Structure
and Bonding
The Periodic Table
0
I II III IV V VI VII
Chemical Bonding
Introduction to chemical bonding
At the end of this lesson you will be able to:
►Explainwhy atoms form chemical bonds when two or more atoms
combine with each other.
►State how atoms formed chemical bonds
►Name the three types of chemical bonding.
►Define the following terms in a complete sentence; chemical bonding,
“Ionic bonding” and “ion”.
Introduction to chemical bonding
❖ When atoms bond with each other, only the outermost or valence electrons are
involved in the reaction.
❖ Atoms of elements in group 0 of the periodic table do not bond with other
elements. They are stable and non-reactive because they have full outer electron
shell or valence shell.
❖ All other atoms of elements on the periodic table are unstable because they do not
have full valence shell.
❖ These atoms bond with each other to obtain a full valence shell and a stable
electronic configuration..
❖ This stable electronic configuration is called the noble gas configuration.
Introduction to chemical bonding
► Atoms can achieve a noble gas configuration by bonding with other atoms during a
chemical change.
► This can occur by:
1. Donating one or more valence electrons to another atom.
2. Gain one or more valence electrons from another atom.
3. Share valence electrons with another atom.
Introduction to chemical bonding
Example 1.
Diagram 1a showing donating of one valence electrons
.
Introduction to chemical bonding
Example 1. Diagram 2a showing donating of three valence
electrons
.
Introduction to chemical bonding
Example 2 Gain one valence electrons from another atom.
Chlorine atom Chloride ion – full outer
shell
Introduction to chemical bonding
► Example 3 Share valence electrons with another atom.
Chlorine atom sharing with another chlorine atom
Introduction to chemical bonding
► Therefore, when atoms gain stability, they gain the electronic configuration of the nearest noble
gas to them in the periodic table.
► Example 1: the nearest noble gas to sodium is neon.
to form nearest noble gas
unstable Gain stability
configuration
Na Na
Introduction to chemical bonding
► Example 2: the nearest noble gas to Chlorine is argon.
► Chlorine atom Chloride ion Argon atom
to form nearest noble gas
unstable Gain stability
configuration
► Example 3: Beryllium atom Beryllium ion Helium
Introduction to chemical bonding
Activity 1
►a)Write the electronic configuration of the following atom: potassium, argon, aluminium, magnesium,
Sulphur, neon, helium, lithium, phosphorous
►b) Group the following atom in question (a) as stable and unstable.
►c) Write the nearest noble gas electronic configuration beside the E.C. of its unstable
atom named in question (b). Eg. Na(2,8,1) – Ne(2,8)
►d) Identify the atoms that gain electrons and donate electrons.
Introduction to chemical bonding
Chemical change is known as chemical bonding.
During a chemical change, chemical bonds are formed between the atoms involved.
A chemical bond is a force of attraction between atoms that results from the
redistribution of their electrons.
There are three main types of chemical bonding:
Ionic bonding/electrovalent bonding – which occurs when
a metal bonds with a nonmetal.
Covalent bonding – which occurs when two or more non-metals bond.
Metallic bonding – which occurs within metals.
Ionic or covalent bonding both results in the formation of chemical compounds.
Introduction to chemical bonding
Activity 2 - Identify the type of bond that is present in the compounds and state
whether the compound contains metal or non-metal atom.
Name of Compounds Type of Bond Type of atoms involve in bonding.
Sodium chloride
Calcium Fluoride
Carbon dioxide
Magnesium oxide
Chlorine molecule
Water(H2O)
Aluminium sulphide
Sulphur dioxide
