MIDTERM EXAM

GUANZON, REIGNA RICA JEMIMAH A.

PE13 TTH 1:00 – 2:00

BADMINTON
Brief History
The sports badminton came from the evaluation of a game named
shuttlecock and battledore. Badminton was invented and developed in the
middle of the 19th century by the British. However, there is a widespread theory
exists that badminton was invented in British India and then visited England.
However, Badminton was launched officially on September 13, 1893, by
the Badminton Association of England. After that, the association started
England Open Badminton Championship in 1899. Then, Badminton has started
being famous gradually.
After a long time, the Badminton World Federation was established by
England, Wales, Denmark, Scotland, Canada, Ireland, France New Zealand and
the Netherlands in 1934. After two years, in 1936, India joined as an affiliate.
From then, the Badminton World Federation used to conduct international
badminton and tournaments like the World Champions.
Basic Skills of the Sport
1. Grip
The right grip in holding the racket is really important to achieve control
on shots while avoiding the chances of a wrist injury. A proper grip will allow
you to play both backhand and forehand strokes effortlessly. Two kinds of
strokes:

• Forehand Grip: Push the index finger forward while playing forehand
strokes.
• Backhand Grip: Push the thumb forward while playing backhand
strokes.
2. Stance
The stance is how you stand while playing badminton, both in between a
rally and before the serve. A stable and correct stance will bring a huge change
in the results due to easier movement. There are 3 types of stance:
• Attacking Stance
 It is used to get into position before playing an overhead forehand
stroke. To stand in the attacking stance turn your body facing the sidelines
with the racket leg behind and both legs shoulder-width apart. Now raise both
racket and non-racket arms to generate the power to attack the shuttle on its
downward trajectory.

• Defensive Stance
To defend the opponent’s smash, you need to be prepared with a defensive
stance. Face the body to the net and place your racket in front at waist height,
slightly pointing forward. You can keep the non-racket arm comfortable while
ensuring a better balance.

• Net Stance
This stance is to be ready for the opponent’s return after playing a net
shot. To play this shot, place your foot on the racket side forward while
keeping a non-racket foot at the back. Place the racket in front of the body,
slightly above waist height while raising the non-racket arm. Shift the body
weight slightly forward to be ready to pounce forward.
3. Footwork
Footwork plays a huge role in helping with an effective and organized
movement on the court. In fact, some coaches even raise footwork to prime
importance over other skills.
Tips for proper footwork:

• Always remember the base (starting point).

• Move only 2-3 steps backward.
• Shuffle only 1 step sideward.
• Move only 2-3 steps front.
4. Serve
Service is among the most basic skill that you need to master in
Badminton. Also, you should ensure to make a legal service otherwise it might
lead to penalty points. There can be 2 types of service in badminton, depending
on the landing aim of the shuttle.

• High Serve
High serve aims at the back-end corner of the opponent’s court. Ideally, a
good high serve results in the shuttle dropping steeply downwards at the back
end of the court. In fact, a high serve is presented to opponents having the
ability to executing a strong smash.
 • Low Serve
Unlike high serve, the low serve aims to the front of the court. The objective
is to let the shuttle fly just above the net landing in the front corner of the
court. In this case, your opponent has the opportunity to dash forward and
smash the shuttle to you if the execution is poor.
5. Smash
Smash is the most potent and powerful stroke in badminton which
naturally turns out to be the most familiar term to all. The shot is basically to
hit the shuttle powerfully towards the opponent’s body or downward on the
court. A perfectly executed smash has no defense. This badminton skill is the
most aggressive and technical one. Fundamentally there are 3 types of smashes:

• Forehand smash
The forehand is an overhead smash which is similar to the action of
throwing a ball. You shouldn’t have a problem playing this stroke if you can
throw a ball well. This skill in badminton acts as a game-changer for
beginners.

• Backhand smash
This is one of the toughest strokes in badminton, and even experts face
difficulty in playing the stroke. To execute this stroke, getting the backhand
grip is extremely important. Also, it is equally important to return back to
stance. Backhand smash skill in badminton requires years of practice and
consistency.

• Jumping smash
A forehand smash with a timed jump added to it counts under jumping
smash. This skill in badminton is the most glamorous of all.
Gadgets Used and Sizes

• Badminton racket: Originally, the rackets were made of wood. Modern

racquets are made of different materials including carbon fiber, aluminum,
steel or titanium. The weight of the racket is approximately 70-100 grams.
Most professional players use special wrapping on the racket handle
("grip"), which helps the athletes to achieve the best control while holding
the racket.
• Shuttlecock: There are two types of shuttlecocks: plastic ones and the ones
with natural feathers. Plastic shuttlecocks are more suitable for amateurs
and some types of training. As a rule, the standard for competitions and
training of professional athletes are feather shuttlecocks. A plastic
shuttlecock consists of cork or synthetic head and a plastic "skirt"
 attached to it. The feather shuttlecock is made of 16 goose feathers and a
cork head covered with fine husky leather. Feathers are glued into the
holes around the circumference of the head. They are tied with thread, and
the thread is also glued. The weight of the shuttlecock is about 5 grams.
• Badminton shoes: Badminton shoes have serious lateral support of the
ankle, which prevents the ankles from tucking in with a sharp change of
direction and lunges.

Rules and Violations

According to the rules of badminton before the start of the game, there is
always a draw, which determines the parties and their right of the first serve.
At the first serve, the shuttlecock must be hit from the bottom and the
racket must not rise above the server's belt. The use of fraudulent and false
actions is allowed during such a serving. After serving, the players are free to
move around their area, but touching the net is strictly prohibited.
The maximum number of games that may constitute a match is three.
Each game is won by a player or the team that scores 21 points. With the score
of 20-20, one needs to score 2 points, and with a score of 29-29, it is enough to
score one point.
A change of the sides occurs in the following situations:

• after the end of the first game;

• before the third game (if it is supposed to take place);
• after 11 points in the third game.
In each of the games, breaks are possible, but they should not last more
than 1 minute. Also, they should occur provided that one of the sides scores 11
points. Breaks between games last 2 minutes.
Officiating Officials
• Referee: Referee in badminton acts like a manager whose job is to conduct
matches in a tournament in a proper manner and resolve any dispute if a
situation arises.
• Umpire: The ‘main judge’ for the particular badminton game. He/she has
the power to overrule any decisions made by the service judge or line
judges. The umpire is the person ensuring that the badminton game is run
smoothly and prevent any players from delaying the game play.
• Service Judge: The service judge is responsible in making a ‘service fault’
call and to provide shuttles to the players.
 • Line Judges: Line judges sit beside the badminton court (right in front of
every in/out lines) to determine whether the shuttle is inside or outside
the boundaries of the court.
Play Area
Badminton court has a rectangular shape. The overall dimension of a
badminton court is 20 feet by 44 feet. For a doubles game, the width of the court
should be 20 feet. The net is installed at a height of 5.1 feet; the height of the net
in the center is 5 (when it is sagging). The net is limited above by a strip of 0.25
feet, which is folded in half.
Another integral part of the court is the markup. The width of the marking
lines is 4 centimeters. At a distance of 6.5 feet from the grid, there is the service
line. Between the service line and the back line, there is the service zone. The
central line divides the service zone into the right and the left areas.

SEPAK TAKRAW
Brief History
The exact origins of Sepak Takraw (also known as kick volleyball) are not
precisely known, but the general understanding is that the sport was introduced
to Southeast Asia by the Chinese. In fact, Sepak Takraw is thought to have
similar beginnings as the most popular sport in the world – association soccer.
The sport is believed to have evolved from the traditional Chinese game Cuju,
which FIFA also recognizes as the earliest form of modern soccer. Cuju was a
form of a military exercise in ancient China in which a group of soldiers would
kick a leather ball amongst themselves and try to keep it airborne for as long as
they could.
Historical records prove that Sepak Takraw background was popular in
the Malacca Sultanate, modern-day Malaysia, as early as the 15th century. The
sport finds a mention in the Malay manuscript called “Sejarah Melayu.” However,
this was not a competitive sport contested between two teams but rather a fun
game enjoyed by a group of individuals.
Basic Skills of the Sport
1. Inside Kick
Regarded as the most common and basic kick in sepak takraw, the inside
kick is used for controlling the ball. This is done with the inside of the foot, as
its name implies. Stand with your feet apart, and bend your supporting leg a
little. Hit the ball with the inside of your other foot.
2. Outside kick
Not very commonly used, the outside kick is a defensive kick that propels
the ball upwards. To execute an outside kick, the outside of your foot must make
contact with the ball as your knee bends inwards. The entire kicking leg should
make a right angle at the knee, with the calf and foot pointing outwards.
3. Knee kick
The knee kick actually utilizes the thigh - the ball is hit with the part of
the thigh that is just above your knee. The stance is reminiscent of marching,
but your knees would have to be raised as high as possible. This kick is usually
done by players receiving a serve.
4. Header
Not unlike a football header, a header spike in sepak takraw involves the
use of the forehead to make the ball fly, especially when it’s too high in the air
for your kick to reach it. This technique is used for both serving and striking.
5. Horse kick serve
A horse kick serve is difficult to accomplish, and requires a high level of
skill and flexibility. The horse kick actually refers to a high kick; kick as high as
you need the ball to go, and, using your foot, hit the ball backwards over your
shoulder or head.
6. Sunback spike
A sunback spike is similar to the horse kick, but done in a jump. To master
this, take off on one leg and kick the other up (a scissor kick) while still in the
air. Before finishing the jump-kick, hit the ball over your shoulder or head with
your other leg.
7. Roll spike
A simple roll spike refers to jumping on one leg and flipping in the direction
that you want your ball to move, all while remaining airborne. Using the other
foot, kick the ball over your opposite shoulder. You should perform the entire
spike while still in the air, only landing after you have made contact with the
ball.
Gadgets Used and Sizes

• Ball: Considered as the most essential equipment of the game, the ball is
spherical in shape and usually made of synthetic fiber. In some cases, a
hand-woven layer is also used. Initially, the ball was made up of rattan
strips which were gradually replaced by synthetic strips. Usually the ball
 has a maximum weight of 170-180 gram for men and 150-160 gram for
women. Usually the ball has a diameter of 5 inch. Balls made of without
synthetic rubber must have 12 holes and 20 intersections with a
maximum circumference of 42- 44 cm for men and 43- 45 cm for women.
• Shoes: The shoes used in this game are light in weight and have flat sides
with soles. It has a good grip on both indoor and outdoor surfaces and has
a sole inside for supporting the high impact of constant jumping and
landing. These are especially made for players to help them kick perfectly.
• Protective gears: In this game, usually ankle supportive bands are used by
players for providing protection as high jumping is involved throughout
the game. Even knee tensors are also used by players in order to prevent
joints and tendon injury. Some players use ankle gears for ankle support.
Players also use forehead bandanas in order to stop the sweat running
into eyes.
Rules and Violations

• Games of Sepak Takraw shall be played by two teams of three players.

• Games should be played on a court that fits the regulation size and
markings as set out by ITSAF, with an official Sepak Takraw ball.
• The team to serve first is decided by a coin toss before the match
commences.
• Play begins when the server is thrown the ball by a teammate and must
then kick the ball over the net whilst keeping one foot in the service circle.
• Players may only touch the ball with their feet, head, knees and chest.
Touching the ball with the hand or any other part of the body can result
in a fault and a point for the opposition.
• Each team is allowed a maximum of three touches of the ball to return it
back over the net without letting it touch the ground.
• Failure to return the ball over the net before it hits the ground results in
a point to the opposition.
• Points are always scored in Sepak Takraw by the opposition faulting, and
they can do this in a number of ways (see above).
• The first team to reach 21 points wins a set. The first team to win two sets
is declared the winner.
Officiating Officials

• Technical Delegates: The one who is responsible for the inspection to

ensure that all facilities, competition venue and competition equipment
are observe to the rules of the game.
• Jury: Group of people who are assigned to judge the competition.
• Official Referee: The one who decides if the violation in the game is valid
 • Referee: The one who watches the game to ensure that the rules of the
game are accordingly applied.
• Linesmen: An official that helps the referee to watch the sideline of the
court and also the one who decides if the ball is out of the game.
Play Area
The Sepak takraw court is very much similar to that of volleyball court
with a flat, horizontal and uniform surface. The dimension of the court is same
as doubles badminton i.e. around 20' X 44’ with different boundary lines drawn
over it. Court borderlines should be 10 feet away from all obstacles. The net
height at the center is around 5 feet 1 inch.
Different parts and lines of the Sepak takraw court are as follows −

• Center Line − The central line is of 0.02 meter drawn in the middle of the
court, dividing it into two equal halves.
• Quarter Circles − At each side of the central line corners, quarter circles
with a radius of 3 feet are drawn.
• The Service Circle − Each half has a service circle from where the server
serves the ball. Each of them has a radius of around 1 foot and the center
of each circle is 8 feet from the back lines and 10 feet from the side lines.

TABLE TENNIS
Brief History
Table tennis originated in 1880 as an after-dinner game for the upper-
class inhabitants of Victorian England. At that time, the upper-class people of
England loved to play Lawn Tennis, and in the winter, due to freezing weather
conditions, it was very tough to play lawn tennis outside.
Then the table version of lawn tennis came into the picture. This new game
featured a sprung racket, rubber balls of 30 mm diameter, a table surrounded
by a wooden fence along its perimeter, and an extended net up to the side of the
table.
The increasing popularity of this game caused manufacturers to cash in
and create specialized equipment – tables, ball and rackets (which consisted of
a roll of thick parchment stretched across a wooden frame). The sound made by
these early rackets on hitting the ball lent the game its name – ‘Ping Pong’ – and
thus, modern table tennis was born.
By the 1920s, there were thousands of amateur players throughout
Europe and a need was felt to regulate the sport. Thus, in 1926, the International
Table Tennis Federation (ITTF) was formed, which regulates the sport to this day.
The same year, the first World Championship was held in London, thus giving
birth to professional table tennis.
Basic Skills of the Sport
1. Forehand
This swing occurs when the ball is coming to the side of the body that is
holding the paddle. A forehead drive should mimic the motion of hitting the ball
with your palm, with the thumb facing upward.
2. Backhand
This swing occurs when the ball is heading towards the side of the player’s
body that is not holding the paddle. Players move their paddle across their body’s
center point and hit the ball with the backside if the paddle.
3. Serving
A table tennis serve consists of hitting the ball from your hand, bouncing
it once on your side of the table, and onto any part of your opponent’s side.
Serving is done to start every rally in table tennis.
4. Pushes
Forehanded and backhanded pushes are used for returning short balls.
Pushes can be done regardless of what side of the body the ball lands at.
5. Flicks
Forehand and backhand flicks are used to aggressively return an
opponent’s ball that has spin on it. Like a push, this often happens when the
ball is clos to the net.
6. Spinning the ball
There are 4 major types of spins when playing table tennis. First, there is
a topspin, which occurs when your paddle swings from low to high. Next,
backspin comes from swinging your paddle from high to low. Then there is right
side spin, when your paddle grazes across the ball going left to right. Finally,
there is left side spin, when your paddle goes across from right to left.
7. Loops
Consists of the player swinging their paddle in a path from low to high in
an aggressive fashion to hit the ball.
8. Footwork
 Table tennis players need to be able to work side to side and in and out.
This means you will need to be able to move your feet quickly from one side to
the other and from the front to the back of the table.
9. Speed
Speed is imperative in order to complete at the highest level of table tennis.
While casual and recreational games may take a relaxed pace, competitive and
pro players serve and volley the ball in excess of 70mph.
Gadgets Used and Sizes
Ball: Must have a diameter of 40 mm and weigh 2.7 g. Table tennis balls are
made out of a unique, plastic-like material called celluloid.
Paddle: The paddles used in table tennis are used to strike the ball onto your
opponent’s side of the table. Paddles come in different variations that favor the
player’s specific skills and techniques.
Length:

• Handle length: 9.6-10 cm

• racket blade length: 15-17cm
• Overall length: 24-26 cm
Width:

• Handle width: 2.6-3.3 cm

• Racket blade width: 15 cm
Thickness:

• Handle thickness: 2.1-2.3 cm

• Thickness of the bat blade: 1.6 cm
• Total thickness including rubber: 1.9-2.4 cm
Rules and Violations

• Games are played to 11 points.

• Alternate serves every two points.
• Toss the ball straight up when serving.
• The serve can land anywhere in singles.
• Doubles serves must go right court to right court.
• A serve that touches the net on the way over is a “let”.
• Alternate hitting in a doubles rally.
• Volleys are not allowed.
• If your hit bounces back over the net by itself it is your point.
 • Touching the ball with your paddle hand is allowed.
• You may not touch the table with your non-paddle hand.
• An “edge” ball bouncing off the horizontal table top surface is good.
• Honor system applies to disagreements.
Officiating Officials
In order to run a high-level table tennis event successfully, you’ll need:

• Referees • Timekeepers
• Deputy/Assistant Referees • Stroke counters
• Competition managers • Racket testers
• Umpires • Technical officers
• Assistant umpires • Jury members
Play Area
A competitive table tennis table should measure 2.74 m (9 ft) long, 1.525
m (5 ft) wide and be 76 cm (2 ft 6 in) high.