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In these slides you have to know how terms on the same slide
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Repeat until you know everything
RamdIt
1
= Physical parts
Hardware is (touch & see)
2
= instructions
stored on the computer
Software is
(enable us to execute
certain tasks)
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Computer system
5
3
Application
INput 1
devices
2 Software
A computer
Hardware Software
consists of?
6
OUTput
devices System
Software
4
Operatingsystems
7
8 Utility programs
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The information processing cycle consists of?
2
1 3
Input Processing Output
4
5
Communication Storage
(permanent)
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Data Information
Data is:
unprocessed items
(figures, text, images, videos)
Information is:
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the result of
processed data
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Explain the difference between:
System software VS Application software
Programs that a group of programs that perform
control specific tasks for us, the user
support
and operate For example is processing.
the computer (PEOPLE use Apps)
Name the types of free software and describe each
Software that is fully functioning and can be used and
Freeware copied for free. You cannot change the source code
Software you can use for free for a trial period.
Sometimes the trial version do not include all features.
Shareware After the trial period it will stop working and you will
need to pay for the full version.
Open source software Software that you may freely use, modify &
distribute. The source code is open, which means
(OSS) you can change functionality.
Explain the difference between
Hard drive (HD) VS Solid-state Drive (SSD)
• Moving parts ("spinning disks") • No moving parts
• An "arm" magnetically reads data • More robust than HD
• Therefore slower than SSD • Solid micro chips
• Breek maklik - veral as krag af gaan • Completely electronic
• Goedkoper as die SSD • Faster than HD
• More expensive than HD
Explain the difference between
Storage (HD or SSD) RAM
• Temporary memory
• Permanent storage (Short term - gone when PC is off)
• Larger capacity (space) • Smaller capacity
• Sheaper capacity (cost per Gb) • Expensive capacity (cost per Gb)
• Slower reaction time • Faster reaction time
• Secondary storage device • Primary storage device
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Explain the difference between:
RAM ROM
• Temporary memory • Permanent memory
(short term – gone if PC is off )
(long term - part of motherboard)
• Normal processing • Only for Startup process
• Volatile • Non-volatile
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Distinguish between these different types of memory
Cache memory is an extremely fast memory type that acts as a buffer
between random access memory (RAM) and the CPU. It holds frequently
Cache memory requested data and instructions so that they are immediately available to
the CPU when needed.
Virtual memory is a feature of an operating system that enables a
Virtual memory computer to compensate for shortages of RAM by transferring data from
RAM to disk storage.
Volatile memory Volatile memory loses its contents when the power is switched off
Eg. RAM
ROM is a special chip in the motherboard that holds the instructions
Read Only
needed to start the computer and load the operating system when you
Memory
switch it on.
Wireless devices
Advantages Disadvantages
• No cables lying around • Need batteries
• More work space • More expensive than cable
devices
• Signal Interference
• Get stolen
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How is a screen's quality measured?
Size Measured in inched - Diagonal
Resolution Number of pixels
Determine the image quality
How quickly the screen display is
Refresh rate refreshed
measured in milli-seconds
Faster refresh rate - smoother movement
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How is the screen's quality measured?
The difference between the
Contrast Ratio darkest back and whitestest white
of the screen image.
Aspect Ratio The relationship between the
widte and height of the screen
Eg. 16:9
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How do screens connect to computers?
HDMI port - HDMI cabel
(High Definition Multimedia Interface)
VGA port - VGA cable
(Video Graphics Adaptor)
Explain the difference between:
VGA cables VS HDMI cables
• Data transfer is slower than HDMI • Data transfer is faster than VGA
• VGA needs separate audio cables • High quality video AND sound
• Modern TV's and other video devices transfer - no extra cable
don't have VGA ports • HDMI connects most computers
• VGA cables should not be more than and video devices (including TV's)
3 meters - lose signal • More expensive than VGA
• Cheaper than HDMI
Explain the difference between:
Laser printer Inkjet printer
• Prints Powder in toner cartridge melted • Prints Ink in cartridge jests onto paper
onto paper
• Purchase price more expensive than inkjet • Purchase price cheaper than laser
• Operating cost cheaper per page • Operating cost more expensive per page
• Printing speed slower than laser
• Printing speed faster than inkjet
• High colour quality - for pictures
• Often multi-function printers
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How do printers connect to computers?
USB port - connect devices with USB cable
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Wireless printers - connect devices via WiFi router
www.tp-link.com
network printers - Connect devices with networkcable
to the network switch
www.support.brother.com
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What is an USB-port?
USB is the standard port
commonly used to
connect devices to the computer.
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What is a USB-hub?
An USB-hub provides additional ports to the computer
www.easeus.com/mac-file-recovery/
Explain the difference between:
Printer queue VS Spooling
Printer spooling enables you to
Temporary storage area on the
send documents to a printer,
hard drive where print tasks are
without needing to wait until the
sent and where they "line up"
current task is finished. The print
and wait until the printer is ready
tasks then wait until the printer
to print them. Each printer has its
is ready.
own queue.
Explain the difference between hard copy & Soft copy:
Hard copy is
the printed version of a document
(output on paper)
Soft copy is
Electonic version of a document
(visual output on a screen )
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How is a camera's quality measured?
Resolution Number of pixels
the number of vertical and horisontal pixels.
the number of colours in each pixel
Colour depth of the image. Also called bits.
www.reaconverter.com
Sensor size The bigger the camera's sensor,
the better is the photo quality.
www.capturetheatlas.com
the ISO-grading measures light
ISO grading sensitivity - The higher the grading
the better.
www.visualskingdom.com
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Explain the difference between these camera lenses
The telephoto lens is a specific type of a long-focus lens
Telephoto lens that incorporates a telephoto group. They are used to take
pictures of distant objects.
Wide-angle lens A lense with wider optical view than that of the human eye.
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What are the classes "multi purpose" computers
Desktop computer
Mobile computer
Smart Phone
Server computer
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Explain the difference between:
GPS VS Geo-tagging
Global Positioning System
Process whereby the location
device calculates where you are
(in terms of latitude and
on the earth's surface (latitude &
longitude co-ordinates) at which
longitude), based on signals
a photo was taken by a digital
obtained from van GPS satelites.
camera, is stored in the
(A GPS device is used like a road
metadata of the picture file.
map.)
Distinguish between the following:
Uninterrupted Power Supply is a battery used to protect a
UPS computer against power surges, spikes and outages. It provides
power for a limited duration - enough to save one's work and shut
down.
Uniform Resource Locator is the webadress of the
URL website. It is a nunique alpha-numeric code.
Universal Serial Bus is a standard port commonly used to
USB connect devices to a computer.
Unshieded Twisted Pair is 'n cable most commonly used to
UTP
connect computers and devices to a network (LAN or HAN)
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Storage capacity
Bytes
1024 Bytes 1 Kilo byte
1024 Kilo bytes 1 Mega byte
1024 Mega bytes 1 Giga byte
1024 Giga bytes 1 Tera byte
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What are the 2 main categories system software?
1 Operating systems
System
software
2 Utility programs
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1 3
Operating system
System
software
Utility Programs
4
Software
is grouped in? Example
Microsoft Office
Application
Software 5
Word, Excel
Access, PowerPoint
2
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Explain the difference between:
BIOS VS Driver
Software in the ROM-chip that A driver is a progream that
executes when you swith on controls the communication
the computer. It tests that all between devices and the
essential components and operating system. The
devices are connected to the operating system requires
computer and loads the drivers for any device before it
operating system to the can be used and controlled.
memory.
Distinguish between the following utility programs
Fragmented storage refers to files that are non-consecutive. DeFrag is
DeFrag an utility program that organises/rearranges open spaces & parts of
files to be consecutive again. That improves computer performance.
Disk Cleanup Disk Cleanup is an utility program that deletes temporary and other
unnecessary files to free disk space.
Disk Scanner is an utility program that searches for faulty sectors on
Disk Scanner the hard drive and tries to repair
AntiVirus software is a type of utility that searches for and removes
AntiVirus malware - or at least quarantine it, to prevent the working of the
computer to be hampered.
Name the types of software Licencing agreements & describe each?
Proprietary software is purchased from a companny.
Software is licensed. Users may only use the software
Proprietary software under certain conditions and software may not be
changed or distributed
End User Licence Agreement - a legally binding contract
EULA between a user and a software company. It describes
what one may and may not do with the software.
Single user licence Only one copy of the software may be installed.
A licence agreement that allows a company or
Site licence organisation an unrestricted number of installations of
the software within the company or organisation.
Explain the difference between:
Subscription software VS Licence software
software where the user pays software where the user buys
a monthly or yearly a licence for the use of a
subscription for the use of the specific version of the
software, eg. Office 365. software - eg. Office 2016 and
The software is continually that version is not upgraded
upgraded to the latest version.
Explain the difference between:
EULA AUP
Acceptable Use Policy:
End User Licence Agreement: a
a policy which outlines the rights
legally binding contract between a
and responsibilities of its users,
user and a software company that
especially in a network
stipulates what the user may and
environment or for an internet
may not do with the software.
service provider
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Describes the following program improvements/corrections
Patch Fixes a specific bug in the software - usually security vulnerabilities. Can be
downloaded from the internet.
Service Collection of pevious patches or updates. A service pack can include new
pack facilities. Service Packs are pretty much a thing of the past. Most software
companies automatically download and install updates.
Update Software patches and service packs that are downloaded and installed.
Upgrade A new version of the software, which means installing a new program with
major changes / new features.
Explain the difference between:
Software piracy Virus software
Illegal copying and distribution of Somebody else created the
software, CD's and DVD's. software with negative intentions.
It is loaded onto your computer,
You should have paid and you without your knowledge or
havn't. consent.
Software piracy is theft. With malware you are innocent.
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www.beebom.com www.systemid.com
Explain the difference between:
Software Bugs Software Virus
Virus sagtware is
Bugs are unintentional intentional harm to the
errors in a program. operation of a computer or
data theft
RamdIt www.alamy.com www.securityintelligence.com
Explain the difference between:
Compatibility Accessibility
If programs or systems are Various accessibility
compatible with one options are built into
another, it means they can Windows operating system
adapt and work with each to make it easier for
other. For example: people with disabilities or
restrictions to use the
• Word 2007 files can be computer. For example:
opened in Word 2019
• Notepad++ is not • Magnifier
compatible with MacOS, • Text to speech
only with Windows
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Explain the difference between:
Compressed File File compression software
A compressed file or folder is
reduced in size - to take up less
File compression software is
disk space.
the method used to make files
smaller by reducing the number
(This is the result of file
of bits.
compression software being
used.)
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I nformation Manipulated or processed data
Communication Process to transfer data/information from
one place to another
• System technology (hardware + software)
Technology
• Communication technology (networks +
communication devices)
• Internet technology (internet, world wide web +
e-communication)
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ICT impact
ICT advantages? ICT disadvantages?
• More effective (more work, less time) • Information overload
accurate (doen't make mistakes) and
reliable (doen't get tired like people) • We are always available (don't
• Communication is much faster
and easier (give examples & compare) get a chance to disconnect)
• Far more economical (cheaper -
save costs on paper and communication) • Makes crime easier
• Government services can be offered
to citizens
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Explain the difference between:
Bitcoin VS Crowd funding
This is a form of virtual, digital A process where a single idea or
currency. Bitcoins can be business practice is funded by
exchanged for other currencies, multiple small donations from
products and services. They have volunteer contributors, usually
caused concern because they are before the business venture is
often used for payment in criminal started. The contributors will then
activities such as ransomware receive the product when it is finally
demands. However, more and more put into production. Examples
legitimate companies are accepting include www.indiegogo.com and
them as a means of payment. www.kickstarter.com.
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Distinguish between the following
The study and design of the workplace and equipment
Ergonomics used for the comfort and safety of people in their work
environments.
Term used to describe using computers in a way that
Green computing is sensitive to the environment.
Electronic waste describes discarded electronic
E-waste devices and components. Electronics contain
poisonous substances.
What is the afvantage of a Personal Area Network?
Automatic connection of mobile devices
Ramdit
What are the disadvantages of a Personal Area network?
• Limited reach distance (couple of meters)
• Data-transfer may be slow
• Peripheral devices (like watches and
speakers) can usually only be paired one
device at a time
Ramdit
What are Network advantages ?
• Fast, easy communication between users
(eg. instant massages & e-mail)
• Shared resources (hardware - like printer, software - like files)
• Centralization of data (like learner info in the office, but teachers also have access.)
• Ease of access (everybody, who is allowed, has access to data and devices)
• Better security (access control and backups)
• Leisure time spending (live streaming, network games)
Ramdit
What are Network disadvantages ?
• Confidential data is vulnerable
• Some networks are expensive
• Malware can spread faster
• Network errors can cause data loss
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Explain the difference between:
Internet World Wide Web
• Global system of • An information system
interconnected computer where documents are
networks interlinked over the internet
• computers and networks are • the www is a service that is
connected via cables, available over the internet.
satellite and micro wave
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Explain the difference between:
Plug-and-Play Plugins / Addons
technology that allows Additional programs installed
devices (hardware) that has with the main program, to
been plugged into the provide extra functionality.
computer, to used immediately
Eg. Google Translate to
The driver comes with the OS and is convert a foreign language
automatically installed when the
device is connected.
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distinguish between the following
3G/ 4G (LTE) 802.11 a/b/g/n
Generations of mobile Specification used to
(cellular) phone technology. indicate whether a device
has a wireless adaptor (for
The device (e.g. smartphone) WiFi). The letters indicate
can only receive the signal if it the speed that the wireless
has the latest standards built in.
E.g. It has to be compatible with
network is capable of.
4G.
.
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distinguish between the following
Internet Speed VS Internet Bandwidth
The bandwidth is the amount of
The internet speed is how fast data that can be transmitted in a
trander of data is. fixed amount of time.
(Like the speed limit)
(Like the number of lanes in a road)
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Explain the difference between:
IP ISP
• Internet Protocol • Internet Service Provider
• Company that provides (sells)
• Method used to send data over internet access
the internet
• The price depends on the
• Communication-rules for trans- type of access.
mission of data between client • They offer various other
and server services besides internet
access e.g. email, web hosting.
www.iplocation.net
RamdIt www.systemid.com
Explain the difference between:
Internet CAP VS Internet SHAPING
A technique whereby certain
Data cap is the limit on the network (Internet) services,
amount of data that can be e.g. e-mail, are given
uploaded or downloaded per preference (ito speed) while
month, without paying extra. others, such as social
networking services, are
given less priority, thus
performance is maintained for
the more critical services.
Explain the difference between:
Web page Website
A web page is one A web site typically
document on the web. consists of many
The name "web page" related web pages,
is a metaphor of paper linked together in a
pages in a book. coherent fashion.
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Complete the components of a new E-mail message
1 e-mail address of recipient
2 Carbon Copy - addresses that will also receive the msg
3 Blind Carbon Copy - can't see who will also receive msg
4 of the message
5
Message area
click to send message
RamdIt 6
Explain the difference between:
ISP based e-mail VS Web based e-mail
• E-mail resides on the ISP’s server. • Emails usually stay on the provider’s
server (e.g. Gmail’s cloud server)
• To check e-mail, you will need to
configure an e-mail client (program • Using Web e-mail, you can retrieve e-
like Outlook) to connect to the ISP mail messages from any computer with
mail server and download your a Web browser and internet connection
messages.
• Free, except for internet access (data cap)
• The ISP may require an additional
monthly fee for an ISP e-mail service. • Usually has more storage space than ISP-
• Backups are extra important as the based email accounts
messages on your computer are
usually your only copy
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Explain the difference between:
the storage of data (files) on an internet computer
Cloud storage
- Eg. Dropbox and Google drive
Cloud computing Use of programs through a webbrowser – runs and is therefore
installed on internet servers instead of on own local computer
e.g. Gmail, Office 365 Online
The use of multiple computers’ processing power (as if they
Grid computing were 1) to solve a single problem. Eg. Airbus uses grid
technology for system validation and engineering analysis as well as
distributed training
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Explain the difference between:
Digital divide VS Digital Migration
Large sections of the populations Digital migration is the process
of developing countries (such as of changing TV signals so that
South Africa) and poorer they are broadcast in a digital
communities have limited format instead of an analogue
access to technology and format.
limited knowledge of it and can This offers various advantages like
therefore be left behind when more (and HD) channels as well as
such technologies are required digital TV guides.
in everyday use.
distinguish between the following technologies
Artificial Intelligence refers to the simulation of human intelligence in machines
AI that are programmed to think like humans and mimic their actions.
Eg. Speech recognition, facial recognition in photos
Virtual Reality refers to using technology to create a simulation of a 3D
VR environment that can be interacted with by a person in a seemingly real or
physical way. Uses equipment like headsets and hand-controllers.
Augmented Reality refers to technology that overlays information
AR and virtual objects on real-world scenes in real time. Eg. the filters in
Instagram and SnapChat that makes you look like a cat
Internet of Things is the trend for all sorts of things (like your lights and
IoT aircon) to connect to the internet, so that they can work together and be
triggered automatically e.g. based on the weather outside
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Distinguish between the following types of Malware?
Type of malicious program written to disrupt the normal way the
Virus computer operates. It is designed to spread from one computer to
another.
Malware that replicates itself in order to spread (especially) over a
Worm
network. Quickly fills up the space of infected harddrives.
A destructive program disguised as a useful application. The
Trojan
program relies on you to activate (execute) it.
Distinguish between the following
Software that downloads adverts and bombards you with adverts
Adware
that pops up whenever you connect to the internet.
Spam Electronic equivalent of junk mail. It is often an e-mail that gets sent
out in bulk.
A computer that has been compromised (or infected) and can be
Bots / Zombie controlled remotely when it is on and connected to the internet. A
bot can also be called a ‘zombie’.
Distinguish between the following
Spyware refers to any software that tries to monitor and track the
Spyware way you use your computer and then report this information to a
third party.
Type of spyware that records your keystrokes as you type
Keylogger (sometimes also mouse movements) to discover usernames and
passwords.
There are hidden / invisible elements on top of actual links so that
Click-jacking the user clicks on something other than what they thought they
were going to.
Distinguish between the following
Phishing Attempts to trick the user into giving out personal, confidential
information, such as PIN's and passwords.
Malware infection that redirects a website’s URL to the
Pharming cybercriminal’s (fake) website even if the user types in the correct
URL.
E-mail spoofing The forgery of an e-mail header so that the e-mail appears to be from
a different origin (or person). Often used with Phishing.
SMiShing When a phishing attack is done via SMS on a smartphone. SMiShing
is short for SMS phishing.
Distinguish between the following
Hoaxe & Scam A message or article intended to deceive or defraud others. It can
be sent via sent by e-mail, WhatsApp ect.
A Denial of Service attack uses thousands of compromised
DoS attack computers (‘bots’) to flood a server with requests for information.
The attack is successful if normal users cannot acces the system.
Explain the difference between:
Survey VS interview
• A list of questions aimed
to collect data from a predefined
group of respondents • An interview is a structured
to gain information regarding a conversation where one
research topic. participant asks questions and
the other provides answers.
• The questions can be answered
electronically or on paper
Explain the difference between:
Closed questions for research VS Open-ended questions for research
Qustions that can be anwered Questions that cannot be
directly with facts. answered directly with facts.
These questions often start with Answers require some form of
What ? Where? Who? When? exploring or opinion.
How many? These questions often start with
How? Why? What if...?
Distinguish the following Research terms?
Target audience The group you are trying to inform or report to. This needs to be
considered in order to know at which level information should be
‘pitched’.
The subset of people whose information you are trying to analyse
Target group in a survey or questionnaire. A sample group of the target group is
usually chosen to administer the survey to.
The group of people chosen to take part in a survey, whose
Sample group responses are used to reflect the responses and opinions of the bigger
target group. The sample group should fairly represent the target group
Describe the difference between
Citation VS Caption
Shortened reference to the A descriptive caption with a
source at the place in the text label for a picture, diagram or
where you used the information. table e.g.
Usually contains the author’s Figure 1: Illustration of the water
surname as well as the year in cycle
which it was written e.g. Table 1: Research questions
(Townes, 1997) Is used to create a Table of
Figures.
Describe the difference between
Input Mask VS Validation rule
A rule that determines exactly
which values will be allowed in a
field e.g.
Controls the pattern in which data “M” Or “F”
can be entered e.g. Between 10 and 20
3 numbers followed by two capital
letters: 000>LL Used together with validation
text which is the descriptive
error message that is displayed
when faulty values are entered.
