAID TO BE AT REST WHEN IT DOES NOT CHANGE
ITS POSITION WITH RESPECT TO ITS SURROUNDINGS.

MOTION IS RELATIVE
MOTION IS RELATIVE

Depends on the
observer

MOTION IS RELATIVE

A body can be moving for one

observer, and at the same time at
rest for another observer.
 MCQ’s
1. Motion is said to be

a) Relation b) Relative c) Changing d) None

2. When in motion the body changes its _______ with respect

to its surroundings.

a) Size b) Shape c) Position d) No change

3. An object may appear to be moving for one person and

____________ for another person.

a) stationary b) motion c) changing d) relation

1. Define Motion

A body is said to be motion if it changes its position with

respective to its surroundings.

2. Define Rest

A body is said to be at rest if it does not change its

position with respective to its surroundings.

3. Motion is relative

A body can be moving for one observer, and at the same

time at rest for another observer.
Uniform and Non-uniform motion

Uniform Non-Uniform
Motion Motion

1. The motion in which the 1. The motion in which the

object covers equal distances in object covers unequal distances
equal intervals of time is called in equal intervals of time is
uniform motion. called Non-uniform motion.
2. In uniform motion 2. In non-uniform motion
acceleration is zero. acceleration is not constant.

The hands of the clock

cover equal distances in A flying bird covers
equal intervals of time unequal distances in
equal intervals of time
Activity Amar , Akbar and Anthony are travelling by their own cars.
Lets us understand whose car is moving with uniform motion.

Amar Akbar Anthony

Distance covered by Distance covered by Distance covered by
Clock Time Amar in kilometer Akbar in kilometer Anthony in kilometer
5.00 0 0 0
30 20 18 14
5.30 20 18 14
30 20 18 14
6.00 40 36 28
30 20 6 14
6.30 60 42 42
30 20 28 14
7.00 80 70 56
30 20 25 14
7.30 100 95 70
30 20 25 14
8.00 120 120 84
 Physical Quantity

Anything that can be measured is a PHYSICAL QUANTITY.

Distance and Displacement
CONCEPT OF DISTANCE & DISPLACEMENT

B
CONCEPT OF DISTANCE & DISPLACEMENT

A
 1 - In the given figure, object starts its motion at point A, goes to B-C-D and again
came back to A. Find DISTANCE at point A.
5m
B C
A 0 B 16 3m 3m

A D
C can’t say D 8 5m

2 - In the given figure, object starts its motion at point A, goes to B-C-D and again
came back to A. Find DISPLACEMENT at point A. 5m
B C

3m 3m
A 0 B 16
A D
C can’t say D 8 5m
 3 - Vectors are physical quantities which possess ……………

A magnitude B magnitude & direction

C direction D either magnitude are direction

4 - When a athlete runs on a circular track and reaches the same point ……………

A Displacement = distance B Distance > displacement

C Displacement > 0 D Distance < displacement

5 - Displacement is _____________ quality.

A vector B scalar

C Both of these D none of these

 An object has moved through a distance. Can it have zero
displacement? If yes, support Your answer with an example.

Ans. Yes, even when an object moves through a distance it can have zero
displacement.

A 30 km B

Total distance travelled = AB + BA = 30 + 30 = 60 km.

But as the final position coincides with the initial position, the
displacement is zero.
Speed and Velocity
 SPEED VELOCITY

The displacement of a body in unit

The distance travelled by the
1 1 time is called velocity Or Speed of
object in unit time is called speed.
an object in a particular direction.

distance displacement
2 Speed = 2 Velocity =
time time

3 It is a scalar quantity 3 It is a vector quantity

It is either equal to or greater than It is either equal to or less than

4 4
velocity. speed.
 UNIT

M.K.S

C.G.S

 Units of speed & velocity are the same

- Speed is related to distance.

- Velocity is related to displacement
 Commercial unit of Speed and Velocity is km/h
Conversion of commercial unit to SI unit Example

90 km/hr =

18 km/hr =
During an experiment, a signal from a spaceship reached
the ground station in five minutes. What was the distance
of the spaceship from the ground station? The signal
travels at the speed of light, that is, 3 × 108 m s–1.
An object travels 16 m in 4 s and then another 16 m in 2 s.
What is the average speed of the object?
Usha swims in a 90 m long pool. She covers 180 m in one
minute by swimming from one end to the other and back
along the same straight path. Find the average speed and
average velocity of Usha.
Motion
• Acceleration
• Types of acceleration
Acceleration
Plane
Planemoving with constant speed
taking off
landing
Positive Negative Zero

Velocity ↑ Velocity ↓ Velocity = constant

Retardation or
Deceleration
 1 – Earth rotating on its axis is an example of ………..

A Positive acceleration B Negative acceleration

C Zero acceleration D None of these

1 – A car starting from rest and moving is an example of

A Positive acceleration B Negative acceleration

C Zero acceleration D None of these

 3 - The distance travelled by a body in a given direction in unit time is called
___________.

A velocity B speed

C velocity or speed D acceleration

4 - Which of the following statements is correct.

A Units of speed & velocity are different B Units of velocity & acceleration all same

C Units of speed & velocity are same D Units of speed & velocity are same only
in MKS system
A bus decreases its speed from 80 km h–1 to 60 km h–1 in 5 s.
Find the acceleration of the bus.
A train starting from a railway station and moving with
uniform acceleration attains a speed 40 km h–1 in 10 minutes.
Find its acceleration.
Motion
• Uniform and non uniform Acceleration
 UNIFORM AND NON-UNIFORM ACCELERATION
Time in Velocity in UNIFORM ACCELERATION
second m/sec.
If there are equal changes in velocity of body in
0 5 0 8 equal intervals of time, then it possesses
5 5 8 8 uniform acceleration.
10 5 16 8
15 5 24 8
20 5 32 8
25 5 40 8
30 5 48 8
35 56
 NON-UNIFORM ACCELERATION
Time in Velocity in If there are unequal changes in
second m/sec. velocity of body in equal intervals
0 5 0 7 of time, then it possesses
5 5 7 8 Non-uniform acceleration.
10 5 15 11
15 5 26 4
20 5 30 10
25 5 40 8
30 5 48 4
35 52
 When will you say a body is in (i) uniform acceleration, (ii) non-
uniform acceleration?

Ans. (i) -If an object travels in a straight line and its velocity increases
or decreases by equal amounts in equal intervals of time, then
the body is said to be in uniform acceleration.
-For example, the motion of a freely falling body.

(ii) -If an object travels in a straight line and its velocity changes by
unequal amounts in equal intervals of time, then the body is said to be
in non-uniform acceleration.
-For example, if a car is travelling along a straight road and passes
through a crowd, suffers unequal change in velocity, in equal intervals
of time, so the car is moving with non-uniform acceleration.
Motion
• Basic concept of graph
• Distance time graph for uniform motion
 dependent variable
What quantity Y
should be taken E.g. Two variables
in X and Y axis ? Time and Distance

distance
X' O X
time
Independent variable independent variable
on X and dependent
variable on Y axis

Y'
Distance-time Graph for Uniform motion

Time Distance Y Scale : On X axis 2 cm = 5 second

(sec) (metre) On Y axis 1 cm = 7 metre
(25, 35)
0 0 35
5 7 (20, 28)
28

Distance in metre
10 14 (15, 21)
21
15 21
(10, 14)
20 28 14
(5, 7)
25 35 7
The straight line in the (0, 0)
distance time graph O 5 10 15 20 25 X
shows that the distance
is increasing with time Time in second
The graph is a linear graph. The body is said to have a uniform motion
Motion
• Finding velocity in distance-time graph
by slope method
• Distance time graph for non-uniform motion
Find the velocity of the object in given graph

Y Distance-time Graph
(25, 35)
35
(20, 28)

Distance in metre
28
(15, 21)
21
(10, 14)
14 B (x2) (y2)
(5, 7)
7
A (x1) (y1)
(0, 0)
O 5 10 15 20 25 X
Time in second
Distance-time graph for Non-uniform motion

Time Distance Y Scale : On X axis 1 sec = 2 units

(sec) (metre) 70 On Y axis 1 cm = 10 units
0 0 60
(14,49)
2 1 50
4 4
40 (12,36)
6 9
30 (10,25)
8 16
20 (8,16)
10 25
(6,9)
10
12 36 (2, 1) (4,4)
14 49
X' 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 X
Y'
Motion
• Velocity time graph for uniform motion
• Finding distance travelled by an object in
velocity-time graph for uniform motion
 VELOCITY - TIME GRAPH FOR UNIFORM MOTION Scale : On X axis 1 cm = 1 unit
Y On Y axis 1 cm = 10 units
60 B (3, 50)

50
A B C (6, 50) C
Velocity (m / sec)

40
150 m
30 300 m

20

10
E t1 D t2
1 2 3 4 5 6 X
Time in Sec
 VELOCITY TIME GRAPH FOR UNIFORM MOTION
Y P Q
60
B (3, 50) C (6, 50)
A B C
50
?
Velocity (m / sec)

Distance covered by boy from B to C

40
150 m = Distance AC – Distance AB
150 m = 300m – 150m
30
300 m = 150 m
20

10
E t1 t2 D
1 2 3 4 5 6 X
Time in Sec.
Velocity Time Graph For Uniform
Motion by Graphical Method,
Y
60

50
B C
(3, 50) (6, 50)
Velocity (m / sec)

40

30

20

10
E D
1 2 3 4 5 6 X
Time in Seconds.
Motion
• Velocity-time graph for uniformly
accelerated motion
Velocity - Time Graph for Uniformly Accelerated Motion

Y Scale : On X axis 1 cm = 5 units

On Y axis 1 cm = 8 units
Time in Velocity in 56
second m/sec. (35,56)
0 0 48
(30,48)
5 8 40 (25,40)

Velocity in m/s
10 16
32
15 24 (20,32)

20 32 24 (15,24)
25 40 16
30 48 (10,16)
8
35 56 (5,8)

O 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 X
(0,0)
Time in second
Velocity - Time Graph for Uniformly Accelerated Motion
Distance travelled Consider time interval from Scale : On X axis 1 cm = 5 units
10 seconds to 20 seconds On Y axis 1 cm = 8 units
Y

56

48

40 B

Velocity in m/s
32

24 h
A
16
b E

8
l
D b C
O 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 X
Time in second
Velocity - Time Graph for Uniformly Accelerated Motion

Acceleration = Slope of Velocity-Time graph

Scale : On X axis 1 cm = 5 units
Y On Y axis 1 cm = 8 units
56

48

40 B

Velocity in m/s
32 (20, 32)
(x2) (y2)
24
A
16 (10, 16)
(x1) (y1)
8

O 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 X
(0,0)
Time in second
 Slope Slope

Distance – Time HowVelocity

to be sure if we
– Time Acceleration – Time
graph have to find
graph graph
SLOPE or AREA ?

Area Area
Motion
• Equations of motion
 EQUATIONS OF MOTION

Final velocity = v 𝒗 = 𝒖 + 𝒂𝒕

Initial velocity = u
1
s = 𝒖t + at2
Acceleration = a 2

Time = t
𝒗2 = 𝒖2 + 2𝒂s
Displacement = s
1. Equation for velocity-time relation
2. Equation for Displacement-time relation
3. Equation for Displacement-velocity relation
A trolley, while going down an inclined plane, has
an acceleration of 2 cm s-2. What will be its velocity
3 s after the start?
A motorboat starting from rest on a lake accelerates in a
straight line at a constant rate of 3.0 m/s2 for 8 s. How
far does the boat travel during this time?
Motion
• Circular motion
• Uniform circular motion
• Finding velocity of an object moving along a
circular path
 Let us consider a body moving along a
closed path.
Motion of the body along the circumference
of the circle is called circular motion.

Uniform Circular Motion

Motion of the body along the

circumference of the circle with
constant speed is called uniform
circular Motion.
Direction keeps on
This motion is also called as changing but
accelerated motion. magnitude of speed
always remains same
The odometer of a car reads 2000 km at the start of a trip
and 2400 km at the end of the trip. If the trip took 8 h,
calculate the average speed of the car in km h–1 and m s–1.
Abdul while driving to school, computes the average
speed for his trip to be 20 km h-1. On his return trip along
the same route, there is less traffic and the average speed
is 40 km h-1. What is the average speed for Abdul’s trip?
Joseph jogs from one end A to the other end B of a straight 300 m
road in 2 minutes 50 seconds and then turns around and jogs 100 m
back to point C in another 1 minute. What are Joseph’s average
speeds and velocities in jogging (a) from A to B and (b) from A to C?
Joseph jogs from one end A to the other end B of a straight 300 m
road in 2 minutes 50 seconds and then turns around and jogs 100 m
back to point C in another 1 minute. What are Joseph’s average
speeds and velocities in jogging (a) from A to B and (b) from A to C?
Sprint to Success