IN THE NAME OF GOD
DIABETES
BY: Zaydon Usama
A medical student in SUMS
•Diabetes is a chronic disease that occurs either
when the pancreas does not produce enough
insulin or when the body cannot effectively use the
insulin it produces.
•Insulin is a hormone that regulates blood glucose.
SYMPTOMS
Symptoms of diabetes may occur suddenly. In type 2 diabetes,
the symptoms can be mild and may take many years to be
noticed.
Symptoms of diabetes include:
• feeling very thirsty
• needing to urinate more often than usual
• blurred vision
• feeling tired
• losing weight unintentionally
Complications
• Over time, diabetes can damage blood vessels in the heart, eyes,
kidneys and nerves.
• People with diabetes have a higher risk of health problems
including heart attack, stroke and kidney failure.
• Diabetes can cause permanent vision loss by damaging blood
vessels in the eyes.
• Many people with diabetes develop problems with their feet from
nerve damage and poor blood flow. This can cause foot ulcers and
may lead to amputation.
TYPES OF DIABETES
• Type 1 diabetes
Type 1 diabetes (previously known as insulin-dependent, juvenile or
childhood-onset) is characterized by deficient insulin production and
requires daily administration of insulin
• Type 2 diabetes
Type 2 diabetes affects how your body uses sugar (glucose) for energy. It
stops the body from using insulin properly, which can lead to high levels of
blood sugar if not treated.
• Gestational diabetes
Gestational diabetes is hyperglycaemia with blood glucose values above
normal but below those diagnostic of diabetes. Gestational diabetes occurs
during pregnancy.
Women with gestational diabetes are at an increased risk of complications
during pregnancy and at delivery. These women and possibly their children
are also at increased risk of type 2 diabetes in the future.
Gestational diabetes is diagnosed through prenatal screening, rather than
through reported symptoms.
TYPE 2 DIABETES
• Over time, type 2 diabetes can cause serious damage to the
body, especially nerves and blood vessels..
• Type 2 diabetes is often preventable. Factors that contribute to
developing type 2 diabetes include being overweight, not getting
enough exercise, and genetics.
• More than 95% of people with diabetes have type 2 diabetes.
Type 2 diabetes was formerly called non-insulin dependent, or
adult onset. Until recently, this type of diabetes was seen only in
adults but it is now also occurring increasingly frequently in
children.
PREVENTATION
• Lifestyle changes are the best way to prevent or delay the onset of
type 2 diabetes.
• To help prevent type 2 diabetes and its complications, people
should:
-reach and keep a health body weight
-stay physically active with at least 30 minutes of moderate
exercise each day
-eat a healthy diet and avoid sugar and saturated fat
-not smoke tobacco.
DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT
• Early diagnosis can be accomplished through relatively inexpensive
testing of blood glucose. People with type 1 diabetes need insulin
injections for survival.
• Some people with type 2 diabetes will need to take medicines to help manage
their blood sugar levels. These can include insulin injections or other
medicines. Some examples include:
-metformin
-sulfonylureas
-sodium-glucose co-transporters type 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors.
DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT
• Along with medicines to lower blood sugar, people with
diabetes often need medications to lower their blood
pressure and statins to reduce the risk of complications.
• Additional medical care may be needed to treat the effects of
diabetes:
-foot care to treat ulcers
-screening and treatment for kidney disease
-eye exams to screen for retinopathy (which causes
blindness).
THANK YOU
