ENTOMOLOGY
METAMORPHOSIS
• Change in form from one stage to next in
the life history of an organism
• TYPES:
1. Ametabolous – No Metamorphosis
2. Hemimetabolous – Incomplete
Metamorphosis
3. Holometabolous – Complete
Metamorphosis
Ametabolous Metamorphosis
• Apterygotes
• Young ones hatch from eggs
and look just like the adult.
• It grows by Moulting.
Incomplete Metamorphosis
• Young ones hatch from egg and
become nymph
• Nymph neither has fully developed
wings nor fully developed
reproductive parts
• Moults to become an adult
Complete Metamorphosis
Egg
Larva (Caterpillar)
Pupa (Chrysalis or
Cocoon)
Adult
TYPES OF LARVA
• Nymph: Orthoptera and Hemiptera
• Caterpillar: Lepidoptera
• Grub: Coleoptera and Hymenoptera
• Maggot: Diptera
• Naiads: Odonata
HEAD
• Composed of series of segments
• Specialized functions: Food gathering,
Manipulation, Sensory Perception, Neural
Integration
• Bears Eyes: Compound eyes and Ocelli
• Antennae and Mouth Parts
• Anterior part: Frons
• Between and behind the eyes: Vertex
• Below compound eye: Gena
• Liplike sclerite: Clypeus
Front view of
head
HEAD
Parts Location
Vertex Summit of head between compound eyes
Frons Area below vertex and above clypeus
Clypeus Cranial area below the frons where labrum is
attached
Gena Lateral cranial area behind eyes
Occiput Area between occipital and post occipital suture
Back view of
labium head
Head orientation
• Prognathous (Pro – Infront ; Gnathous – Jaw): Projecting Forward
(Horizontal) Eg: Coleopteroid (Bettles)
• Hypognathous (Hypo – Below ; Gnathous – Jaw): Projecting
Downward Eg: Orthopteroid (Grasshopper)
• Opisthognathous (Opistho – Behind ; Gnathous – Jaw): Projecting
Obliquely or Posteriorly Eg: Hemipteroid (Bugs)
ANTENNAE
• Also c/a Feelers
• Mobile, Segmented, Single paired
Appendages
• 3 Segments:
• Scape
• Pedicel
• Flagellum
• Sensory Function: Touch, Smell,
Sound, Communication, Hearing
Antennae
• Scape: First segment, basal stalk
• Pedicel: Second segment, nearly
always has a sensory organ c/a
Johnston’s organ which responds
to movement of distal part of
antennae related to pedicel
• Flagellum: Filamentous and
multisegmented (many
flagellomeres), may be reduced
or modified
Examples
• Organ of smell: Ants, Honey Bee
• Organs of taste: Cockroach
• Stridulatorial organs: Sound producing organs, Eg: Coleptera,
Orthoptera
• Chordotonal Organs: The hearing – Johnston’s organs are situated
in second segment of antennae, Eg: Male Mosquito
• Sexual Characters: Diptera and Hemiptera, Antennae are found of
different type in Male and Female viz. Mosquito
Types of Antennae
Type Insect
Aristate (Pouch - like) Housefly
Setaceous (Size of segments Dragonfly, Damselfly, Cockroach and
decrease from base to apex) Cricket
Filiform (Thread - Like) Grasshopper
Moniliform (Bead - like) Termites
Serrate (Saw-toothed) Beetle, Pulse Beetle
Pectinate (Comb – like) Moth, Sawfly, Beetles
Types of Antennae
Type Insect
Clavate (Clubbed Antennae enlarges Blister Beetle
gradually towards the tip)
Capitate (Knobbed, Terminal segments Butterfly, Khapra Beetle
become enlarged suddenly)
Geniculate (Elbowed) Honey Bees
Lamellate (Plate – like) Beetles
Plumose (Plumed or Feather like) Mosquito
Stylate (Pedicel enlarged, Bristle at Robber Fly
apex)
Flabellate (Base has fan like process) Strepsiptera order
Mouth Parts
• Labrum (1) : Upper Lip
• Labium (1) : Lower Lip
• Mandibles (2) : Jaws –
Crush food
• Maxillae (2) : Jaws –
Cutting the food
• Hypopharynx (1) : Tongue
like, bears openings of
salivary ducts
Types of mouth parts
Type Insects
Biting and Chewing type Cockroach, Locust, Grasshopper,
Cricket
Piercing and Sucking type Mosquito, Aphid, Bugs, Leaf Hopper
Sponging type Housefly
Siphoning type Butterfly
Rasping and Sucking type Thrips
Chewing and Lapping type Honeybee
Siphoning
Chewing & Lapping Biting and Chewing type
Piercing and Sucking
Biting and Chewing Type
• Simplest and most primitive type
• Used to cut holes in leaves, bore in
stems
• E.g: Grasshoppers, Crickets,
Caterpillars, Beetles
Piercing and Sucking Type
• Modified for puncturing plants
and animals
• Mouth part components: Needle
like stylets
• Mandible, Maxillae, Labrum,
Epipharynx, Hypopharynx -
Stylets
• Capable of transmitting virus
• Toxic Saliva
• E.g: Mosquitoes, Stink Bugs etc.
Rasping and Sucking Type
• Combination of chewing,
piercing and sucking
• Lacerate (scrap) the surface of
leaf and suck sap
• Left mandible, Maxillae &
Hypopharynx elongated
• E.g: Thrips (Asymmetrical
mouth parts, Right mandible
absent)
Sponging type
• Proboscis is modified Labium
• Labella are fleshy lobes with
transverse grooves that use
capillary action to draw food upto
the mouth
• Modified for liquids or solid foods
• Solid foods must be dissolved by
salivary secretions
• E.g: Flies, Housefly
Siphoning type
• Labrum, Maxillary palpi,
Mandibles rudimentary or absent
• Galea of maxillae form major part
of mouth part (Proboscis)
• Proboscis is a hollow slender tube
coiled beneath head when not in
use
• Modified for uptake of
nectar/liquids
• E.g: Butterflies and Moths
Chewing and Lapping Type
• Labrum & Mandibles: Chewing
type
• Mold wax
• Grasping Prey
• Cutting flowers
• Maxillae & Labium form
Proboscis elongated to form
tongue
• Collect nectar
• E.g: Honey Bee, Bumble Bee
THORAX
• The body region situated
between Head and Abdomen.
• Divided into 3 regions:
• Prothorax: 1 pair of legs
• Mesothorax: 1 pair of legs, 1
pair of wings
• Metathorax: 1 pair of legs, 1
pair of wings
THORAX
• Each segment consists of
hardened plates or sclerites
• Dorsal sclerites: Nota (Sing.
Notum)
• Lateral sclerites: Pleura (Sing.
Pleuron)
• Ventral sclerites: Sterna (Sing.
Sternum)
WINGS
• Among invertebrate animals, only
insect possess wings.
• 2 pairs of Wings
• Number of wings varies by
species
• Borne on the Mesothorax and
Metathorax
• Mesothoracic Wing: Forewing
• Metathoracic Wing: Hindwing
Functions
• Locomotion
• Protection
• Camouflage
WINGS
• Silverfish and Springtails
• Ecto parasites (Head Louse,
Poultry Louse, Flea) – Secondarily
Wingless
• Deciduous in Ants and Termites
• True Flies: 1 pair of wings
• Wing Movement: Thoracic flight
muscles attached to their bases
Wing Modifications
Type Remarks Examples
Tegmina Leathery forewings, Orthoptera,
Protects membranous Cockroach,
hind wings Mantodea
Elytra Hardened, Sclerotized Beetles and
(Elytron) forewings (protect Weevils
hindwings)
Hemelytra Half hardened, Half Hemiptera(Bugs)
membranous forewing,
Flight wings
Wing Modifications
Type Remarks Examples
Halteres Hind wings reduced to All Flies
knob, for balance & (Diptera)
direction during flight
Membranous Thin, more or less Odonata,
Wings transparent, darkened Neuroptera,
Diptera, Isoptera,
Hymenoptera
Fringed Wing lamina reduced, Thrips
Wings Wing feather like
Wing Modifications
Type Remarks Examples
Scales Wings covered with scales Lepidoptera,
Trichoptera
Wing Structure
