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MANTHAN 2.O
OCTOBER 2023 : WEEK-1

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Manthan 2.O | October 2023 : Week-1
Contents
1. Nobel Prize in Medicine 2023: How Katalin Kariko and
Drew Weissman’s work helped develop Covid vaccines ....................................................................... 3

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2. Why China used a torn painting as a symbol of ‘hope for reunification’ with Taiwan ....................... 7

3. Nobel Prize in Physics 2023: What the three scientists have been awarded for ............................... 10

4. Bihar caste survey data released: A look at the complicated history of caste census ..................... 13

5. How Republican leader McCarthy became the first ever

US House Speaker to be removed from office .......................................................................................... 17

6. Delhi HC passes ‘dynamic injunction’ against illegal ICC World Cup broadcast:
What this means, what was the case ............................................................................................................ 21

7. Chemistry Nobel 2023: Winners showed how particles’ size changes their behaviour,
and why that’s important................................................................................................................................... 24

8. What UAPA sections have been invoked against NewsClick ....................................................................... 27

9. Nobel Prize for Literature 2023................................................................................................................................. 31

10. Sarakka Central Tribal University approved for Telangana:

The figures of Sammakka-Sarakka, their significance ......................................................................... 36

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1. Nobel Prize in Medicine 2023: How
Katalin Kariko and Drew Weissman’s
work helped develop Covid vaccines

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 The 2023 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine has gone to scientists Katalin Kariko and Drew
Weissman, whose work enabled the development of mRNA vaccines against Covid-19.
 ―Through their groundbreaking findings, which have fundamentally changed our understanding of how
mRNA interacts with our immune system, the laureates contributed to the unprecedented rate of vaccine
development during one of the greatest threats to human health in modern times,‖ the Nobel Prize
website said.
What are mRNA vaccines, why they were crucial during Covid
 Traditionally, vaccines have depended on introducing dead or weakened viruses into the human
body, so it can develop antibodies against them.
 Thus, when the actual virus infects someone, their body is prepared to fight it.
 As technology evolved, instead of the whole virus, just a part of the viral genetic code, instead of
the whole virus, began to be introduced through vaccines. But the large-scale development of such
vaccines requires cell culture (growing of cells under controlled conditions) and takes time.
 During the Covid-19 outbreak, time was of the essence in finding a weapon against the deadly and
fast-spreading virus. This is where mRNA technology proved crucial.
 This technology had been known since the 1980s, but had not been perfected enough to create vaccines
at a viable scale.
 Basically, instead of putting an inactivated virus in the body to activate an immune response, vaccines
using this technology use messenger Ribonucleic Acid, or mRNA, to deliver a message to the immune
system. Genetically engineered mRNA can instruct cells to make the protein needed to fight a particular
virus.
What Kariko and Weissman did
 According to the Nobel Prize website, Karikó and Weissman realised that the problem with lab-
grown genetically engineered mRNA is that the body‘s dendritic cells [which have important
functions in immune surveillance and the activation of vaccine-induced immune response]
recognise them as a foreign substance, and release inflammatory signaling molecules against them.
 ―Karikó and Weissman knew that bases in RNA from mammalian cells are frequently chemically
modified, while in vitro transcribed [or lab-created] mRNA is not.
 They wondered if the absence of altered bases in the in vitro transcribed RNA could explain the
unwanted inflammatory reaction.
 To investigate this, they produced different variants of mRNA, each with unique chemical
alterations in their bases, which they delivered to dendritic cells.
 The results were striking: The inflammatory response was almost abolished when base
modifications were included in the mRNA,‖ the website says.
 These results were published in 2005, and the two further built on their work in 2008 and 2010.

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  Thanks to these findings, work on mRNA vaccines was already underway, and this turned out to
be really helpful when the scramble for a Covid vaccine was on. Moderna and Pfizer vaccines used
this technology.
 These results were published in 2005, and the two further built on their work in 2008 and 2010.
 Thanks to these findings, work on mRNA vaccines was already underway, and this turned out to be
really helpful when the scramble for a Covid vaccine was on. Moderna and Pfizer vaccines used this

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technology.
Kariko and Weissman before the Nobel
 According to the Nobel website, ―Katalin Karikó was born in 1955 in Szolnok, Hungary. She
received her PhD from Szeged‘s University in 1982 and performed postdoctoral research at the
Hungarian Academy of Sciences in Szeged until 1985.
 In 1989, she was appointed Assistant Professor at the University of Pennsylvania [where
Weissmanwas her colleague, where she remained until 2013. After that, she became vice president
and later senior vice president at BioNTech RNA Pharmaceuticals.
 Since 2021, she has been a Professor at Szeged University and an Adjunct Professor at Perelman
School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania.‖
 Drew Weissman ―was born in 1959 in Lexington, Massachusetts, USA.
 He received his MD, PhD degrees from Boston University in 1987.
 He did his clinical training at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center at Harvard Medical School
and postdoctoral research at the National Institutes of Health.
 In 1997, Weissman established his research group at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University
of Pennsylvania. He is the Roberts Family Professor in Vaccine Research and Director of the Penn
Institute for RNA Innovations.‖
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
 The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (Swedish: Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin) is
awarded yearly by the Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute for outstanding discoveries in
physiology or medicine.
 The Nobel Prize is not a single prize, but five separate prizes that, according to Alfred Nobel‘s
1895 will, are awarded ―to those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest
benefit to humankind‖.
 Nobel Prizes are awarded in the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature,
and Peace.
 The Nobel Prize is presented annually on the anniversary of Alfred Nobel‘s death, 10 December.
 As of 2022, 114 Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine have been awarded to 226 laureates, 214
men and 12 women.
 The first one was awarded in 1901 to the German physiologist, Emil von Behring, for his work on
serum therapy and the development of a vaccine against diphtheria.
 The first woman to receive the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Gerty Cori, received it in
1947 for her role in elucidating the metabolism of glucose, important in many aspects of medicine,
including treatment of diabetes.
 The most recent Nobel prize was announced by the Karolinska Institute on 3 October 2022, and
has been awarded to Swedish Svante Pääbo, for the discoveries concerning the genomes of extinct
hominins and human evolution.

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  The prize consists of a medal along with a diploma and a certificate for the monetary award.
 The front side of the medal displays the same profile of Alfred Nobel depicted on the medals for
Physics, Chemistry, and Literature; the reverse side is unique to this medal.
 Some awards have been controversial. This includes one to António Egas Moniz in 1949 for the
prefrontal lobotomy, bestowed despite protests from the medical establishment.
 Other controversies resulted from disagreements over who was included in the award.

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 The 1952 prize to Selman Waksman was litigated in court, and half the patent rights were
awarded to his co-discoverer Albert Schatz who was not recognised by the prize. Nobel prizes
cannot be awarded posthumously.
 Also, no more than three recipients can receive a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, a
limitation that is sometimes discussed as an increasing trend for larger teams to conduct
important scientific projects.
Prizes
 A Medicine or Physiology Nobel Prize laureate earns a gold medal, a diploma bearing a citation,
and a sum of money.
 These are awarded during the prize ceremony at the Stockholm Concert Hall.
Medals
 Alexander Fleming‘s 1945 Nobel Prize medal for Physiology and Medicine on display at the
National Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh.
 The Physiology and Medicine medal has a portrait of Alfred Nobel in left profile on the obverse.
 The medal was designed by Erik Lindberg.
 The reverse of the medal depicts the ‗Genius of Medicine holding an open book in her lap,
collecting the water pouring out from a rock in order to quench a sick girl‘s thirst‘.
 It is inscribed ―Inventas vitam iuvat excoluisse per artes‖ (―It is beneficial to have improved
(human) life through discovered arts‖) an adaptation of ―inventas aut qui vitam excoluere per
artes‖ from line 663 from book 6 of the Aeneid by the Roman poet Virgil.
 A plate below the figures is inscribed with the name of the recipient.
 Between 1902 and 2010 the Nobel Prize medals were struck by the Myntverket, the Swedish royal mint,
located in Eskilstuna.
 In 2011 the medals were made by the Det Norske Myntverket in Kongsberg. The medals have been
made by Svenska Medalj in Eskilstuna since 2012.
Diplomas
 Nobel laureates receive a diploma directly from the King of Sweden. Each diploma is uniquely
designed by the prize-awarding institutions for the laureate who receives it.
 In the case of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, that is the Nobel Assembly at Karolinska
Institute. Well-known artists and calligraphers from Sweden are commissioned to create it.
 The diploma contains a picture and text which states the name of the laureate and a citation as to
why they received the prize.
Award money
 At the awards ceremony, the laureate is given a document indicating the award sum.
 The amount of the cash award may differ from year to year, based on the funding available from
the Nobel Foundation. For example, in 2009 the total cash awarded was 10 million SEK (US$1.4
million), but in 2012, the amount was 8 million Swedish Krona, or US$1.1 million.

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  If there are two laureates in a particular category, the award grant is divided equally between the
recipients, but if there are three, the awarding committee may opt to divide the grant equally, or
award half to one recipient and a quarter to each of the two others.
Ceremony and banquet
 The awards are bestowed at a gala ceremony followed by a banquet.

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 The Nobel Banquet is an extravagant affair with the menu, planned months ahead of time, kept
secret until the day of the event.
 The Nobel Foundation chooses the menu after tasting and testing selections submitted by selected
chefs of international repute.
 Currently, it is a three-course dinner, although it was originally six courses in 1901.
 Each Nobel Prize laureate may bring up to 16 guests.
 Sweden‘s royal family attends, and typically the Prime Minister and other members of the
government attend as well as representatives of the Nobel family.
Years without awards
 There have been nine years in which the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was not awarded
(1915–1918, 1921, 1925, 1940–1942). Most of these occurred during either World War I (1914–
1918) or World War II (1939–1945).
 In 1939, Nazi Germany forbade Gerhard Domagk from accepting his prize.
 He was later able to receive the diploma and medal but not the money.
QUESTIONS
Fill in the Blank:
1. The 2023 Nobel Prize in _________ has gone to scientists Katalin Kariko and Drew Weissman,
whose work enabled the development of _________ vaccines against Covid-19.
2. The first woman to receive the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, _________, received it in
1947 for her role in elucidating the metabolism of glucose, important in many aspects of medicine,
including treatment of diabetes.
3. The Nobel Prize is presented annually on the anniversary of Alfred Nobel‘s death, _________.
4. A Medicine or Physiology Nobel Prize laureate earns a _________ medal, a diploma bearing a
citation, and a sum of money.
5. If there are two laureates in a particular category, the award grant is divided equally between the
recipients, but if there are three, the awarding committee may opt to divide the grant equally, or
award _________ to one recipient and a _________ to each of the two others.
6. The amount of the cash award may differ from year to year, based on the funding available from the
_________.
7. _________ royal family attends, and typically the Prime Minister and other members of the
government attend as well as representatives of the Nobel family.
8. Each Nobel Prize laureate may bring up to _________ guests.
9. In 1939, Nazi Germany forbade _________ from accepting his prize.
10. There have been _________ years in which the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was not
awarded.

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2. Why China used a torn painting as a
symbol of ‘hope for reunification’ with
Taiwan

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 On China‘s National Day, commemorating the founding of the modern Chinese state on October
1, 1949, the Chinese military released an animated short film that showed two pieces of a torn
historical scroll painting – with one part currently kept in China and the other in Taiwan – joining
together.
 The films expressed ―the shared cultural heritage and hope for reunification between the two sides of the
Taiwan Straits,‖.
 China claims the largely self-governing island as its territory, maintaining a greater military presence
around the island in recent years.
 China‘s President Xi Jinping had also said at the Communist Party‘s National Conference last year that
Beijing was ready to take the island of Taiwan ―by force if necessary‖.
What is this painting and what does the video show?
 The 14th-century painting ‗Dwelling in the Fuchun Mountains‘ was created by the artist Huang
Gongwang. It is an ink painting that shows mountains and settlements in eastern China and is
considered a great classical work.
 It was passed down to art collectors over time.
 According to Taiwan‘s National Palace Museum, where one of its two parts is kept, ―In 1596, it
was bought by Dong Qichang and later pawned to Wu Zhengzhi… Wu‘s grandson loved the scroll
so much that he wanted to take it with him to the grave.
 Consigning it to the flames on his deathbed, the painting was secretly saved by his son. However,
part of the front of the scroll was destroyed.‖
 Attempts were made to restore it but it became separated into two. The shorter section titled
―Leftover Mountain‖ is now in the collection of the Zhejiang Provincial Museum in China.
 The longer part, known as the ―Master Wuyong Scroll‖, is in the city of Taipei, Taiwan.
 The People‘s Liberation Army‘s Eastern Theatre Command released an animated film called
―Dreams Come True on Fuchun River‖.
 It featured two elves, representing the two pieces of the painting. At the end of the movie, the two
characters come together, magically making the painting whole again.
 During the journey of the two elves in the film, the Eastern Theatre Command inserted shots of aircraft
carrier formations and J-20 fighter jets, ―reminding viewers of its battlefield capabilities‖.
What are China‘s larger claims on Taiwan?
 China has claimed that Taiwan was a part of it until Japan occupied the island after a war in
1895.
 Japan then lost in the Second World War (1939-45) and had to give up its territories.
 After a civil war between the two major political groups of mainland China – the Communists and
the Nationalists (or the Kuomintang party) – in the 1940s, the Communists emerged victorious in
1949 while the nationalist party largely retreated to Taiwan.

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  Both Communists and Nationalists then laid claims to being the ―official‖ China, under the names
the People‘s Republic of China (PRC) and Republic of China (ROC), respectively.
 But as the PRC grew in terms of its economic size and its economy opened up to the rest of the
world by the 1980s, more and more countries began to recognise it as China officially, keeping
only informal relations with Taiwan.
 Today, only 13 countries have diplomatic relations with Taiwan.

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 Presently, Taiwan and China have economic ties and there is significant immigration between the two.
With the 2004 election win of the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) after decades of Kuomintang
rule, it brought a change.
 The DPP won again in 2016 and 2020 and has been vary of PRC‘s control on the island.
 Also, with President Xi Jinping assuming increasing power since he took over the post in 2013, the PRC
has also dialled up its rhetoric on Taiwan.
 In a 2022 speech opening the ruling Communist Party‘s 20th party congress in Beijing, Xi said: ―We
insist on striving for the prospect of peaceful reunification with the greatest sincerity and best efforts,
but we will never promise to give up the use of force and reserve the option to take all necessary
measures.‖
 China‘s military has conducted military exercises and its planes have flown around Taiwan.
 On April 10, it flew 91 planes. According to a New York Times report, Taiwan said it tracked 103
People‘s Liberation Army aircraft entering its air defence identification zone in a single day, in
September this year. None entered Taiwan‘s airspace.
How does this painting relate to China‘s claims on Taiwan?
 That the Chinese military has released a film showing the two pieces becoming re-joined is being
seen as part of its larger aims related to Taiwan.
 Global Times, in its article about the painting, also pointed to ―the separation of cultural relics
that accompanied the relocation of the Palace Museum to the island of Taiwan over half a century
ago.‖
 It refers to another episode of historical commonality – how cultural artefacts were sent away
from Beijing to other parts of China and Taiwan, to safeguard them amid a Japanese invasion in
the 1930s. The civil war between the Communists and the Nationalists led to another such
transfer.
 For the ongoing 2023 Asian Games being held in China‘s Hangzhou, the painting was recreated using
more than 34,000 aluminium alloy grilles on the curtain wall of the Fuyang Yinhu Sports Center in
Hangzhou.
Taiwan
 Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia.
 It is located at the junction of the East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocean,
with the People‘s Republic of China (PRC) to the northwest, Japan to the northeast, and the
Philippines to the south.
 The territories controlled by the ROC consist of 168 islands with a combined area of 36,193
square kilometres (13,974 square miles).
 The main island of Taiwan, also known as Formosa, has an area of 35,808 square kilometres
(13,826 square miles), with mountain ranges dominating the eastern two-thirds and plains in the
western third, where its highly urbanized population is concentrated.

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  The capital, Taipei, forms along with New Taipei City and Keelung the largest metropolitan area
in Taiwan.
 With around 23.9 million inhabitants, Taiwan is among the most densely populated countries.
 Taiwan has been settled for at least 25,000 years.
 Ancestors of Taiwanese indigenous peoples settled the island around 6,000 years ago.

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 In the 17th century, large-scale Han Chinese immigration to western Taiwan began under a Dutch
colony and continued under the Kingdom of Tungning, the first predominantly Han Chinese state
in Taiwanese history.
 The island was annexed in 1683 by the Qing dynasty of China and ceded to the Empire of Japan in
1895.
 The Republic of China, which had overthrown the Qing in 1911, took control following the
surrender of Japan in 1945.
 Japan renounced sovereignty over Taiwan in 1952.
 The immediate resumption of the Chinese Civil War resulted in the loss of the Chinese mainland
to Communist forces, who established the People‘s Republic of China and the flight of the ROC
central government to Taiwan in 1949.
 The effective jurisdiction of the ROC has since been limited to Taiwan, Penghu, and smaller
islands.
 In the early 1960s, Taiwan entered a period of rapid economic growth and industrialization called
the ―Taiwan Miracle‖.
 In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the ROC transitioned from a one-party state under martial law
to a multi-party democracy, with democratically elected presidents since 1996.
 Taiwan‘s export-oriented industrial economy is the 21st-largest in the world by nominal GDP and
the 20th-largest by PPP measures, with a focus on steel, machinery, electronics, and chemicals
manufacturing. Taiwan is a developed country.
 It is ranked highly in terms of civil liberties, healthcare, and human development.
 The political status of Taiwan is contentious.
 The ROC no longer represents China as a member of the United Nations after UN members voted
in 1971 to recognize the PRC instead.
 The ROC maintained its claim of being the sole legitimate representative of China and its
territory until 1991, when it ceased to regard the CCP as a rebellious group and recognized its
jurisdiction over Mainland China.
 Taiwan is claimed by the PRC, which refuses to establish diplomatic relations with countries that
recognise the ROC.
 Taiwan maintains official diplomatic relations with 12 out of 193 UN member states and the Holy
See.
 Many others maintain unofficial diplomatic ties through representative offices and institutions
that function as de facto embassies and consulates. International organizations in which the PRC
participates either refuse to grant membership to Taiwan or allow it to participate only on a non-
state basis.
 Domestically, the major political contention is between parties favoring eventual Chinese
unification and promoting a pan-Chinese identity, contrasted with those aspiring to formal
international recognition and promoting a Taiwanese identity; into the 21 st century, both sides
have moderated their positions to broaden their appeal.

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 QUESTIONS
Fill in the Blank:
1. On China‘s National Day, commemorating the founding of the modern Chinese state on _________,
the Chinese military released an animated short film.
2. China has claimed that Taiwan was a part of it until Japan occupied the island after a war in

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_________.
3. The ongoing 2023 Asian Games is being held in China‘s _________.
4. Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in _________ Asia.
5. Taiwan maintains official diplomatic relations with _________ out of 193 UN member states and the
Holy See.
6. The capital of Taiwan is _________.
7. Japan renounced sovereignty over Taiwan in _________.
8. The political status of Taiwan is _________.
9. In the 17th century, large-scale _________ Chinese immigration to western Taiwan began under a
_________ colony and continued under the Kingdom of Tungning, the first predominantly Han
Chinese state in Taiwanese history.
10. Taiwan‘s export-oriented industrial economy is the 21st-largest in the world by nominal GDP and the
_________ -largest by PPP measures.

3. Nobel Prize in Physics 2023: What the

three scientists have been awarded for
 The Nobel Prize in Physics for 2023 has gone to three scientists whose work made it easier to
observe electrons, and which has potential applications in the field of diagnosing diseases and
developing electronic gadgets.
 Anne L‘Huillier, Pierre Agostini, and Ferenc Krausz have been awarded for their experiments
―which have given humanity new tools for exploring the world of electrons inside atoms and
molecules. They have demonstrated a way to create extremely short pulses of light that can be
used to measure the rapid processes in which electrons move or change energy,‖ said the Nobel
Prizes website.
What exactly have the scientists done?
 An atom, a tiny unit into which matter can be divided, is composed of a nucleus of protons and
neutrons, and electrons that travel around this nucleus.
 Electrons move so fast that it is impossible to observe them in real time.
 The work of L‘Huillier, Agostini, and Krausz has brought humanity closer to observing and
studying the movement of electrons, by producing pulses of light that last only attoseconds, which
is 1×10−18 of a second.
 Roughly, this can be compared to a high-shutter-speed camera. If a normal camera is used to
capture a moving train, the image will be blurred. But a high shutter-speed camera can freeze
motion and capture a clear image of the train.
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How did they do this?
 All three worked in the field for years. According to the Nobel website, back in 1987, L‘Huillier
discovered that when a laser light wave was passed through a noble gas, it interacted with the
atoms, giving some electrons extra energy that was then emitted as light. She continued to work on
this.
 ―In 2001, Pierre Agostini succeeded in producing and investigating a series of consecutive light

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pulses [or flashes of light], in which each pulse lasted just 250 attoseconds. At the same time,
Ferenc Krausz was working with another type of experiment, one that made it possible to isolate a
single light pulse that lasted 650 attoseconds,‖ said the Nobel website.
 These flashes of light made it possible to provide images of processes inside atoms.
Why is this work important?
 ―We can now open the door to the world of electrons. Attosecond physics gives us the opportunity
to understand mechanisms that are governed by electrons. The next step will be utilising them,‖
said Eva Olsson, Chair of the Nobel Committee for Physics.
 One possible application is to study molecular-level changes in blood, to identify diseases.
 A better understanding of how electrons move and transmit energy can also help in creating more
efficient electronic gadgets.
Who are the scientists?
 According to information given by the Nobel Prizes website about all three, Anne L‘Huillier was
born 1958 in Paris, France. She got her PhD in 1986 from University Pierre and Marie Curie,
Paris.
 Pierre Agostini got his PhD in 1968 from Aix-Marseille University, [Link] is a Professor at
The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA.
 Ferenc Krausz was born 1962 in Mór, Hungary. He got his PhD in 1991 from Vienna University of
Technology, Austria. He is the Director at Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Garching,
and Professor at Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany.
 The Nobel Prize in Physics is a yearly award given by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for
those who have made the most outstanding contributions for humankind in the field of physics.
 It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895 and awarded since
1901, theothers being the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Peace Prize,
and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
 Physics is traditionally the first award presented in the Nobel Prize ceremony.
 The prize consists of a medal along with a diploma and a certificate for the monetary award. The
front side of the medal displays the same profile of Alfred Nobel depicted on the medals for
Physics, Chemistry, and Literature.
 The first Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen in
recognition of the extraordinary services he rendered by the discovery of X-rays. This award is
administered by the Nobel Foundation and is widely regarded as the most prestigious award that
a scientist can receive in physics. It is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on 10
December, the anniversary of Nobel‘s death. As of 2023, a total of 224 individuals have been
awarded the prize.
 A maximum of three Nobel laureates and two different works may be selected for the Nobel Prize
in Physics.
 Compared with other Nobel Prizes, the nomination and selection process for the prize in physics is
long and rigorous. This is a key reason why it has grown in importance over the years to become
the most important prize in Physics.
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  The Nobel laureates are selected by the Nobel Committee for Physics, a Nobel Committee that
consists of five members elected by The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
 During the first stage that begins in September, a group of about 3,000 selected university
professors, Nobel Laureates in Physics and Chemistry, and others are sent confidential
nomination forms.
 The completed forms must arrive at the Nobel Committee by 31 January of the following year.

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 The nominees are scrutinized and discussed by experts and are narrowed to approximately fifteen
names.
 The committee submits a report with recommendations on the final candidates to the Academy,
where, in the Physics Class, it is further discussed.
 The Academy then makes the final selection of the Laureates in Physics by a majority vote.
 The names of the nominees are never publicly announced, and neither are they told that they have
been considered for the Prize. Nomination records are sealed for fifty years.
 While posthumous nominations are not permitted, awards can be made if the individual died in
the months between the decision of the committee (typically in October) and the ceremony in
December. Prior to 1974, posthumous awards were permitted if the candidate had died after being
nominated.
 The rules for the Nobel Prize in Physics require that the significance of achievements being
recognized has been ―tested by time‖.
 In practice, that means that the lag between the discovery and the award is typically on the order
of 20 years and can be much longer.
 For example, half of the 1983 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Subrahmanyan
Chandrasekhar for his work on stellar structure and evolution that was done during the 1930s.
 As a downside of this tested-by-time rule, not all scientists live long enough for their work to be
recognized. Some important scientific discoveries are never considered for a prize, as the
discoverers die by the time the impact of their work is appreciated.
Nobel Prize in Physics
 The Nobel Prize in Physics has been awarded to 224 individuals until 2023.
 The first prize in physics was awarded in 1901 to Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, of Germany, who
received 150,782 SEK. John Bardeen is the only laureate to win the prize twice—in 1956 and 1972.
 William Lawrence Bragg was the youngest Nobel laureate in physics; he won the prize in 1915 at
the age of 25.
 He was also the youngest laureate for any Nobel prize until 2014 (when Malala Yousafzai won the
Nobel Peace Prize at age 17).
 The oldest Nobel Prize laureate in physics was Arthur Ashkin who was 96 years old when he was
awarded the prize in 2018.
 Only five women have won the prize: Curie, Maria Goeppert-Mayer (1963), Donna Strickland
(2018), Andrea Ghez (2020), and Anne L‘Huillier (2023).
 There have been six years for which the Nobel Prize in Physics was not awarded (1916, 1931, 1934,
1940–1942). There were also nine years for which the Nobel Prize in Physics was delayed for one
year:
 The 1914 prize awarded to Max von Laue was announced only in November 1915.
 The Prize was not awarded in 1917, as the Nobel Committee for Physics decided that none of that
year‘s nominations met the necessary criteria, but was awarded to Charles Glover Barkla in 1918
and counted as the 1917 prize.
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  This precedent was followed for the 1918 prize awarded to Max Planck in 1919,
 the 1921 prize awarded to Albert Einstein in 1922,
 the 1924 prize awarded to Manne Siegbahn in 1925,
 the 1925 prize awarded to James Franck and Gustav Hertz in 1926,
 the 1928 prize awarded to Owen Richardson in 1929,


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the 1932 prize awarded to Werner Heisenberg in 1933, and
 the 1943 prize awarded to Otto Stern in 1944.
 half of the Nobel Prize for science awarded between 1995 and 2017 are clustered in few disciplines.
Particle physics (14%), atomic physics (10.9%), and 3 non-physics disciplines are dominating the
prize in recent decades.
 And then semiconductor physics and magnetics are the next most honoured physics disciplines
QUESTIONS
Fill in the Blank:
1. The Nobel Prize in Physics for 2023 has gone to three scientists whose work made it easier to
observe _________, and which has potential applications in the field of diagnosing diseases and
developing electronic gadgets.
2. _________ was the youngest Nobel laureate in physics; he won the prize in _________ at the age of
25.
3. _________ is traditionally the first award presented in the Nobel Prize ceremony.
4. _________ is the only laureate to win Nobel Prize in Physics twice—in 1956 and 1972.
5. The first prize in physics was awarded in 1901 to _________, of Germany.
6. Only five women have won the prize: Curie, Maria Goeppert-Mayer (1963), Donna Strickland
(2018), Andrea Ghez (2020), and _________ (2023).
7. The oldest Nobel Prize laureate in physics was _________ who was 96 years old when he was
awarded the prize in 2018.
8. The Prize was not awarded in _________, as the Nobel Committee for Physics decided that none of
that year‘s nominations met the necessary criteria, but was awarded to _________ in 1918 and
counted as the 1917 prize.
9. The Nobel Prize in Physics has been awarded to _________ individuals until 2023.
10. Half of the Nobel Prize for science awarded between 1995 and 2017 are clustered in few disciplines.
_________, atomic physics (10.9%), and 3 non-physics disciplines are dominating the prize in recent
decades.

4. Bihar caste survey data released: A look

at the complicated history of caste census
 The Bihar government has released the results of its recently concluded survey of castes in the
state, which reveals that Other Backward Classes (OBCs) and Extremely Backward Classes
(EBCs) constitute more than 63% of the population of Bihar.

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  CM Nitish Kumar congratulated the entire team involved in the caste survey process and said:
―Resolution on caste-based survey was passed in the Bihar legislature through consensus. Nine
political parties had taken a call in the Bihar Assembly on the state government bearing expenses
of the caste survey.
 The survey has not only considered one‘s caste but also one‘s economic status, which would help us
devise further policies and plans for the development of all classes.‖

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What kind of caste data is published in the Census?
 Every Census in independent India from 1951 to 2011 has published data on Scheduled Castes
and Scheduled Tribes, but not on other castes. Before that, every Census until 1931 had data on
caste.
 However, in 1941, caste-based data was collected but not published. M W M Yeats, the then
Census Commissioner, said a note: ―There would have been no all India caste table… The time is
past for this enormous and costly table as part of the central undertaking…‖ This was during
World War II.
 In the absence of such a census, there is no proper estimate for the population of OBCs, various
groups within the OBCs, and others. The Mandal Commission estimated the OBC population at
52%, some other estimates have been based on National Sample Survey data, and political parties
make their own estimates in states and Lok Sabha and Assembly seats during elections.
How often has the demand for a caste census been made?
 It comes up before almost every Census, as records of debates and questions raised in Parliament
show. The demand usually comes from among those belonging to Other Backward Classes (OBC)
and other deprived sections, while sections from the upper castes oppose the idea.
 This time, however, things have been quite different. With Census 2021 delayed several times, the
Opposition parties have made the loudest cry for a caste census as they seem to have converged on
―social justice‖ as their slogan and glue.
 Earlier this year, while campaigning in Karnataka, Congress leader Rahul Gandhi said the
Narendra Modi government should reveal the data of the Socio-Economic and Caste Census
(SECC) conducted under the UPA-II government. Moreover, he called for a caste census and for
the removal of the 50% cap on SC/ST/OBC reservations.
 In July 2021, Union Minister of State for Home Affairs Nityanand Rai said in response to a
question in Lok Sabha: ―The Government of India has decided as a matter of policy not to
enumerate caste-wise population other than SCs and STs in Census.‖
 Before this statement, Nityanand Rai had told the Rajya Sabha in March 2021: ―The Union of
India after Independence, decided as a matter of policy not to enumerate caste-wise population
other than SCs and STs.‖
 But on August 31, 2018, following a meeting chaired by then Home Minister Rajnath Singh that
reviewed preparations for Census 2021, the Press Information Bureau stated in a statement: ―It is
also envisaged to collect data on OBC for the first time.‖
 When The Indian Express filed an RTI request asking for the minutes of the meeting, the Office of
Registrar General of India (ORGI) responded: ―Records of deliberations in ORGI prior to MHA
(Ministry of Home Affairs) announcement on August 31, 2018, to collect data on OBC is not
maintained. There was not issued any minutes of the meeting.‖
Where did the UPA stand on this?
 In 2010, then Law Minister Veerappa Moily wrote to then Prime Minister Manmohan Singh
calling for the collection of caste/community data in Census 2011.
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  On March 1, 2011, during a short-duration discussion in Lok Sabha, Home Minister P
Chidambaram spoke of several ―vexed questions‖:
 ―There is a Central list of OBCs and State-specific list of OBCs. Some States do not have a list of
OBCs; some States have a list of OBCs and a sub-set called Most Backward Classes.
 The Registrar General has also pointed out that there are certain open-ended categories in the
lists such as orphans and destitute children.

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 Names of some castes are found in both the list of Scheduled Castes and the list of OBCs.
Scheduled Castes converted to Christianity or Islam are also treated differently in different States.
 The status of a migrant from one State to another and the status of children of inter-caste
marriage, in terms of caste classification, are also vexed questions.‖
What happened to the SECC data, then?
 With an approved cost of Rs 4,893.60 crore, the SECC was conducted by the Ministry of Rural
Development in rural areas and the Ministry of Housing & Urban Poverty Alleviation in urban
areas.
 The SECC data excluding caste data was finalised and published by the two ministries in 2016.
 The raw caste data was handed over to the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, which
formed an Expert Group under former NITI Aayog Vice-Chairperson Arvind Pangaria for
classification and categorisation of data.
 It is not clear whether it submitted its report; no such report has been made public.
 The report of a Parliamentary Committee on Rural Development presented to the Lok Sabha
Speaker on August 31, 2016, noted about SECC: ―The data has been examined and 98.87 per cent
data on individuals‘ caste and religion is error free.
 ORGI has noted the incidence of errors with respect to 1,34,77,030 individuals out of the total
SECC population of 118,64,03,770. States have been advised to take corrective measures.‖
2011 Census of India
 The 2011 Census of India or the 15th Indian Census was conducted in two phases, house listing and
population enumeration.
 The House listing phase began on 1 April 2010 and involved the collection of information about all
buildings.
 Information for National Population Register (NPR) was also collected in the first phase, which
will be used to issue a 12-digit unique identification number to all registered Indian residents by
Unique Identification Authority of India.
 Census has been conducted in India since 1872 and 2011 marks the first time biometric
information was collected.
 According to the provisional reports released on 31 March 2011, the Indian population increased
to 1.21 billion with a decadal growth of 17.70%.
 Adult literacy rate increased to 74.04% with a decadal growth of 9.21%. The motto of the census
was Our Census, Our Future.
 Spread across 28 states and 8 union territories, the census covered 640 districts, 5,924 sub-
districts, 7,935 towns and more than 600,000 villages. A total of 2.7 million officials visited
households in 7,935 towns and 600,000 villages, classifying the population according to gender,
religion, education and occupation.
 The cost of the exercise was approximately ₹2,200 crore (US$280 million) – this comes to less than
US$0.50 per person, well below the estimated world average of US$4.60 per person.
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  Conducted every 10 years, this census faced big challenges considering India‘s vast area and
diversity of cultures and opposition from the manpower involved.
 Information on castes was included in the census following demands from several ruling coalition
leaders including Lalu Prasad Yadav, and Mulayam Singh Yadav supported by opposition parties
Bharatiya Janata Party, Shiromani Akali Dal, Shiv Sena and All India Anna Dravida Munnetra
Kazhagam.

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 Information on caste was last collected during the British Raj in 1931.
 During the early census, people often exaggerated their caste status to garner social status and it is
expected that people downgrade it now in the expectation of gaining government benefits.
 Earlier, There was speculation that there would be a caste-based census conducted in 2011, the
first time for 80 years (last was in 1931), to find the exact population of the ―Other Backward
Classes‖ (OBCs) in India.
 This was later accepted and the Socio Economic and Caste Census 2011 was conducted whose first
findings were revealed on 3 July 2015 by Union Finance Minister Arun Jaitley.
 Mandal Commission report of 1980 quoted OBC population at 52%, though National Sample
Survey Organisation (NSSO) survey of 2006 quoted OBC population at 41%.
 There is only one instance of a caste count in post-independence India.
 It was conducted in Kerala in 1968 by the Government of Kerala under E. M. S. Namboodiripad
to assess the social and economic backwardness of various lower castes.
 The census was termed Socio-Economic Survey of 1968 and the results were published in the
Gazetteer of Kerala, 1971.
QUESTIONS
Fill in the Blank:
1. The _________ government has released the results of its recently concluded survey of castes in the
state.
2. The raw caste data was handed over to the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, which
formed an Expert Group under former NITI Aayog Vice-Chairperson _________ for classification
and categorisation of data.
3. The SECC was conducted by the _________ in rural areas and the Ministry of Housing & Urban
Poverty Alleviation in urban areas.
4. The motto of the census 2011 was _________.
5. Adult literacy rate increased to _________ with a decadal growth of 9.21% in Census 2011.
6. There is only _________ instance of a caste count in post-independence India.
7. Mandal Commission report of 1980 quoted OBC population at _________.
8. The 2011 Census of India or the _________ Indian Census was conducted in two phases, house
listing and population enumeration.
9. Information for National Population Register (NPR) was also collected in the first phase, which will
be used to issue a _________ unique identification number to all registered Indian residents by
Unique Identification Authority of India.
10. Census has been conducted in India since _________ and _________ marks the first time biometric
information was collected.

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5. How Republican leader McCarthy became
the first ever US House Speaker to be
removed from office

Telegram - @CL_MOCK_2024
 The Speaker of the United States House of Representatives Kevin McCarthy was ousted by a
handful of hand-liner Republican leaders leaving the chamber without a leader and ushering in
chaos.
 This is the first time ever that a House Speaker has lost a no-confidence vote — the final tally
stood at 216-210, with eight Republicans voting with 208 Democrats to end McCarthy‘s
tumultuous nine-month-long leadership of the Republican majority in the lower chamber of
Congress.
 The House has been adjourned for the week and might reconvene on October 10 to discuss
McCarthy‘s successors. Given the deep polarisation within not only the House but also the
Republican party, the path to electing a new Speaker remains uncertain.
How McCarthy lost his job
 A day after Matt Gaetz, a far-right Republican representative from Florida, moved a motion to
remove McCarthy from the speakership, the House voted to snatch away the speaker‘s gavel from
the California Republican.
 McCarthy had the support of a vast majority of Republicans but it wasn‘t enough to thwart his
ouster. Currently, the Republican party has a slim majority in the chamber — there are 222 GOP
members and 208 Democrat members. This means that McCarthy could have afforded to lose
only five Republicans, instead he lost eight. None of the democrats voted in his support.
Why some Republican leaders rebelled against McCarthy
 Gaetz brought the motion to dismiss McCarthy, criticising him for mishandling government
spending and budget fights since the GOP took over the House in January. Notably, the
development came just after McCarthy over the weekend pushed through a bill with the help of
House Democrats to narrowly avert a government shutdown.
 The Florida Republican also accused McCarthy of cutting a ―secret side deal‖ with US President
Joe Biden on providing additional funding to Ukraine, which has become a source of outrage on
the right. McCarthy denied the existence of any such deal.
 The motion found support among the most conservative Republican House members, who have
been a thorn in McCarthy‘s side since before he was elected Speaker. In January, McCarthy got
the position only after he gave numerous concessions to the far right to win their votes — it took
him a historic 15 rounds of voting to get the gavel. For instance, McCarthy promised to allow any
member to bring a motion to remove the Speaker from the leadership position.
 The concession ultimately came back to bite the California Republican, when he defied the far
right flank to collaborate with Democrats in order to prevent the government shutdown. Much
like in the past nine months, McCarthy made repeated attempts to appease the rebels, but no one
came to his rescue.

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  ―He failed to master the art of corralling a deeply divided Republican majority that could never
quite bring itself to rally behind him when it came time to choose normalcy over chaos. With the
GOP base increasingly hungry for insurgency and confrontation, Mr McCarthy found himself out
of step, a problem that is likely to plague any candidate who tries to succeed him,‖ a report by The
New York Times said.
Why the House Democrats didn‘t support McCarthy

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 The Democrats unanimously voted to oust McCarthy. There are several reasons for their dislike
of the Republican leader. McCarthy shares a close relationship with former US President Donald
Trump. He recently launched an impeachment inquiry into Biden for benefiting from his son
Hunter Biden‘s business dealings, among other issues.
 However, the last straw was when McCarthy blamed Democrats for the near-shutdown.
Who can become the next Speaker
 McCarthy has been temporarily replaced by Patrick T McHenry, a Republican representative
from North Carolina. He will remain the acting Speaker until Republicans can present a nominee
for the job.
 As mentioned before, McCarthy has already said he won‘t attempt to get the speakership again.
 The name of Steve Scalise, a Republican representative from Louisiana, seems to be on top of the
potential candidates‘ list. He is the number two House Republican and has long been favoured to
take over as the House Speaker. Scalise, however, is undergoing cancer treatment and it isn‘t clear
if he would accept the added responsibility of the speakership.
 Some hard liner Republican members, including Gaetz, have pointed out that the Constitution
does not explicitly say the Speaker must be a member of the House, but everyone so far has been.
 To become the House Speaker, a nominee will need a majority of the chamber, which is 218 votes.
 Given how difficult it was for McCarthy to get the gavel in the first place, it seems to be a
daunting task for any candidate to win — they will have to ensure to either get the support of far-
right House members or some of the Democrats.
What happens now?
 The House of Representatives has entered an uncharted territory. With no clear candidate to take
over McCarthy, no one knows for how long the chamber would remain disrupted.
 Moreover, it remains to be seen how much authority the acting Speaker McHenry can wield to
run the House.
 Some analysts believe the chamber ―could pass some legislation that the Constitution deems
‗necessary and appropriate,‘ but most other matters might have to wait.‖
 Moreover, the stakes are higher because the House has about 40 days to avert another potential
government shutdown.
 The bill that was passed over the weekend was only a temporary measure to delay the shutdown.
Therefore, the chamber will need to come to a resolution quickly.
US House of Representatives
 The United States House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the United States Congress,
with the Senate being the upper chamber.
 Together, they comprise the national bicameral legislature of the United States.
 The House‘s composition was established by Article One of the United States Constitution.

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  The House is composed of representatives who, pursuant to the Uniform Congressional District
Act, sit in single member congressional districts allocated to each state on the basis of population
as measured by the United States census, with each district having one representative, provided
that each state is entitled to at least one.
 Since its inception in 1789, all representatives have been directly elected, although universal
suffrage did not come to effect until after the passage of the 19 th Amendment and the Civil Rights

Telegram - @CL_MOCK_2024
Movement.
 Since 1913, the number of voting representatives has been at 435 pursuant to the Apportionment
Act of 1911.
 The Reapportionment Act of 1929 capped the size of the House at 435.
 However, the number was temporarily increased in 1959 until 1963 to 437 when Alaska and
Hawaii were admitted to the Union.
 In addition, five non-voting delegates represent the District of Columbia and the U.S. territories of
Guam, the U.S. Virgin Islands, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, and
American Samoa. A non-voting Resident Commissioner, serving a four-year term, represents the
Commonwealth of Puerto Rico.
 As of the 2020 census, the largest delegation was California, with 52 representatives. Six states
have only one representative: Alaska, Delaware, North Dakota, South Dakota, Vermont, and
Wyoming.
 The House is charged with the passage of federal legislation, known as bills; those that are also
passed by the Senate are sent to the president for consideration.
 The House also has exclusive powers: it initiates all revenue bills, impeaches federal officers, and
elects the president if no candidate receives a majority of votes in the Electoral College.
 The House meets in the south wing of the United States Capitol.
 The presiding officer is the Speaker of the House, who is elected by the members thereof. Other
floor leaders are chosen by the Democratic Caucus or the Republican Conference, depending on
whichever party has more voting members.
United States Congress
 The United States Congress is the legislature of the federal government of the United States.
 It is bicameral, composed of a lower body, the House of Representatives, and an upper body, the
Senate.
 It meets in the U.S. Capitol in Washington, D.C. Senators and representatives are chosen through
direct election, though vacancies in the Senate may be filled by a governor‘s appointment.
 Congress has 535 voting members: 100 senators and 435 representatives.
 The U.S. vice president has a vote in the Senate only when senators are evenly divided. The House
of Representatives has six non-voting members.
 The sitting of a Congress is for a two-year term, at present, beginning every other January.
Elections are held every even-numbered year on Election Day.
 The members of the House of Representatives are elected for the two-year term of a Congress.
 The Reapportionment Act of 1929 established that there be 435 representatives, and the Uniform
Congressional Redistricting Act requires that they be elected from single-member constituencies
or districts.

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  It is also required that the congressional districts be apportioned among states by population
every ten years using the U.S. census results, provided that each state has at least one
congressional representative.
 Each senator is elected at-large in their state for a six-year term, with terms staggered, so every
two years approximately one-third of the Senate is up for election.

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 Each state, regardless of population or size, has two senators, so currently, there are 100 senators
for the 50 states.
 Article One of the U.S. Constitution requires that members of Congress must be at least 25 years
old (House) or at least 30 years old (Senate), have been a citizen of the U.S. for seven (House) or
nine (Senate) years, and be an inhabitant of the state which they represent. Members in both
chambers may stand for re-election an unlimited number of times.
 The Congress was created by the U.S. Constitution and first met in 1789, replacing the Congress
of the Confederation in its legislative function.
 Although not legally mandated, in practice since the 19 th century, Congress members are typically
affiliated with one of the two major parties, the Democratic Party or the Republican Party, and
only rarely with a third party or independents affiliated with no party. In the case of the latter, the
lack of affiliation with a political party does not mean that such members are unable to caucus
with members of the political parties.
 Members can also switch parties at any time, although this is quite uncommon.
QUESTIONS
Fill in the Blank:
1. The Speaker of the United States House of Representatives _________ was ousted by a handful of
hand-liner Republican leaders leaving the chamber without a leader and ushering in chaos.
2. To become the House Speaker, a nominee will need a majority of the chamber, which is _________
votes.
3. McCarthy has been temporarily replaced by _________, a Republican representative from North
Carolina.
4. The United States House of Representatives number was temporarily increased in 1959 until 1963 to
_________ when Alaska and Hawaii were admitted to the Union.
5. The United States _________ is the legislature of the federal government of the United States.
6. The US congress is bicameral, composed of a lower body, the House of Representatives, and an
upper body, _________.
7. The US Congress has _________ voting members: _________ senators and 435 representatives.
8. Article _________ of the U.S. Constitution requires that members of Congress must be at least
_________ old (House) or at least _________ old (Senate).
9. Each US Congress senator is elected at-large in their state for a _________ -year term, with terms
staggered, so every _________ years approximately one-third of the Senate is up for election.
10. Since its inception in 1789, United States House of Representatives have been directly elected,
although universal suffrage did not come to effect until after the passage of the _________
Amendment and the Civil Rights Movement.

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6. Delhi HC passes ‘dynamic injunction’
against illegal ICC World Cup broadcast:
What this means, what was the case

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 The Delhi High Court restrained nine websites from illegally broadcasting the ICC Men‘s Cricket
World Cup 2023 matches.
 Although the World Cup is scheduled to take place between October 5 to November 9 this year,
the court passed a ―dynamic injunction‖ in favour of the cup‘s broadcaster, Star India Private
Limited, before the Cup‘s commencement.
 Observing that rogue websites which have indulged in piracy of copyrighted content previously
―are very likely to continue communicating copyrighted works to the public during the currency
of World Cup 2023‖, a single-judge Bench of Justice Prathiba Singh said this could lead to a
―severe dent‖ in the revenues of Star India.
What is a dynamic injunction?
 An injunction is an official order given by a law court, usually to stop someone from doing
something.
 However, in most cases, such injunctions are granted by the court only after the court identifies
the work and determines the plaintiff‘s copyright in that work.
 To avoid this cumbersome process and grant protection to copyrighted works in a timely manner,
courts sometimes rely on the concept of ―dynamic‖ injunctions.
 A dynamic injunction is passed to protect copyrighted works even before they are publicly
released, distributed, or created.
 It ensures that no irreparable loss is caused to its authors and owner, owing to the imminent
possibility of such works being uploaded on rogue websites or their newer versions immediately
after their creation or release, given the challenges posed by online piracy.
 This is not the first time that the Delhi High Court has passed a ―dynamic injunction‖.
 In August, the court observed that given the nature of the ―illegalities that rogue websites indulge
in‖, there is a need to pass injunctions which are also ―dynamic‘ as once a film or series is
released, it might be immediately uploaded on the rogue websites, causing severe and instant
monetary loss to its creators.
What are the other cases where such injunctions have been passed?
 In the present case, Star India Pvt. Ltd. said that since 2021, the Delhi HC had granted similar
―dynamic‖ injunctions against several such rogue websites in Star India‘s favour, which led to
them ultimately being taken down.
 Besides this, Star India also relied on the HC‘s August 9 ruling in the case of ―Universal City
Studios LLC v. Dotmovies baby 2023‖ where the court passed a dynamic injunction protecting
works generated during the case‘s pendency and even those which might be created in the future,
from infringement, till the time courts come to the rescue of the right holder.
 Similarly, the present plea filed by Star India stated that given the exclusive rights they had
acquired from ICC, they enjoyed broadcast reproduction rights which are contemplated under
Section 37 of the 1957 Copyright Act.
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  Adding that in the past, it had come across almost all major sporting events being illegally
communicated and disseminated on the internet, Star approached the court seeking an injunction
restraining the defendant websites.
What is Section 37 of the Copyright Act?
 Section 37 deals with a ―special right‖ extended to every broadcasting organisation.

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 Section 37 (2) proceeds to enlist what constitutes an infringement of this right.
 It states that ―during the continuance of a broadcast reproduction right‖ any person who, without
the licence of the right‘s owner engages in re-broadcasting the broadcast; or causes the broadcast
to be heard or seen by the public on payment of charges; or makes any sound or visual recording
of the broadcast; or makes any reproduction of such sound or visual recording where the initial
recording was done without licence or was licensed, for any purpose not envisaged by the licence;
or sells or hires to the public, or offers for such sale or hire, any such sound recording or visual
recording, will be deemed to have infringed this right, subject to the provisions of Section 39.
 Section 39 provides exceptions when the reproduction of such content can be considered as ‗fair
dealing; and not copyright infringement.
2023 Cricket World Cup
 The 2023 ICC Men‘s Cricket World Cup is the 13th edition of the Cricket World Cup, a
quadrennial One Day International (ODI) cricket tournament contested by men‘s national teams
and organised by the International Cricket Council (ICC).
 The tournament is being hosted by India, started on 5 October and scheduled to finish on 19
November 2023.
 Ten national teams will participate: Afghanistan, Australia, Bangladesh, England, India,
Netherlands, New Zealand, Pakistan, South Africa and Sri Lanka.
 Teams had to progress to the tournament via the 2023 Cricket World Cup qualification process,
with the West Indies missing out for the first time in their history.
 England are the defending champions, having won the 2019 edition by defeating New Zealand in
the final.
 It will be the first men‘s Cricket World Cup to be hosted solely by India, who with other countries
on the Indian subcontinent had co-hosted the event in 1987, 1996, and 2011.
 The tournament will take place in ten different stadiums.
 The first and second semi-finals will be held at Wankhede Stadium in Mumbai and Eden Gardens
in Kolkata respectively, while the final will take place at Narendra Modi Stadium, Ahmedabad.
 Originally, the competition was to be played from 9 February to 26 March 2023.
 In July 2020 it was announced that that the tournament would be moved to October and
November as a result of the qualification schedule being disrupted due to the COVID-19
pandemic. The ICC released the tournament schedule on 27 June 2023
 The Pakistan Cricket Board (PCB) had threatened to boycott the competition after the Board of
Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) refused to send a team to the 2023 Asia Cup scheduled in
Pakistan.
 This issue was resolved in June 2023 after the Asian Cricket Council announced that the
competition would be hosted using a hybrid model proposed by the PCB, with nine of the 13
matches in the competition played in Sri Lanka.

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Delhi High Court
 The High Court of Delhi was established on 31 October 1966, through the Delhi High Court Act,
1966, with four judges, Chief Justice K. S. Hegde, Justice I. D. Dua, Justice H. R. Khanna and
Justice S. K. Kapur.
 The High Court currently has a sanctioned strength of 45 permanent judges and 15 additional

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judges.
 In 1882, the High Court of Judicature at Lahore was established with jurisdiction over the
provinces of Punjab and Delhi. This jurisdiction lasted until 1947 and the Partition of India.
 The High Court‘s (Punjab) Order, 1947 established a new High Court for the province of East
Punjab with effect from 15 August 1947.
 The ‗India (Adaptation of Existing Indian Laws) Order, 1947‘ provided that any reference in
existing Indian law to the High Court of Judicature at Lahore be replaced by a reference to the
High Court of East Punjab.
 The High Court of East Punjab functioned from the Peterhoff in Shimla until it was moved to
Chandigarh, along with the secretariat of the Punjab government in 1954-55.
 The High Court of Punjab, as it later came to be called, exercised jurisdiction over Delhi through
a Circuit Bench which dealt with the cases pertaining to the Union Territory of Delhi and the
Delhi Administration.
 In view of the importance of Delhi, its population and other considerations, the Indian Parliament,
by enacting the Delhi High Court Act, 1966, and established the High Court of Delhi effective
from 31 October 1966.
 By virtue of Section 3(1) of the Delhi High Court Act, the Central Government was empowered to
appoint a date by notification in the official gazette, establishing a High Court for the Union
Territory of Delhi.
 The appointed date was 31 October 1966.
 The High Court of Delhi initially exercised jurisdiction not only over the Union Territory of Delhi
but also Himachal Pradesh.
 The High Court of Delhi had a Himachal Pradesh Bench at Shimla in a building called
Ravenswood.
 The High Court of Delhi continued to exercise jurisdiction over Himachal Pradesh until the State
of Himachal Pradesh Act, 1970 came into force on 25 January 1971.
QUESTIONS
Fill in the Blank:
1. The _________ Court restrained nine websites from illegally broadcasting the ICC Men‘s Cricket
World Cup 2023 matches.
2. Although the World Cup is scheduled to take place between October 5 to November 9 this year, the
court passed a ―dynamic injunction‖ in favour of the cup‘s broadcaster, _________, before the Cup‘s
commencement.
3. _________ deals with a ―special right‖ extended to every broadcasting organisation.
4. _________ are the defending champions of ICC world cup ODI cricket , having won the 2019
edition by defeating New Zealand in the final.

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 5. ICC world cup ODI cricket will be the first men‘s Cricket World Cup to be hosted solely by
_________ who with other countries on the Indian subcontinent had co-hosted the event in 1987,
1996, and 2011.
6. The High Court of Delhi continued to exercise jurisdiction over Himachal Pradesh _________ until
the State of Himachal Pradesh Act, 1970 came into force on _________.

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7. The High Court of Delhi had a Himachal Pradesh Bench at Shimla in a building called _________.
8. In view of the importance of Delhi, its population and other considerations, the Indian Parliament, by
enacting the _________, and established the High Court of Delhi effective from _________.
9. The High Court of Delhi currently has a sanctioned strength of _________ permanent judges and 15
additional judges.
10. The 2023 ICC Men‘s Cricket World Cup is the _________ edition of the Cricket World Cup.

7. Chemistry Nobel 2023: Winners showed

how particles’ size changes their
behaviour, and why that’s important
 Every element exhibits specific properties, usually determined by the number of electrons in its
atoms and the distribution of these electrons around the nucleus.
 Also, every piece of a pure element exhibits exactly the same properties, regardless of its size.
 A piece of pure gold, for example, has properties very different from a piece of silver or any other
element, but every piece of gold, whether it is a large 100-gram piece or a small 10 milligram one,
has exactly the same properties. This is one of the fundamental facts of chemistry.
 But about forty years ago, scientists started discovering something very remarkable.
 Very small particles, in the nanoscale range, were found to behave slightly differently from larger
particles of the same element.
 A nanoparticle (sizes in the range of 1 to 100 billionth of a metre) of gold, for example, displayed
properties different in some respects from larger particles of gold.
 Such deviant behaviour had been predicted in theory a few decades earlier, but never observed.
 Alexei Ekimov was the first to notice this deviant behaviour in Copper Chloride nanoparticles
around 1980.
 He was also able to manufacture these nanoparticles to show this change in behaviour.
 However, as he was working in the erstwhile USSR then, his finding was largely unknown in the
rest of the world.
 A few years later, Louis Brus, an American scientist working independently, discovered similar
behaviour in Cadmium Sulphide nanoparticles.
 He too was able to create these nanoparticles with changed properties. Moungi Bawendi, who
worked with Brus in the initial part of the career, later developed easier methods to efficiently
produce nanoparticles that showed some desired deviant behaviour.
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  For their path-breaking research, done three to four decades ago, Ekimov (78), Brus (80), and
Bawendi (62) were awarded the 2023 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
 Thanks to their work, nanoparticles with desired deviant behaviour have become an integral part
of a variety of modern appliances, including television, computer screens, and LED lamps. There
are a wide range of applications in biochemistry and medicine as well.


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For their path-breaking research, done three to four decades ago, Ekimov (78), Brus (80), and
Bawendi (62) were awarded the 2023 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
 Thanks to their work, nanoparticles with desired deviant behaviour have become an integral part
of a variety of modern appliances, including television, computer screens, and LED lamps.
 There are a wide range of applications in biochemistry and medicine as well.
Quantum dots
 The deviant behaviour of small nanoparticles arises because of the emergence of quantum effects.
 The motion and behaviour of very small particles, like electrons, are radically different, and
strange, when compared with any familiar object in normal human experience.
 Such strange behaviour at the sub-atomic level is described by the hugely successful Quantum
Theory, developed by physicists 100 years ago.
 But nanoparticles are much larger compared with atoms. Depending on the size of the atom, a
nanoparticle can pack in thousands to millions of atoms.
 However, it was theorised, in the 1930s itself, that when the size of particles was reduced to
nanoscale, it could give rise to quantum effects.
 This was mainly because electrons were constrained in a small space. Usually, electrons move
around in a large empty space, relatively speaking, outside the nucleus of the atom.
 But when the size of the particles is reduced drastically, electrons in the atoms find themselves
increasingly squeezed. And this, it was thought, could give rise to the strange quantum effects.
 This is what Ekimov and Brus noticed, and this is what they were able to create in their
laboratories — nano-sized particles that behaved slightly differently than larger particles of the
same element.
 These nanoparticles with special properties were called quantum dots.
The discoveries
 One of the most noticeable special properties of the nanoparticles becomes evident when they
interact with light.
 The colour of any material depends on the wavelengths of the light spectrum absorbed or reflected
by the material.
 Ekimov was working with coloured glass tinted with Copper Chloride when he noticed something
special.
 He heated molten glass to very high temperatures and then allowed it to cool and harden. Crystals
of Copper Chloride, of different sizes, had formed on the glass.
 He observed that the part of the glass where smaller crystals of Copper Chloride were present had
a slightly different colour than the area where there were larger crystals.
 What this showed was that the same material, Copper Chloride, was absorbing different
wavelengths of light depending on its size.
 Brus also observed a similar phenomenon, while working on something completely different.
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  He too realised that particles of different sizes, all in the nanometer range, were interacting with
light in different ways. This meant that apart from the number of electrons, the properties of the
material were also being dictated by its size.
 Both Ekimov and Brus could fabricate these nanoparticles, but their methods required extreme
conditions and produced particles of unpredictable quality. It was later Bawendi who developed
efficient methods to produce nanoparticles with precise desired properties.

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Nobel Prize in Chemistry Is Awarded to 3 Scientists for Work ‗Snapping Molecules Together‘ in 2022
 The 2022 Nobel Prize in Chemistry has been awarded to three scientists whose work harnessed the
power of molecular interaction and introduced new, unobtrusive ways of studying the natural
world.
 Carolyn R. Bertozzi of Stanford University, Morten Meldal of the University of Copenhagen and
K. Barry Sharpless of Scripps Research will share the prize, which honors the scientists‘
independent research that resulted in the development of what is known as click chemistry and
bio-orthogonal chemistry.
 The three researchers will also split a prize of 10 million Swedish kronor, around $900,000.
 Their works have ―led to a revolution in how chemists think about linking molecules together,‖
said Johan Aqvist, the chair of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry.
 In winning the award, Dr. Sharpless became only the fifth person to win two Nobels, having
received the chemistry prize in 2001 for his work on chirally catalyzed oxidation reactions.
 The other two-time winners were Marie Curie, John Bardeen, Linus Pauling and Frederick
Sanger.
 Dr. Bertozzi also became the eighth woman to be awarded the chemistry prize, the latest since
Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer A. Doudna in 2020.
 Molecules are reacting all around us, constantly, in our drinks, on the tips of our fingers, in our
phones.
 These reactions create new molecules, break down old ones, allow energy swaps — they shape the
variegated dynamics of the universe.
 For scientists looking to understand these forces, combining molecules in a controlled way can be
difficult, especially in a delicate environment like a living cell, because everything is so closely
connected.
 Often the surrounding molecules are disturbed in the process, changing the very thing a
researcher wants to study.
QUESTIONS
Fill in the Blank:
1. _________ was the first to notice this deviant behaviour in Copper Chloride nanoparticles around
_________.
2. A nanoparticle (sizes in the range of 1 to 100 _________ of a _________) of gold, for example,
displayed properties different in some respects from larger particles of gold.
3. Usually, _________ move around in a large empty space, relatively speaking, outside the _________
of the atom.
4. The motion and behaviour of very small particles, like _________, are radically different, and
strange, when compared with any familiar object in normal human experience.
5. The deviant behaviour of small nanoparticles arises because of the emergence of _________.

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 6. The colour of any material depends on the wavelengths of the _________ absorbed or reflected by
the material.
7. One of the most noticeable special properties of the nanoparticles becomes evident when they
interact with _________.
8. The 2022 Nobel Prize in Chemistry has been awarded to three scientists whose work harnessed the
_________ and introduced new, unobtrusive ways of studying the natural world.

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9. Carolyn R. Bertozzi of Stanford University, Morten Meldal of the University of Copenhagen and
_________ of Scripps Research will share the prize, which honors the scientists‘ independent
research that resulted in the development of what is known as click chemistry and bio-orthogonal
chemistry.
10. In winning the award, Dr. Sharpless became only the _________ person to win two Nobels, having
received the chemistry prize in _________ for his work on chirally catalyzed oxidation reactions.

8. What UAPA sections have been invoked

against NewsClick
 The Delhi Police has sealed the office of news portal NewsClick, alleging it received money for
pro-China propaganda.
 The FIR against the portal invokes the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA), the stringent
anti-terror law.
Terror charges
 The main allegation in the FIR against NewsClick is that the newsportal allegedly received illegal
funding from China routed through the United States.
 It is learnt that the FIR has been registered under various Sections of the UAPA. Among the key
provisions invoked is Section 16, which prescribes punishment for terrorist acts.
 Section 15 of the UAPA defines ―terrorist act‖ and is punishable with imprisonment for a term of
at least five years to life. In case the terrorist act results in death, the punishment is death or
imprisonment for life. This is an offence that describes violent acts that are serious in nature.
 The provision reads: ―Whoever does any act with intent to threaten or likely to threaten the unity,
integrity, security, [economic security], or sovereignty of India or with intent to strike terror or
likely to strike terror in the people or any section of the people in India or in any foreign
country,…‖
 The provision describes the use of ―bombs, dynamite or other explosive substances; causing death
or loss/ damage/ destruction of property; disruption of any supplies or services essential to the life
of the community in India; damage to the monetary stability of India by way of production or
smuggling or circulation of high quality counterfeit Indian paper currency, coin or of any other
material‖ as terrorist acts.
 The other provisions invoked against NewsClick include Section 13 (unlawful activities), 16
(terrorist act), 17 (raising funds for terrorist acts), 18 (conspiracy), and 22 (C) (offences by
companies, trusts) of the UAPA, along with IPC sections 153 A (promoting enmity between
different group) and 120B (criminal conspiracy).

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UAPA framework
 UAPA presents an alternate criminal law framework where the general principles of criminal law
are reversed.
 By relaxing timelines for the state to file chargesheets and its stringent conditions for bail, the
UAPA gives the state more powers compared with the Indian Penal Code (IPC).

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 Enacted in 1967, the UAPA was strengthened by the Congress-led UPA government in 2008 and
2012.
 The test for denying bail under the UAPA is that the court must be satisfied that a ―prima facie‖
case exists against the accused.
 In 2019, the SC defined prima facie narrowly to mean that the courts must not analyse evidence or
circumstances, but look at the ―totality of the case‖ presented by the state.
 In NIA v Zahoor Ahmed Watali, the SC read the bail provisions strictly, holding that courts must
only be satisfied that a prima facie case can be made out to deny bail, and not consider the merit
or the admissibility of the evidence.
 Section 43D(5) reads: ―Notwithstanding anything contained in the Code, no person accused of an
offence punishable under Chapters IV and VI of this Act shall, if in custody, be released on bail or
on his own bond unless the Public Prosecutor has been given an opportunity of being heard on the
application for such release.‖
 It adds: ―Provided that such accused person shall not be released on bail or on his own bond if the
Court, on a perusal of the case diary or the report made under section 173 of the Code is of the
opinion that there are reasonable grounds for believing that the accusation against such person is
prima facie true.‖
Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act
 Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act is an Indian law aimed at prevention of unlawful activities
associations in India.
 Its main objective was to make powers available for dealing with activities directed against the
integrity and sovereignty of India.
 The most recent amendment of the law, the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Amendment Act,
2019 (UAPA 2019) has made it possible for the Union Government to designate individuals as
terrorists without following any formal judicial process.
 UAPA is also known as the ―Anti-terror law‖.
 The National Integration Council appointed a Committee on National Integration and
Regionalisation to look into the aspect of putting reasonable restrictions in the interests of the
sovereignty and integrity of India.
 The agenda of the NIC limited itself to communalism, casteism and regionalism and not terrorism.
 Pursuant to the acceptance of recommendations of the committee, the Constitution (Sixteenth
Amendment) Act, 1963 was enacted to impose, by law, reasonable restrictions in the interests of
the sovereignty and integrity of India.
 In 2019, the BJP led NDA government claimed that in order to implement the provisions of 1963 Act,
the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Bill was introduced in the Parliament.
 United Nations special rapporteurs stated that the provisions of the UAPA 2019, contravenes several
articles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and
Political Rights.
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Pursuant to the acceptance by Government of a unanimous recommendation of the Committee on National
Integration and Regionalism appointed by the National Integration Council, the Constitution (Sixteenth
Amendment) Act, 1963, was enacted empowering Parliament to impose, by law, reasonable restrictions in the
interests of sovereignty and integrity of India, on the:
 Freedom of Speech and Expression;
 Right to Assemble peaceably and without arms; and

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 Right to Form Associations or Unions.
The object of this bill was to make powers available for dealing with activities directed against the integrity and
sovereignty of India. The bill was passed by both the Houses of Parliament and received the assent of the
President on 30 December 1967. The Amending Acts are as follows:
 The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Amendment Act, 1969
 The Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 1972
 The Delegated Legislation Provisions (Amendment) Act, 1986
 The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Amendment Act, 2004
 The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Amendment Act, 2008
 The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Amendment Act, 2012
 The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Amendment Act, 2019
 This last Amendment was enacted after POTA was withdrawn by the Parliament. However, in the
Amendment Act in 2004, most of provisions of POTA were re-incorporated. In 2008, after Mumbai
attacks, it was further strengthened.
 The most recent amendment has been done in 2019.
 According to the statement of objects and reasons, the Bill amends the Unlawful Activities
(Prevention) Act, 1967 to make it more effective in preventing unlawful activities, and meet
commitments made at the Financial Action Task Force (an intergovernmental organization to
combat money laundering and terrorism financing).
 In July 2019, the ambit of UAPA was expanded. It was amended allowing the government to
designate an individual as a terrorist without trial.
 The previous versions of the Bill allowed for only groups to be designated as terrorists.
 In a ruling passed on 1 February 2021, the Supreme Court of India ruled that bail could be
granted to accused if the right to speedy trial was violated.
 In another significant judgement in 2023, the Supreme Court ruled that ―membership of an
unlawful organisation‖ constituted an offence under UAPA.
NewsClick
 NewsClick is an Indian news website. It was founded by Prabir Purkayastha in 2009, who also
works as the Editor-in-Chief. Its main headquarters are located in New Delhi, with an office
branch in Mumbai, Maharashtra.
Controversies

August 2020
 In August 2020, an FIR was lodged against NewsClick under IPC Sections 406, 420, and 120B, alleging
that the company had received foreign direct investment (FDI) amounting to Rs 9.59 crore from
Worldwide Media Holdings LLC, US, during the fiscal year 2018-19.

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  The complaint alleged that this investment was made by significantly inflating the valuation of the
company‘s shares, purportedly to circumvent the stipulated cap of 26% on FDI in a digital news website.

February 2021
 On 9 February 2021, the Enforcement Directorate (ED) conducted searches at multiple premises related
to a news portal called Newsclick, its promoters, and other individuals as part of a money laundering

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investigation.
 Approximately eight locations, including those linked to Newsclick and its promoters in South Delhi‘s
Saidulajab, Gurgaon, and other areas, were subject to the raids, conducted under the provisions of the
Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA).
 The Enforcement Directorate‘s involvement in this case was initiated following the registration of a
Delhi Police FIR.
Allegations of funding by the Chinese Government in 2023
 On 24 August 2023, the Delhi High Court took notice of an application filed by the city police,
directing NewsClick‘s founder, Prabir Purkayastha, to respond to their request to vacate a
previous 2021 interim order.
 This order had granted Mr. Purkayastha interim protection from arrest in connection with a case
involving alleged unlawful foreign funding. The high court‘s decision in 2021 had also required
him to cooperate with the ongoing investigation.
 This development is part of the ongoing legal proceedings related to Mr. Purkayastha‘s plea for
anticipatory bail in the same case.
 In August 2023, the Enforcement Directorate took action against NewsClick, alleging its
involvement in promoting pro-China propoganda, and money laundering.
 This marked the first instance of such action against a media firm.
Raid by the Delhi Police
 On 3 October 2023, the Delhi Police reportedly conducted raids at over thirty locations, including
the residences of several journalists associated with NewsClick.
 The locations included the residences of NewsClick Editor Prabir Purkayastha, video journalist
Abhisar Sharma, political commentator and senior journalist Aunindyo Chakravarty, veteran
journalist Paranjoy Guha Thakurta, Bhasha Singh, Bappa Sinha, and Urmilesh.
 These raids were conducted in connection with a probe into the funding of the news portal
NewsClick.
 The Delhi Police Special Cell registered a fresh case against NewsClick under the stringent
Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA).
 The residences of past and present Newsclick journalists, contributors, and employees were
targeted in the raids, and several individuals, including journalists, were reportedly detained for
questioning. The raid also extended to NewsClick‘s premises.
 These events were part of a larger controversy stemming from allegations made in August 2023,
following an investigation by The New York Times, which claimed that NewsClick was funded by a
U.S. based tech mogul for promoting Chinese propaganda.
 NewsClick vehemently denied these allegations, asserting its ―independence‖ as a news organization.
 The matter remains under investigation, and it has sparked a significant debate around ―press freedom‖
and the use of stringent laws in such cases.
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 QUESTIONS
Fill in the Blank:
1. The Delhi Police has sealed the office of news portal NewsClick, alleging it received money for pro-
_________ propaganda.
2. The FIR against the portal invokes the Unlawful _________ (Prevention) Act (UAPA), the stringent

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anti-terror law.
3. _________ of the UAPA defines ―terrorist act‖ and is punishable with imprisonment for a term of at
least five years to life.
4. Provided that such accused person shall not be released on bail or on his own bond if the Court, on a
perusal of the case diary or the report made under section _________ of the Code is of the opinion
that there are reasonable grounds for believing that the accusation against such person is prima facie
true.
5. Enacted in _________ the UAPA was strengthened by the UPA government in 2008 and 2012.
6. The most recent amendment of the law, the Unlawful _________ (Prevention) Amendment Act,
2019 (_________) has made it possible for the Union Government to designate individuals as
terrorists without following any formal judicial process.
7. On 24 August 2023, the Delhi High Court took notice of an application filed by the city police,
directing NewsClick‘s founder, _________, to respond to their request to vacate a previous 2021
interim order.
8. NewsClick is an Indian news website whose main headquarters is located in _________.
9. Pursuant to the acceptance of recommendations of the committee, the Constitution (_________) Act,
1963 was enacted to impose, by law, reasonable restrictions in the interests of the sovereignty and
integrity of India.
10. UAPA is also known as the _________.

9. Nobel Prize for Literature 2023

 The Nobel Prize for Literature 2023 has been awarded to Norwegian author Jon Olav Fosse, for
his ―innovative plays and prose which give voice to the unsayable‖ , the Nobel Academy said.
 ―Jon Fosse presents everyday situations that are instantly recognisable in our own lives.
 His radical reduction of language and dramatic action expresses the most powerful human
emotions of anxiety and powerlessness in the simplest terms.
 It is through laureate Jon Fosse‘s ability to evoke man‘s loss of orientation, and how this
paradoxically can provide access to a deeper experience close to divinity, that he has come to be
regarded as a major innovator in contemporary theatre, the Nobel Prize‘s official handle posted
on X.
Who is Jon Olav Fosse?
 Fosse writes in Norwegian Nynorsk, the least common of the two official versions of Norwegian.
 After winning the Nobel, he said he regarded the award as a recognition of this language and the
movement promoting it, and that he ultimately owed the prize to the language itself.

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  Born in 1959, Fosse first started writing novels, switching to plays in his 30s.
 He went on to become one of Norway‘s most-performed dramatists, and is in fact counted among
the most performed of living European dramatists.
 His work has been translated into more than 40 languages.
 Fosse has written around 40 plays, apart from novels, short stories, children‘s books, poetry and

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essays.
 His ―A New Name: Septology VI-VII‖, about two painters, both named Asle but with different
lives and demons and preoccupations, was a finalist for the International Booker Prize last year.
 Other notable works by Fosse include I Am the Wind, Melancholy, Boathouse, and The Dead
Dogs.
 His writing style, characterised by simple, minimal, searing dialogue, is considered similar to
Samuel Beckett and Harold Pinter, both of whom have won the Nobel earlier.
 Fosse‘s play ‗Nokon kjem til å komme‘ (1996; ‗Someone Is Going to Come‘, 2002) has specially
been compared with Becket‘s Waiting for Godot.
 His themes explore the absurdity, the futility and yet the power of the human condition; everyday
confusions and irresolutions; and the difficulty to form actual connections, despite — and
sometimes because of — conversation.
 Fosse was considered a hot favourite for the Nobel 10 years ago too. After he did not win that
year, he told The Guardian in 2014, ―Of course [I would like to win]. But the simple truth is that I
was very pleased when the news came that it wasn‘t me. Normally, they give it to very old writers,
and there‘s a wisdom to that – you receive it when it won‘t affect your writing.‖
Why not very popular in the English-speaking world?
 While Fosse has been celebrated in Europe for a long time, he is not that popular in the United Kingdom
or in the UK, and that has impacted his visibility in the rest of the English-speaking world, like in India.
 It has been said that the UK and the US find his themes difficult to relate to, and his plays difficult to
connect with. In 2014, in a review of his ‗I Am the Wind‘, about two men stranded on a boat, The New
York Times wrote, ―…you can understand why his work might not appeal to the Anglo-Saxon
sensibility, which has never been celebrated for its embrace of ambiguity. And red lights are sure to
flash in the minds of certain theatergoers when they hear that the characters in ―I Am the Wind‖ are
identified as the One and the Other.‖
 In recent years, however, his popularity has increased in these geographies too.
Nobel Prize in Literature
 The Nobel Prize in Literature is a Swedish literature prize that is awarded annually, since 1901, to
an author from any country who has, in the words of the will of Swedish industrialist Alfred
Nobel, ―in the field of literature, produced the most outstanding work in an idealistic direction‖.
 Though individual works are sometimes cited as being particularly noteworthy, the award is
based on an author‘s body of work as a whole.
 The Swedish Academy decides who, if anyone, will receive the prize.
 The academy announces the name of the laureate in early October.
 It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895.
 Literature is traditionally the final award presented at the Nobel Prize ceremony.
 On some occasions the award has been postponed to the following year, most recently in 2018 as of
July 2023.
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Laureates
 The Nobel Prize in Literature has been awarded 115 times between 1901 and 2022 to 119
individuals: 102 men and 17 women.
 The prize has been shared between two individuals on four occasions.
 It was not awarded on seven occasions.

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 The laureates have included writers in 25 different languages. The youngest laureate was Rudyard
Kipling, who was 41 years old when he was awarded in 1907.
 The oldest laureate to receive the prize was Doris Lessing, who was 88 when she was awarded in
2007.
 It has been awarded posthumously once, to Erik Axel Karlfeldt in 1931.
 On some occasions the awarding institution the Swedish Academy have awarded the prize to its
own members; Verner von Heidenstam in 1916, the posthumous prize to Karlfeldt in 1931, Pär
Lagerkvist in 1951 and the shared prize to Eyvind Johnson and Harry Martinson in 1974.
 Selma Lagerlöf was elected a member of the Swedish Academy in 1914, five years after she was
awarded the Nobel Prize in 1909. Two writers have declined the prize, Boris Pasternak in 1958
(―Accepted first, later caused by the authorities of his country (Soviet Union) to decline the Prize‖,
according to the Nobel Foundation) and Jean-Paul Sartre in 1964.
Interpretations of Nobel‘s guidelines
 Alfred Nobel‘s guidelines for the prize that the candidate should have bestowed ―the greatest
benefit on mankind‖, and writing ―in an idealistic direction‖ have caused much discussion.
 In the early history of the prize Nobel‘s ―idealism‖ was read as ―a lofty and sound idealism‖.
 The set of criteria, characterised by its conservative idealism, holding church, state and family
sacred, resulted in prizes to Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson, Rudyard Kipling and Paul Heyse.
 During World War I there was a policy of neutrality, which partly explains the number of awards
to Scandinavian writers.
 In the 1920s ―idealistic direction‖ was interpreted more generously as ―wide-hearted humanity‖,
and writers like Anatole France, George Bernard Shaw and Thomas Mann were awarded. In the
1930s ―the greatest benefit on mankind‖ was interpreted as writers within everybody‘s reach, with
authors like Sinclair Lewis and Pearl Buck being awarded.
 From 1946 a renewed Academy changed focus and began to award literary pioneers like Hermann
Hesse, André Gide, T. S. Eliot and William Faulkner. From this era, ―the greatest benefit on
mankind‖ was interpreted in a more exclusive and generous way than before.
 Since the 1970s the Academy has often given attention to important but internationally unnoticed
writers, awarding writers like Isaac Bashevis Singer, Odysseus Elytis, Elias Canetti, and Jaroslav
Seifert.
 From 1986 the Academy acknowledged the international horizon in Nobel‘s will, which rejected
any consideration for the nationality of the candidates, and awarded authors from all over the
world such as Wole Soyinka from Nigeria, Naguib Mahfouz from Egypt, Octavio Paz from
Mexico, Nadine Gordimer from South Africa, Derek Walcott from St. Lucia, Toni Morrison, the
first African-American on the list, Kenzaburo Oe from Japan, and Gao Xingjian, the first laureate
to write in Chinese.
 In the 2000s V. S. Naipaul, Mario Vargas Llosa and the Chinese writer Mo Yan have been
awarded, but the policy of ―a prize for the whole world‖ has been less noticeable as the Academy
has mostly awarded European and English-language writers from the Western literary tradition.
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  In 2015 a rare prize to a non-fiction writer was awarded to Svetlana Alexievich.
Shared prize
 The Nobel Prize in Literature can be shared between two individuals.
 However, the Academy has been reluctant to award shared prizes, mainly because divisions are
liable to be interpreted as a result of a compromise.

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 The shared prizes awarded to Frederic Mistral and José Echegaray in 1904 and to Karl Gjellerup
and Henrik Pontoppidan in 1917 were in fact both a result of compromises.
 The Academy has also hesitated to divide the prize between two authors as a shared prize runs the
risk of being regarded as only half a laurel.
 Shared prizes are exceptional, and more recently the Academy has awarded a shared prize on
only two occasions, to Shmuel Yosef Agnon and Nelly Sachs in 1966, and to Eyvind Johnson and
Harry Martinson in 1974.
Recognition of a specific work
 Nobel Prize Laureates in Literature are awarded for the author‘s life work, but on some occasions
the Academy have singled out a specific work for particular recognition.
 For example Knut Hamsun was awarded in 1920 ―for his monumental work, Growth of the Soil‖,
Thomas Mann in 1929 ―principally for his great novel, Buddenbrooks, which has won steadily
increased recognition as one of the classic works of contemporary literature‖, John Galsworthy in
1932 ―for his distinguished art of narration which takes its highest form in The Forsyte Saga‖,
Roger Martin du Gard in 1937 ―for the artistic power and truth with which he has depicted
human conflict as well as some fundamental aspects of contemporary life in his novel-cycle Les
Thibault,‖ Ernest Hemingway in 1954 ―for his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently
demonstrated in The Old Man and the Sea, and for the influence that he has exerted on
contemporary style‖, and Mikhail Sholokhov in 1965 ―for the artistic power and integrity with
which, in his epic of the Don, he has given expression to a historic phase in the life of the Russian
people‖.
Similar international prizes
 The Nobel Prize in Literature is not the only literary prize for which all nationalities are eligible.
 Other notable international literary prizes include the Neustadt International Prize for Literature,
the Jerusalem Prize, Franz Kafka Prize, the International Booker Prize, and the Formentor Prix
International.
 The journalist Hephzibah Anderson has noted that the International Booker Prize ―is fast
becoming the more significant award, appearing an ever more competent alternative to the
Nobel‖.
 However since 2016 the International Booker Prize now recognises an annual book of fiction
translated into English.
 Previous winners of the International Booker Prize who have gone on to win the Nobel Prize in
Literature include Alice Munro and Olga Tokarczuk.
 The Neustadt International Prize for Literature is regarded as one of the most prestigious
international literary prizes, often referred to as the American equivalent to the Nobel Prize.
 Like the Nobel Prize, it is awarded not for any one work, but for an entire body of work. It is
frequently seen as an indicator of who may be awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature.
 Gabriel García Márquez (1972 Neustadt, 1982 Nobel), Czesław Miłosz (1978 Neustadt, 1980
Nobel), Octavio Paz (1982 Neustadt, 1990 Nobel), Tomas Tranströmer (1990 Neustadt, 2011
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 Nobel) were first awarded the Neustadt International Prize for Literature before being awarded
the Nobel Prize in Literature.
 Another award of note is the Spanish Princess of Asturias Award (formerly Prince of Asturias
Award) in Letters.
 During the first years of its existence it was almost exclusively awarded to writers in the Spanish
language, but in more recent times writers in other languages have been awarded as well.

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 Writers who have won both the Asturias Award in Letters and the Nobel Prize in Literature
include Camilo José Cela, Günter Grass, Doris Lessing and Mario Vargas Llosa.
 The non-monetary America Award in Literature presents itself as an alternative to the Nobel
Prize.
 To date, Peter Handke, Harold Pinter, José Saramago, and Mario Vargas Llosa are the only
writers to have received both the America Award and the Nobel Prize in Literature.
 There are also prizes for honouring the lifetime achievement of writers in specific languages, like
the Miguel de Cervantes Prize (for Spanish language, established in 1976) and the Camões Prize
(for Portuguese language, established in 1989). Nobel laureates who were also awarded the Miguel
de Cervantes Prize include Octavio Paz (1981 Cervantes, 1990 Nobel); Mario Vargas Llosa (1994
Cervantes, 2010 Nobel); and Camilo José Cela (1995 Cervantes, 1989 Nobel). José Saramago is the
only author to receive both the Camões Prize (1995) and the Nobel Prize (1998) to date.
 The Hans Christian Andersen Award is sometimes referred to as ―the Little Nobel‖.
 The award has earned this appellation since, in a similar manner to the Nobel Prize in Literature,
it recognises the lifetime achievement of writers, though the Andersen Award focuses on a single
category of literary works (children‘s literature).
QUESTIONS
Fill in the Blank:
1. The Nobel Prize in Literature has been awarded _________ times between 1901 and 2022 to
_________ individuals.
2. The Nobel Prize in Literature is a Swedish literature prize that is awarded annually, since
_________.
3. From _________ the Academy acknowledged the international horizon in Nobel‘s will, which
rejected any consideration for the nationality of the candidates.
4. Shared prizes are exceptional, and more recently the Academy has awarded a shared prize on only
two occasions, to Shmuel Yosef Agnon and Nelly Sachs in _________, and to Eyvind Johnson and
Harry Martinson in _________.
5. The Nobel Prize in Literature can be shared between _________ individuals.
6. Since _________ the International Booker Prize now recognises an annual book of fiction translated
into English.
7. The _________ International Prize for Literature is regarded as one of the most prestigious
international literary prizes, often referred to as the American equivalent to the Nobel Prize.
8. The _________ Award is sometimes referred to as ―the Little Nobel‖.
9. To date, _________, Harold Pinter, José Saramago, and Mario Vargas Llosa are the only writers to
have received both the America Award and the Nobel Prize in Literature.
10. Previous winners of the International Booker Prize who have gone on to win the Nobel Prize in
Literature include Alice Munro and _________.

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10. Sarakka Central Tribal University
approved for Telangana: The figures of
Sammakka-Sarakka, their significance

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 The Union cabinet approved a tribal university for Telangana – the Sarakka Central Tribal
University, which will come up in Mulugu district at a cost of Rs 889 crore.
 Though the University was a commitment made by the Central government as a part of the
Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014 – wherein both Andhra Pradesh and Telangana would
get support to establish a tribal university each – the Telangana tribal university faced significant
challenges as land allocation of 500-600 acres could not be done in time.
 During his visit to poll-bound Telangana recently, Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced that
the university would be named after Sammakka-Sarakka – a mother-daughter duo revered
among the local tribal community.
The legend of Sammakka and Sarakka
 Sammakka is said to have been married to Pagididda Raju, a feudal chief of the Kakatiyas (a
Deccan dynasty) who ruled the Warangal area.
 She had two daughters and one son – Sarakka or Saralamma, Nagulamma and Jampanna,
respectively.
 In the battle against the local rulers in protest against the taxes, Saralamma died, while
Sammakka disappeared into the hills and the local tribals believed that she metamorphosed into a
vermillion casket.
 Mulugu holds a biennial festival – the Sammakka Saralamma Jatara – which is considered among
the largest gatherings of tribal people in the world.
 The event commemorates the battle of the 13 th-century mother-daughter duo against the local
rulers in protest against the imposition of taxes on the Koya people.
 The Jatara (yatra, or pilgrimage) begins at Medaram, and the rituals are conducted by the Koya
priests, in accordance with their customs and traditions.
 Until 1955, about 2,000 people used to visit Medaram, mostly from the Koya tribe.
 But down the line, it has assumed the form of a large Hindu religious festival, so much so that it is
believed that after Kumbha Mela, the Sammakka Saralamma Jatara attracts the largest number
of devotees in the country.
 In 2008, nearly 80 lakh people are estimated to have attended the festival, which went up to a
crore in 2012.
Political and social resonance
 Considering the footfall of the festival, the Samakka-Sarakka Jathara was declared a state festival
in 1996.
 Until 1998, the only way to reach Medaram, where the festival is held, was on a bullock cart.
 But in 1998, the state government (the undivided Andhra Pradesh at the time) constructed a
motorable road.

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  Since then, the Sammakka Sarakka Jathara has become one of the most famous tribal festivals in
the world and close to 1.5 crore devotees from various tribal and non-tribal communities
participate in this festival, including those from Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh,
Odisha, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Jharkhand. It is often referred to as the Kumbh Mela of
the tribals.
 The festival also sees regular participation by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs, as much as by the

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state government of Telangana, including Chief Minister K Chandrashekhar Rao.
 The Centre released Rs 6.25 crore for the yatras held in 2018, 2020 and 2022.
 Apart from this, the Ministry of Tribal Affairs sanctioned Rs 7 crore in 2019-20 and Rs 5 crore in
2021-22 for establishing community shelters and other infrastructure in and around Medaram.
 The Ministry of Tourism, as a part of the Tribal Circuit under the Swadesh Darshan Scheme,
sanctioned Rs. 75.88 crore for the integrated development of a tribal circuit of Mulugu-
Laknavaram-Medavaram-Tadvai-Damaravi-Mallur-Bogatha Waterfalls where the temple of
Sammakka-Sarakka is located.
 Mulugu, a reserved Scheduled Tribes (ST) assembly seat, has a population of around 2.6 lakhs as
per the 2011 Census, with a 75 per cent ST population.
 The UNESCO World Heritage Site of Ramappa Temple is located about 15 km from Mulugu.
Sammakka Saralamma Jatara
 Sammakka Saralamma Jatara (also Sammakka Sarakka Jatara and Medaram Jatara) is a festival
to honour the Hindu Tribal goddesses, celebrated in the state of Telangana, India.
 This Jatara is known for witnessing one of the largest people gatherings in the world. People offer
Bangaram (jaggery) :The Jatara begins at Medaram in Tadvai Mandala in Mulugu district.
 The rituals related to the Goddesses are entirely conducted by the Koya Tribe priests, in
accordance with Koya customs and traditions.
 Until 1955, about 2,000 people used to visit Medaram, of which the majority 1,500 belonging to the
Koya [Link] now a large number of non-Koya people(1.3 crore) visits Medaram and the Koya
people comprises only 2% of the total worshippers.
 Medaram is a remote place in the Eturnagaram Wildlife Sanctuary, a part of Dandakaranya, the
largest surviving forest belt in the Deccan.
 Once declared a national festival, the jatara can be considered for ‗intangible cultural heritage of
humanity‘ tag of UNESCO.
 Jatara celebrated during the time the goddesses (Sammakka and Saralamma) of the tribals are
believed to visit them.
 It is believed that after Kumbha Mela, the Sammakka Saralamma Jatara attracts the largest
number of devotes in the country.
 It commemorates the fight of a mother and daughter,‖ Sammakka and Saralamma‖ (also known
as Sarakka), with the reigning rulers against an unjustice law(rule).
 There are many legends about the miraculous powers of Sammakka. According to a 13 th-century
tribal legend, some tribal leaders on a hunt found a newborn girl (Sammakka) enveloped in light
playing amidst tigers.
 They took her to the tribal chief, who adopted and raised her as a leader.
 She later became the savior of the tribals of the region.
 She was married to Pagididda Raju, the tribal chief of the Koyas.

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  The Kakatiyas (who ruled the region with its headquarters in Warangal City between 1000 AD
and 1323 AD). Sammakka had two daughters and one son, Sarakka, Nagulamma, and Jampanna.
King Prataprudra of the Kakatiyas imposed taxes on the Koya Tribe, which they could not pay.
 As a result, King Prataprudra declared war on the Koya Tribe. Pagididda Raju was killed in the
ensuing battle forcing the grief-stricken Sammakka to pick up the fight with her daughter
Saralamma, her son Jampanna and her son-in-law Govinda Raju. Sammakka had almost won

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when Saralamma died in the battle.
 Jampanna was mortally wounded and fell bleeding into Sampangi vaagu (stream).
 Legend has it that the stream turned red from the blood, and the vaagu was renamed ―Jampanna
Vaagu‖ in honor of Jampanna‘s sacrifice. Distraught, Sammakka retired to a hill called Chilakala
Gutta and turned into a vermilion jar (Kumkum Bharani).
 To this day, the Koya tribe and devotees believe that Sammakka and Saralamma are
manifestations of Adi Parashakti sent to protect them.
 The jatara is a celebration to honor this sacrifice. The vermilion jar is brought to Medaram and
washed in Jampanna Vaagu, followed by an offering of Jaggery to Sammakka and Saralamma.
Ramappa Temple
 Ramappa Temple, also known as the Rudreswara temple, is a Kakatiya style Hindu temple
dedicated to the Hindu god Shiva, located in Telangana, India.
 It is 15 km (9.3 mi) from Mulugu, 66 km (41 mi) from Warangal, 209 km (130 mi) from
Hyderabad. An inscription in the temple says it was constructed in the year 1213 CE by Recherla
Rudra—a general of Kakatiya ruler Ganapati Deva (r. 1199–1262).
 Located in the vicinity of Ramappa Lake, the Ramappa Temple complex which consist of three
temples was constructed between 1212 and 1234, designed and architect by Ramappa—after
whom the temple complex is named.
 Marco Polo, during his visit to the Kakatiya empire, supposedly called the temple ―the brightest
star in the galaxy of temples‖.
 In July 2021, Ramappa Temple was declared as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
 Ramappa Temple stands on a 6-foot (1.8 m) high star-shaped platform.
 The hall in front of the sanctum has numerous carved pillars that have been positioned to create
an effect that combines light and space wonderfully.
 The temple is named after the sculptor Ramappa, who built it, making it the only temple in India
to be named after its craftsman.
 The main structure is in a reddish sandstone, but the columns round the outside have large
brackets of black basalt which is rich in iron, magnesium and silica.
 These are carved as mythical animals or female dancers or musicians, and are ―the masterpieces
of Kakatiya art, notable for their delicate carving, sensuous postures and elongated bodies and
heads‖.
 On 25 July 2021, the temple was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site as ―Kakatiya
Rudreshwara (Ramappa) Temple, Telangana‖.
Bonalu
 Bonalu is a traditional Hindu festival centered on the Goddess Mahakali from Telangana.
 This festival is celebrated annually in the twin cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad, as well as in
other parts of the state.

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  It is celebrated in the month of Ashada Masam, which is around July and/or August. Special
―poojas‖ (worship/ ceremonies) are performed for Yellamma (one of the many regional forms of
Mahakali) on the first and last day of the festival.
 The festival is also considered a thanksgiving to the Goddess for fulfillment of vows.
 The word Bonam is a contraction of the word Bhojanam, a Sanskrit loanword which means a
meal or a feast in Telugu.

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 It is an offering to the Mother Goddess. Women prepare rice cooked with milk and jaggery in a
new brass or earthen pot adorned with neem leaves, turmeric, vermilion and a lit lamp on top of
the pot.
 Women carry the pots on their heads and make an offering of the Bonam along with turmeric-
vermilion, bangles and sari to the Mother Goddess across the temples.
 Bonalu involves the worship of Mother Goddess in regional forms like Maisamma, Pochamma,
Yellamma, Peddhamma, Dokkalamma, Ankalamma, Poleramma, Maremma, Nookalamma.
QUESTIONS
Fill in the Blank:
1. The Union cabinet approved a tribal university for _________ – the Sarakka Central Tribal
University.
2. It is believed that after _________, the Sammakka Saralamma Jatara attracts the largest number of
devotes in the country.
3. Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced that the university would be named after Sammakka-
Sarakka – a _________ duo revered among the local tribal community.
4. _________ (also Sammakka Sarakka Jatara and Medaram Jatara) is a festival to honour the Hindu
Tribal goddesses, celebrated in the state of _________.
5. On 25 July 2021, the temple was inscribed as a _________ as ―Kakatiya Rudreshwara (Ramappa)
Temple, Telangana‖.
6. _________, during his visit to the Kakatiya empire, supposedly called the temple ―the brightest star
in the galaxy of temples‖.
7. _________ Temple, also known as the Rudreswara temple, is a Kakatiya style Hindu temple
dedicated to the Hindu god Shiva, located in _________, India.
8. The word Bonam is a contraction of the word Bhojanam, a Sanskrit loanword which means a meal
or a feast in _________.
9. _________ festival is celebrated annually in the twin cities of Hyderabad and _________, as well as
in other parts of the state.
10. _________ is a traditional Hindu festival centered on the Goddess Mahakali from Telangana.

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