SOLUTIONS FOR THE PROBLEMS IN
NUMERICAL TECHNIQUES
PROBLEMS 29.1
1] Construct the difference table for the data
x 0 1 2 3 4
f( x ) 1 1.5 2.2 3.1 4.6
Solution
x f( x )
0 1
1.5 1 0.5
1 1.5 0.7 0.5 0.2
2.2 1.5 0.7 0.2 0.2 0
2 2.2 0.9 0.7 0.2 0.4 0 0.4
3.1 2.2 0.9 0.6 0.2 0.4
3 3.1 1.5 0.9 0.6
4.6 3.1 1.5
4 4.6
2] If u0 3, u1 12, u2 18, u3 2000, u4 100, calcute u0 .
Solution u0 u1 u0 12 3 9.
3] Show that 3 yi yi 3 3 yi 2 3 yi 1 yi .
Solution f( x ) f( x h) f( x ) E f( x) f( x) ( E 1) f( x ) E 1
3 yi ( E 1)3 yi [E 3 3E 2 3E 1] yi
E 3 yi 3E 2 yi 3Eyi yi yi 3 3 yi 2 3 yi 1 yi .
7] Show that
f( x ) f( x )
1
i) ii) log f( x ) log 1
f( x ) f( x )f( x 1) f( x )
Solution Take h 1.
1 f( x ) f( x 1) f( x 1) f( x) f( x)
i)
1 1
f( x ) f( x 1) f( x ) f( x )f( x 1) f( x )f( x 1) f( x )f( x 1)
f( x 1)
i) log f( x ) log f( x 1) log f( x) log
f( x )
f( x 1) f( x ) f( x ) f( x) f( x) f( x)
log log log 1 .
f( x ) f( x ) f( x )
8] Evaluate i) ( x cos x )
n 1
2 2
1 1
ii) tan 1 iii) iv)
n x ( x 4 )( x 6 ) x 5x 6
Solution Take h 1.
x 1 ( x 1)cos x x cos( x 1)
x x
i) f( x ) f( x 1) f( x )
cos x cos( x 1) cos x cos( x 1) cos x
n 1
ii) tan 1 f( n) f( n 1) f( n)
n
( n 1) 1 n 1 n n 1
tan 1 tan 1 tan 1 tan 1 A B
n 1 n n 1 n
where
n n 1 n n 1
tan 1 A, tan 1 B tan A , tan B
n 1 n n 1 n
Consider
tan A tan B
tan( A B )
1 tan A tan B
n 1 n n 1
n
1 n 1 n
n 1 n
n2 ( n 1)( n 1) n 1 n 1
n( n 1) n( n 1) n 1 n 1
n2 ( n2 1) 2n 1 n 1 1
n 1 n( n 1) 2n 2n2
n ( n 1)
1
A B tan 1 2 .
2n
f( x ) f( x 1) f( x )
1
iii)
x( x 4)( x 6)
1 1
( x 1)( x 1 4)( x 1 6) x( x 4)( x 6)
1 1
( x 1)( x 5)( x 7) x( x 4)( x 6)
x( x 4)( x 6) ( x 1)( x 5)( x 7)
x( x 1)( x 4)( x 5)( x 6)( x 7)
x3 10 x2 24 x ( x3 13x2 47 x 35)
x( x 1)( x 4)( x 5)( x 6)( x 7)
(3x2 23x 35)
.
x( x 1)( x 4)( x 5)( x 6)( x 7)
2
1 1
iv) ( x 3)( x 2)
x 5 x 6
f( x ) f( x 1) f( x )
1 1
( x 1 3)( x 1 2) ( x 3)( x 2)
1 1 1 1 ( x 2) ( x 4) 2
x 3 x 4 x 2 x 3 ( x 4)( x 1) ( x 1)( x 3)( x 4)
2 2
1 1
2
x 5x 6 x 5x 6
2
2
1
( x 1)( x 3)( x 4)
( x 1)( x 3)( x 4)
where
g( x ) g( x 1) g( x )
1
( x 1)( x 3)( x 4)
1 1
( x 1 1)( x 1 3)( x 1 4) ( x 1)( x 3)( x 4)
1 1
( x 2)( x 4)( x 5) ( x 1)( x 3)( x 4)
1 1 1
x 4 ( x 2)( x 5) ( x 1)( x 3)
1 ( x 1)( x 3) ( x 2)( x 5)
x 4 ( x 1)( x 2)( x 3)( x 5)
1 x2 4 x 3 ( x2 7 x 10)
x 4 ( x 1)( x 2)( x 3)( x 5)
( x2 3x 7)
( x 1)( x 2)( x 3)( x 4)( x 5)
2 2 2
1 1
x 5x 6 ( x 1)( x 3)( x 4)
( x2 3x 7)
2 .
( x 1)( x 2)( x 3)( x 4)( x 5)
9] Evaluate i) (e3 x log 2x )
2 n
x 1
ii) iii) n (a x ) iv)
x! x
Solution Take h 1.
i) (e3 x log 2x ) f( x ) f( x 1) f( x )
e3( x 1) log 2( x 1) e3 x log 2x e3 x e3 log 2( x 1) log 2x .
ii) 2 f( x ) f( x 1) f( x )
x
x!
2x 1 2x 2x 2 2x ( x 1) 2x2 2x ( x 1) 2x
2 ( x 1)
( x 1)! x ! ( x 1)! ( x 1) x ! ( x 1)! ( x 1)! ( x 1)!
iii) a x f( x ) f( x 1) f( x ) a x 1 a x ( a 1)a x
2 a x ( a x ) [( a 1)a x ] g( x ) g( x 1) g( x )
( a 1)a x 1 ( a 1)a x ( a 1)[a x 1 a x ] ( a 1)( a 1)a x ( a 1)2 a x
On continuing, m a x ( a 1)m a x
m 1 a x ( m a x ) [( a 1)m a x ]
( a 1)m a x 1 ( a 1)m a x ( a 1)m a x ( a 1) ( a 1)m 1 a x
Hence, by mathematical induction , n a x ( a 1)n a x .
x 1 1
iv) f( x ) f( x 1) f( x )
1 1 1 x
x x 1 x ( x 1) x ( x 1) x x( x 1)
1
2
1 1
g( x ) g( x 1) g( x )
x x x( x 1)
1 1 1 1
( x 1)( x 1 1) x( x 1) ( x 1)( x 2) x( x 1)
1 1 1 x ( x 2)
1
( x 1) x 2 x ( x 1) x( x 2) x( x 2)
1 2 ( 1)2 2!
( x 1) x( x 2) x( x 1)( x 2)
On continuing,
( 1)m m !
m
1
.
x x( x 1)( x 2)L ( x m )
4] Form the table of backward differences of the function
f( x ) x3 3x2 5x 7 for x 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
Continue the table to obtain f(6)
Solution f( 1) ( 1)3 3( 1)2 5( 1) 7 1 3 5 7 6
f(0) (0)3 3(0)2 5(0) 7 0 7 7,
f(1) (1)3 3(1)2 5(1) 7 1 3 5 7 14
f(2) (2)3 3(2)2 5(2) 7 8 12 10 7 4 17 21
f(3) (3)3 3(3)2 5(3) 7 27 27 15 7 22
f(4) ( 4)3 3( 4)2 5( 4) 7 64 48 20 7 4 7 11
f(5) (5)3 3(5)2 5(5) 7 125 75 25 7 25 7 18
x y f( x ) y 2 y 3 y 4 y
x0 1 y0 6
y1 7 ( 6) 1
x1 0 y1 7 2 y2 7 ( 1) 6
y2 14 ( 7) 7 3 y3 0 ( 6) 6
x2 1 y2 14 y3 7 ( 7) 0
2
y3 21 ( 14) 7 3 y4 6 0 6 66 0
x3 2 y3 21 y4 1 ( 7) 6
2
y4 22 ( 21) 1 3 y5 12 6 6 66 0
x4 3 y4 22 y5 11 ( 1) 12
2
y5 11 ( 22) 11 3 y6 18 12 6 6 6 0
x5 4 y5 11 2 y6 29 11 18
y6 18 ( 11) 29 3 y7 6
x6 5 y6 18 2 y7 18 6 24
y7 24 29 53
x7 6 y7
6 3 y7 2 y7 2 y6 2 y7 18 18 6 2 y7 y7 y6 y7 29
24 29 y7 y7 y6 y7 18 53 18 y7 .
6] Extend the table to two more terms on either side by constructing the difference table
x 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
y 2.6 3.0 3.4 4.28 7.08 14.2 29.0
Solution
x y y 2 y 3 y 4 y
0.6 y0 c
d c
2.6 2d c
0.4 y1 d 0.48 3d c
2.6 d 2.2 0.48 4d c
0.4 2.6 d 1.724d c
0.2 y2 2.6 2.2 d
3.0 2.6 0.4
0.4 0.4 0 2.68 d
0.0 y3 3.0 0.48 0 0.48
3.4 3.0 0.4
0.88 0.4 0.48 1.44 0.48 0.96
0.2 y4 3.4 1.92 0.48 1.44
4.28 3.4 0.88
2.8 0.88 1.92 2.4 1.44 0.96
0.4 y5 4.28 4.32 1.92 2.4
7.08 4.28 2.8
7.12 2.8 4.32 3.36 2.4 0.96
0.6 y6 7.08 7.68 4.32 3.36
14.2 7.08 7.12
14.8 7.12 7.68 a 51.48 3.36
0.8 y7 14.2 a 43.8 7.68 a 54.84
29.0 14.2 14.8 a 51.48
a 29 14.8
1.0 y8 29.0
a 43.8 b 4a 72.8 51.8
a 29 b 3a 29 43.8 b 4a 124.6
1.2 y9 a b 3a 72.8
b 2a 29
ba
1.4 y10 b
Taking 4 y 0.96, we have
1.72 4d c 0.96, 2.68 d 0.96, a 54.84 0.96, b 4a 124.6 0.96
d 0.96 2.68 1.72, and a 54.84 0.96 53.88
c 0.96 1.72 4d 0.96 1.72 4( 1.72) 2.68 6.88 4.2,
and b 4a 124.6 0.96 4(53.88) 123.64 91.88
11] Prove that i) y3 y2 y1 2 y0 3 y0
ii) 2 y8 y8 2 y7 y6 iii) 2 y6 y6 2 y5 y4
Solution
i) RHS y2 y1 2 y0 3 y0
y2 y1 2 y0 2 y0
y2 y1 2 y0 2 y01 2 y0
y2 y1 2 y1
y2 y1 y1
y2 y1 y11 y1 y2 y2 y2 y3 y2 y3 LHS
ii) 2 y8 y8 y7 y8 y7 y7 y6 y8 2 y7 y6
iIi) We have
f( x ) f x f x E 1 2 f( x ) E 1 2 f( x ) [E 1 2 E 1 2 ]f( x)
h h
2 2
E 1 2 E 1 2 2 [E1 2 E 1 2 ]2 [E1 2 ]2 [E 1 2 ]2 2E1 2 E 1 2
2 E E 1 2
2 y6 Ey6 E 1 y6 2 y6 y61 y61 2 y6 y7 y6 2 y6 .
10] If f( x ) eax b , show that its leading differences form a geometic progression
Solution eax b ea ( x h )b eax b eax b eah eax b [eah 1]eax b
f( x ) e ax b [eah 1]eax b
2 f( x ) [ f( x )] [[e ah 1]eax b ]
[eah 1]eax b [eah 1][eah 1]eax b [eah 1]2eax b
3 f( x ) [2 f( x )] [[e ah 1]2e ax b ]
[eah 1]2 eax b [eah 1]2[eah 1]eax b [eah 1]3eax b
Consider the ratios
2 f( x ) [e ah 1]2e ax b 3 f( x ) [eah 1]3eax b
eah 1, eah 1
f( x ) [eah 1]eax b 2 f( x ) [eah 1]2eax b
2 f( x ) 3 f( x )
.
f( x ) 2 f( x )
Hence f( x ), 2 f( x ), 3 f( x ) form a geometic progression .
12] Evaluate i) 3[(1 x )(1 2x )(1 3x )]; ii) 10[(1 x )(1 2x2 )(1 3x3 )(1 4 x 4 )]
Solution Call the theorem 3 nk 0 ak x k an n ! h n .
i) 3[(1 x )(1 2x )(1 3x )] 3[ 6 x3 +11x2 5x 6] a3 3! h3 a3 (3 2)h3 ( 6)6h3
ii) 10[(1 x )(1 2x2 )(1 3x3 )(1 4 x 4 )] 10[24 x10 +L ] a10 (10) ! h3 .
17] Find the first term of the series whose second and subsequent terms are 8, 3, 0, 1, 0.
Solution
y y 2 y
y0 a
8a
y1 8 5 ( a ) 5 a
3 8 5
y2 3 3 ( 5) 2 .
0 3 3
y3 0 1 ( 3) 2
1 0 1
y4 1 1 ( 1) 2
0 ( 1) 1
y5 0
Take 2 y 2. Then 5 a 2 Then a 2 5 5.
15] Find first and second differences of x 4 6 x3 11 x2 5x 8 with h 1. Show that the fourth
difference is constant .
Solution By definition f( x ) f( x h) f( x ) f( x 1) f( x). Then
f( x ) [x 4 6 x3 11 x2 5x 8]
[( x 1)4 6( x 1)3 11( x 1)2 5( x 1) 8] [x 4 6 x3 11 x2 5x 8]
4C0 x 4 4C1 x3 4C2 x2 4C3 x 4C4 x0
[x 6 x 11 x 5x 8]
4 3 2
6( x 1 3x 1 3x 1 ) 11( x 2x 1) 5( x 1)
3 2 2 2
( x 4 4 x3 6 x2 4 x 1) ( 6 x3 6 18 x2 18 x ) (11 x2 22x 11) (5x 5)
x 4 6 x3 11 x2 5x
(4 x3 6 x2 4 x 1) ( 6 18 x2 18 x ) (22x 11) 5 4 x3 12x2 8 x 1.
2 f( x ) [ f( x )] [4 x3 12x2 8 x 1]
[4( x 1)3 12( x 1)2 8( x 1) 1] [4 x3 12x2 8 x 1]
[4( x3 1 3x2 1 3x 12 ) 12( x2 2x 1) 8( x 1)] [4 x3 12x2 8 x]
(4 x3 4 12x2 12x ) ( 12x2 24 x 12) (8 x 8)] 4 x3 12x2 8 x
(4 12x2 12x ) ( 24 x 12) 8 12x2 12x.
3 f( x ) [2 f( x )] [12x2 12x] [12( x 1)2 12( x 1)] [12x2 12 x]
[12( x2 2x 1) 12x 12] 12x2 12x
[12x2 24 x 12 12x 12] 12x2 12x 24 x
4 f( x ) [2 f( x )] [24 x] 24( x 1) 24 x 24 Constant.
16] Obtain the function whose first difference is 2x3 3x2 5x 4.
Solution Let f( x ) ax 4 bx3 cx2 dx e is the function whose first difference is
2 x3 3 x 2 5 x 4 2x3 3x2 5x 4 f( x ) where
f( x ) [ax 4 bx3 cx2 dx e]
[a( x 1)4 b( x 1)3 c( x 1)2 d ( x 1) e] [ax 4 bx3 cx2 dx e]
a 4C0 x 4 4C1 x3 4C2 x2 4C3 x 4C4 x0
[ax bx cx dx]
4 3 2
b( x 1 3x 1 3x 1 ) c( x 2x 1) ( dx d )
3 2 2 2
a( x 4 4 x3 6 x2 4 x 1) (bx3 b 3bx2 3bx ) (cx2 2cx c ) ( dx d )
ax 4 bx3 cx2 dx
(4ax3 6ax2 4ax a ) (b 3bx2 3bx ) (2cx c ) d
4ax3 (6a 3b ) x2 (4a 3b 2c ) x a b c d
2x3 3x2 5x 4 4ax3 (6a 3b ) x2 (4a 3b 2c ) x a b c d
4a 2, 6a 3b 3, 4a 3b 2c 5, a b c d 4
1 1 1 1
a , 3b 3 6a 3 6 0, 3b 2c 5 4a 5 4 7, bcd 4
2 2 2 2
1 1 7
a , b 0, 2c 7 3b 7, c d 4 b
2 2 2
1 7 7 7 7
a , b 0, c , d c 7.
2 2 2 2 2
18] If u( x ) and v( x ) are two functions of x, show that
i) [ u( x ) v( x )] u( x ) v( x ) v( x 1) u( x);
u( x ) v( x ) u( x ) u( x ) v( x)
ii) .
v( x ) v( x ) v( x 1)
Solution By definition f( x ) f( x h) f( x) f( x 1) f( x). Then
i) RHS u( x ) v( x ) v( x 1) u( x )
u( x )[ v( x 1) v( x )] v( x 1)[ u( x 1) u( x)]
u( x ) v( x 1) u( x ) v( x ) v( x 1)u( x 1) v( x 1)u( x )
u( x 1) v( x 1) u( x ) v( x ) [ u( x ) v( x )] LHS
ii) Consider
v( x ) u( x ) u( x ) v( x) v( x)[ u( x 1) u( x)] u( x)[ v( x 1) v( x)]
v( x )[ u( x 1) u( x )] u( x )[ v( x 1) v( x)]
v( x )u( x 1) v( x )u( x ) u( x) v( x 1) u( x) v( x)
v( x )u( x 1) u( x ) v( x 1)
u( x ) u( x 1) u( x ) u( x 1) v( x ) v( x 1)u( x ) v( x ) u( x) u( x) v( x)
.
v( x ) v( x 1) v( x ) v( x 1) v( x ) v( x ) v( x 1)
