TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page i

Acknowledgment ii

Table of Contents iii

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION

1. Background of the Problem 1

2. Statement of the Problem 2

3. Objectives of the Study 3

4. Hypothesis 4

4.1 Null Hypothesis 4

4.2 Alternative Hypothesis 5

5. Significance of the study 6

6. Scope and Limitation 6

7. Conceptual Framework 6

8. Theoretical Framework 7

9. Research Paradigm 8

10. Definition of Terms 9

11. Review of Related Literature 10

CHAPTER II. METHODOLOGY

12. Research Design 14

13. Materials and Equipements 15

14. Procedure 16
 Chapter I

Introduction

Background of the Study

Skin infections occur when bacteria infect the skin and sometimes the deep tissue

beneath the skin.

Skin infections are prevalent medical conditions caused by the invasion of

microorganisms into the skin, disrupting its normal functioning. These infections can

range from mild and superficial to severe and systemic, posing significant challenges to

healthcare providers worldwide.

Skin infection causes redness, swelling, and pain in the infected area of the skin.

Fever with chills and sweating. Fatigue. Pain or tenderness in the affected area. Skin

redness or inflammation gets bigger as the infection spreads.

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B. Statement of the Problem

The main purpose of this problem is utilizing Mayana as a remedy for skin

infection.

1.) What is the acceptability of using Mayana Extract as a Natural Remedy for skin

infection?

2.) Which will be the best treatment of Mayana Extract as a Natural Remedy for skin

Infection in terms of;

a.) Healing time

b.) Skin tone uniformity

c.) Overall smoothness

3.) Is there a significant difference with the Mayana as a Natural Remedy for Skin

Infection in terms of;

a.) Healing time

b.) Skin tone uniformity

c.) Overall smoothness

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C. Objectives of the study
The main purpose of this study is to use Mayana (Coleus scutellarioides) Extract

as a Natural Remedy for skin infection.

1.) To determine the acceptability of Mayana Extract as a Natural Remedy for skin

infection.

2.) To find out the best treatment of Mayana Extract as a Natural Remedy for skin

Infection in terms of;

a.) Healing time

b.) Skin tone uniformity

c.) Overall smoothness

3.) To determine if there is a significant difference with the Mayana as a Natural

Remedy for Skin Infection in terms of;

a.) Healing time

b.) Skin tone uniformity

c.) Overall smoothness

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D. Hypothesis
Null Hypothesis:

1. There is no acceptability of using Mayana (Coleus scutellarioides) Extract as a

Natural remedy for skin infection.

2. The best Treatment of the Mayana (Coleus scutellarioides) Extract as a Natural

remedy for skin infection is not effective in terms of;

a.) Healing time

b.) Skin tone uniformity

c.) Overall smoothness

3. There is no significant difference with the Mayana as a Natural Remedy for Skin

Infection in terms of;

a.) Healing time

b.) Skin tone uniformity

c.) Overall smoothness

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Alternative Hypothesis:

1. There is an acceptability of using Mayana (Coleus scutellarioides) Extract as a

Natural remedy for skin infection.

2. The best Treatment of the Mayana (Coleus scutellarioides) Extract as a Natural

remedy for skin infection is effective in terms of;

a.) Healing time

b.) Skin tone uniformity

c.) Overall smoothness

3. There is a significant difference with the Mayana as a Natural Remedy for Skin

Infection in terms of;

a.) Healing time

b.) Skin tone uniformity

c.) Overall smoothness

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E. Significance of the study
The study “Mayana (Coleus scutellarioides) Extract as a Natural Remedy for Skin
Infection” has antimicrobial properties. Another scientific study revealed that Mayana
has compounds that act against bacteria. This is why the extract from crushed Mayana
leaves can be used to disinfect and heal Skin infections.

F. Scope and Limitation

This study focuses on the effectiveness of Mayana (Coleus scutellarioides)

Extract as a natural remedy for skin infection. This study was conducted at Benigno V.

Aldana National High School Pozorrubio,Pangasinan on September 1, 2023

G. Conceptual Framework
Input Output Process

Proved that there is an

antimicrobial properties
Gathering all materials that can be found in Phytochemical analysis
needed Mayana leaves extract
that can be used against
skin infection.

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H. Theoretical Framework
This study is indefinite on the determination of the antimicrobial compounds of the

Mayana leaves Extract to be a Natural Remedy for skin infections. These are important

in medicinal uses to heal, such as cuts, wounds, and bruises. This is also important in

scientific studies. Mayana leaves have properties that make them suitable for use as

ink. They contain a coloring agent that does not damage the human skin and body,

making it safe for tattooing. The ink made from Mayana leaves has high drying speed,

water-proof nature, adhesion, and stability, making it long-lasting and resistant to

smudging. Additionally, Mayana leaves have been found to have antimicrobial

properties, which could contribute to the ink's ability to prevent bacterial growth. The use

of Mayana leaves as ink also aligns with traditional Mayana medicine, where these

leaves are used to treat various infectious diseases, suggesting that they may have

beneficial properties for use in ink. Overall, the properties of Mayana leaves, such as

their safety, durability, and potential antimicrobial activity, make them a suitable choice

for healing skin infections and diseases.

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I. Research Paradigm
Dependent

Mayana Leaves

Independent

Phytochemical

Analysis

Applied in affected

area

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J. Definition of Terms

Mayana (Coleus scutellarioides) – an erect, branched, fleshy, annual herb, about 1

meter high. Stems are purplish and 4 - angled. Leaves are blotched or colored, usually

more or less hairy.

Phytochemicals – a chemical compound (such as beta-carotene) occurring naturally

in plants.

Vitamins - are organic molecules that are essential to an organism in small quantities

for proper metabolic function. Essential nutrients cannot be synthesized in the organism

in sufficient quantities for survival, and therefore must be obtained through the diet.

Skin infection – occurs when bacteria infect the skin and sometimes the deep tissue

beneath the skin. Cellulitis is a common type of skin infection that causes redness,

swelling, and pain in the infected area of the skin. Another type of skin infection is skin

abscess, which is a collection of pus under the skin.

Natural remedy - has to contain substances that are traditionally used for medical

purposes. Medical purposes are basically therapeutic or preventive functions, which

also classifies the product as a medicinal product. There is a list of traditionally used

herbs for medicinal purposes.

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K. Review of Related Literature

Skin problems are common among students of which the vulnerable age group are

children who are in close and continuous contact with each other in school environment

and prone to this skin disease. Some limited information about the prevalence of

infectious skin diseases among students is available. In this study we have tried to

review articles associated with the prevalence of infectious skin diseases and disorders

caused by fungal infections in the school environment.

Material and method: The study was carried out by searching with the following

Keyword: Fungal infection, schools, practices, early treatment, children, and diagnosis.

Database used includes Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, Meg Iran, and Iran Seed

Doc. Articles from 1990 to 2016 articles related to this issue were identified and

analyzed. Of the 90 articles, 40 papers were related to fungal skin infections and

eczema.

Coleus blumei (Mayana) is one of the traditionally used folkloric medicine and is

primarily used for pain, sore, swelling and cuts and in other instances as adjunct

medication for delayed menstruation and diarrhea. The traditional uses of Mayana are

scientifically supported by studies here and abroad. Chemists form the University of the

Philippines isolated sterols and triterpenes form the leaves of Mayana and it exhibited

analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities. Other health-benefitting

phytoconstituents include alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, tannin, volatile oil, and

quercetin. Another interesting component of the plant is its high rosmarinic acid content.

This compound was noted for its high biological activities; prominent of those are its

anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.

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The painted nettle (Coleus atropurpureus benth) is a plant that is known to have

medicinal properties, especially the leaf. The active compounds that are contained in

the leaves are thought to work as an antibacterial. This study aims to measure the

inhibitory strength of painted nettle leaf (Coleus atropurpureus benth) extract against the

growth of Streptococcus sp. and Pseudomonas sp. This was an experimental laboratory

study. The polar extract of painted nettle leaf (Coleus atropurpureus benth) was tested

by a good method with concentrations of 100%, 80%, 60%, 40% and 20%. The polar

extract of painted nettle leaf (Coleus atropurpureus benth) is the result of extraction of

painted nettle that has been dried and then macerated using ethanol as the polar

solvent. Tests were conducted to observe whether there is a zone of inhibition of polar

extract of the painted nettle leaf (Coleus atropurpureus benth) against Streptococcus

sp. and Pseudomonas sp. after 24 hours of incubation. Results show that the polar

extract of painted nettle leaf (Coleus atropurpureus benth) with concentrations of 100%,

80%, 60%, 40% and 20% are able to inhibit the growth of Streptococcus sp. with an

average of each concentration 12.8mm, 11.17mm, 8.67mm, 3.17mm and 2mm

respectively while against Pseudomonas sp. with a mean diameter of each inhibition

zone is 12.17mm, 10.67mm, 9.5mm, 7.17 and 5.17mm respectively. Conclusion: The

polar extract of painted nettle leaf (Coleus atropurpureus benth) has an inhibitory effect

against the growth of Streptococcus sp. and Pseudomonas sp.

Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms that lack a nuclear membrane, are

metabolically active and divide by binary fission. Medically they are a major cause of

disease. Superficially, bacteria appear to be relatively simple forms of life; in fact, they

are sophisticated and highly adaptable. Many bacteria multiply at rapid rates, and

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different species can utilize an enormous variety of hydrocarbon substrates, including

phenol, rubber, and petroleum. These organisms exist widely in both parasitic and free-

living forms. Because they are ubiquitous and have a remarkable capacity to adapt to

changing environments by selection of spontaneous mutants, the importance of bacteria

in every field of medicine cannot be overstated.

This study was conducted to determine the antibacterial effect of Plectranthus

scutellarioides (Mayana) leaf extract on Staphylococcus epidermidis. Specifically, this

study aimed to determine P. scutellarioides plant extract's zone of inhibition on the

growth of S. epidermidis, and the significant difference in the zone of inhibition among

the experimental and the control groups (95% ethanol and 10 mcg ampicillin). Three

different concentrations of the plant extract (50%, 75%, 100%) as well as the control

groups were tested using the disk-diffusion method. The average zone of inhibition

exhibited by the Ampicillin treatment group was 18.62±0.65, the experimental control

group 50% showed 8.12±0.81, 75% showed 9.15±0.95, and 100% showed 9.95±1.09,

and the 95% ethanol control group did not show a zone of inhibition. Based on the

standard antimicrobial susceptibility testing, the standard range of the ZOI (mm) for

ampicillin to be considered susceptible is ≥29. The results showed that the Ampicillin

treatment group was a significantly bigger zone of inhibition compared with the 50%,

75% and 100% concentrations of Mayana leaf extracts by 10.50 mm, 9.47 mm, and

8.67 mm, respectively. Among the concentrations of Mayana leaf extract, 100%

concentration had a significantly bigger zone of inhibition compared with 50%

concentration by 1.83 mm. The results showed that S. epidermidis is resistant to both

Mayana and ampicillin with its mean ZOI (mm) falling below the range of ≤28. Mayana

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has no antibacterial effect against S. epidermidis. Thus, the researchers would like to

recommend that it cannot be used as alternative treatment.

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 Chapter II

Methodology

Research Design

The method that was used in this research was the experimental method and will be

administered to a selected sample from a specific population of adults aged from 18-65

years old with diagnosed skin infections in the town of Pozorrubio. The process will

involve; The participants in the experimental group will receive bare Mayana leaves,

applied twice daily to affected areas for two weeks. While participants in the control

group will receive a Mayana extract with active ingredients, applied following the same

schedule as the experimental group. We will assess the participant's skin lesions at the

start of the study, after one week, and at the end of the two-week treatment period.

Measurements will include lesion size, redness, and presence of pus. We will analyze

the data using statistical methods (t-test and chi-square) to compare the effectiveness

of Mayana leaves extract versus the bare Mayana leaves in treating skin infections.

Finally, this experimental research aims to provide scientific evidence regarding the

effectiveness of Mayana extract as a natural remedy for skin infections. The findings

could potentially offer a safer and more accessible treatment option for those affected

by these conditions.

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 PARTICIPANT ID GROUP TREATMENT ASSESSMENT
TIMEPOINTS

001 Experimental Bare Mayana Start: 1 week, 2

Leaves weeks

Mayana extract Start: 1 week, 2

with active weeks
002 Control ingredients

Materials and Requirements

The materials that are needed are the following: Mayana Leaves, Distilled water

and Coconut Oil. Equipements are Zip bags, Glass beakers, stirrer, and Graduated

cylinders.

Procedure

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Get the necessary materials to be used. First, wash the Mayana leaves so that there

are no impurities, then burn the Mayana leaves a little to extract the juice, then apply it

to the wound, and take a bandage or a clean cloth and tear to cover the wound. You

can also use other clean covers to make sure the Mayana leaves don't fall. For the

Mayana leaves extract; Collect fresh Mayana leaves from a healthy plant, Choose

leaves without any signs of damage or disease. Rinse the Mayana leaves under clean

running water to remove any dirt or debris then pat the leaves dry with a clean cloth.

Using a mortar and pestle, crush the Mayana leaves thoroughly until they become a

pulpy consistency, this helps to release the active ingredients in the leaves. After that,

add a small amount of clean water to the crushed leaves, then mix a small amount of

coconut oil with the Mayana extract. Transfer the strained Mayana extract into a clean

container with a lid. Store it in a cool, dark place to maintain its potency. Use a cotton

ball or clean cloth to apply the Mayana extract directly to the infected skin area. Gently

massage the extract into the skin until it is fully absorbed. Repeat this process 2-3 times

daily, or as needed, until the skin infection improves.

References

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Muljono, P., et al. (2016). Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Daun Mayana Jantan (Coleus

Atropurpureus Benth) Terhadap Pertumbuhan Bakteri Streptococcus SP. Dan

Pseudomonas SP. eBiomedik, 4(1). doi:10.35790/ebm.4.1.2016.10860.

Zhang, C., Li, J., Lu, R., Wang, S., Fu, Z., & Yao, Z. (2023). [Received 12 May 2023,

Accepted for publication 12 July 2023, Published 25 July 2023]. Title of the Article.

Journal Name, Volume 2023:16, Page 4867-4879.

J Pharm Bioallied Sci. (2020). Antibacterial effect of Plectranthus scutellarioides

(mayana) leaf extract on Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC #12228. Journal of

Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, 12(1), 1–10. Published online 2020 Jan 29.

Arguilles, A. B., Dalisay, S. A., Haga, R., Jimenez, A., & Flores, M. B. (2019).

Antibacterial effect of Plectranthus scutellarioides (mayana) leaf extract on

Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC #12228 (Bachelor's thesis, Cebu Doctors'

University).

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