Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
CARAGA Administrative Region
DIVISION OF SURIGAO DEL SUR
UNIDAD NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Unidad, Cagwait, Surigao del Sur

Project Title: “The Feasibility of Jackfruit (Artocarpus Heterophyllus)Peel

as an Eco-friendly Alternative for Paper Bag Production”

Name of Project Proponent: Karylle T. Belano, Ivy A. Forrosuelo, Leoney

Vi D. Olayan

Region: CARAGA Division: Surigao del Sur

School: Unidad National High School Grade Level: 10

Project Duration: 5 to six months

Email:

[email protected]

[email protected]

[email protected]

Category: Physical Science

Theme: Waste Conservation

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 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
CARAGA Administrative Region
DIVISION OF SURIGAO DEL SUR
UNIDAD NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Unidad, Cagwait, Surigao del Sur

THE FEASIBILITY OF
JACKFRUIT (ARTOCARPUS
HETEROPHYLLUS) PEEL AS
AN ECO-FRIENDLY
ALTERNATIVE FOR PAPER
BAG PRODUCTION

By:
Belano, Karylle T.
Forrosuelo, Ivy A.
Olayan, Leoney Vi D.

Mary Grace M. Cena

Research Teacher

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 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
CARAGA Administrative Region
DIVISION OF SURIGAO DEL SUR
UNIDAD NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Unidad, Cagwait, Surigao del Sur

A. Executive Summary

In this study, fiber compounds from the peels of jackfruit (Artocarpus

Heterophyllus) will be studied as prospective alternatives for paper bags. This

is a result of community worries about plastic waste, plastic pollution, and

environmental issues. Thus, the purpose of this study is to deal with the

current issue. In order to focus on community issues and contribute to the

reduction of plastic trash, this will ascertain the chemical composition of

jackfruit and rambutan peels and help create and establish a degree of

strength remarkable in eradicating paper bags. Consequently, the subsequent

effort at this study will present an invention of paper bags produced by

Artocarpus Heterophyllus.

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Department of Education
CARAGA Administrative Region
DIVISION OF SURIGAO DEL SUR
UNIDAD NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Unidad, Cagwait, Surigao del Sur

B. Introduction

B. 1. Rationale

Plastic pollution is a growing concern worldwide, exacerbated by the

increased use of non-biodegradable materials like plastic bags. In the

Philippines, the daily generation of 61,000 million metric tons of waste

includes a significant 24% composed of plastic waste, according to

Environment Secretary Maria Antonia Yulo-Loyzaga. In response to this

environmental challenge, researchers are exploring the potential of utilizing

agricultural and forestry waste, particularly from jackfruit and rambutan

peelings, to create eco-friendly bags. These materials offer a sustainable and

recyclable alternative to traditional plastic bags, addressing the pressing need

for more environmentally friendly solutions.

Jackfruit, known as the largest fruit globally, produce peelings that are

usually discarded as waste. However, their cellulose-rich composition makes

them suitable for crafting eco-friendly bags. The proposal aligns with the

growing demand for sustainable practices and the pressing need to reduce

plastic usage, especially in countries like the Philippines, where approximately

48 million shopping bags are used daily. By repurposing agricultural and

forestry waste into eco-friendly bags, there is potential for a significant

reduction in the environmental impact associated with single-use plastic bags.

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Department of Education
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DIVISION OF SURIGAO DEL SUR
UNIDAD NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Unidad, Cagwait, Surigao del Sur

B.2. Significance of Study

This study is more likely to highlight the need of using fewer raw

materials when producing eco-friendly eco-bags. Almost all of the materials

used to produce eco-bags, like paper, are derived from trees, which may lead

to deforestation and have significant environmental consequences such as air

pollution, waste concerns, and other issues.

Community. This study will help in reducing plastic waste, promoting

sustainable practice, and protecting the environment in the community by

adopting eco-friendly bags made from jackfruit peelings as a sustainable

alternative to plastic bags.

Environment. This study will help reduce plastic pollution. Eco-friendly

bags made from agricultural and forestry waste could serve as a model for

addressing plastic pollution on a larger scale, offering a practical solution that

is consistent with sustainable and environmentally beneficial practices.

Farmers. This study will be beneficial since it gives a practical and

eco-friendly way to repurpose waste from these industries. By utilizing

jackfruit peelings, which are often discarded, these sectors can contribute to

sustainable practices and support a circular economy.

Future Researchers. This study will provide additional information that

will help reduce plastic pollution and support them in learning further skills and

information in order to improve, discover, and unlock new concepts that can

be employed in the future.

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 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
CARAGA Administrative Region
DIVISION OF SURIGAO DEL SUR
UNIDAD NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Unidad, Cagwait, Surigao del Sur

B. 3. Scientific Basis

According to Brahma, R., & Ray, S. (2022). The existence of multiple

beneficial compounds in the discarded parts of fruit contributes to its usage as

a raw material in various products. There are numerous bioactive chemicals

identified in jackfruit peel and fibers, jackfruit peel comprises of functional

ingredients like steroids, triterpenoids, saponins, alkaloids, glycosides, tannins

and phenolic compounds, flavonoids, proteins, carbohydrates (Sundarraj and

Ranganathan, 2018)

Sundarraj et al.,(2018) found that the jackfruit peel is a good source

of cellulose and poses as a potential alternative to commercially produced

cellulose which is utilized throughout food industries as well as the

pharmaceutical industries. Şahin, H. T., & Arslan, M. B. (2008). A paper-

based product typically contains 90–99% cellulose fibers which are the

primary structural element and the most important component influencing end

use properties. The chemical and physical properties of paper products are

influenced by a network of self-bonding cellulose fibers within the overall

structure.

Fiber is what makes paper durable, smooth, and writable, many papers

produced from fibrous pulps are of high grade. The cell walls of all plants

contain fibers of cellulose, an organic material known to chemists as a linear

polysaccharide. Fibers made of cellulose are extremely strong and long-

lasting (Britt, 2020), this kind of fiber is very suitable for paper production,

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UNIDAD NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Unidad, Cagwait, Surigao del Sur

resulting in a desired product, with characteristics needed to be labeled as

“quality” paper.

B. 4. Theoretical framework

All plants have cellulose fibers in their cell walls, which are extremely

strong and long-lasting. Natural cellulose fibers retain their strength even

when wet. Because of these properties, as well as its strength and flexibility,

cellulose is very important in paper production. According to Britica (2013),

pulp and paper contain nonfibrous components or cells that are found in the

majority of plant materials. Although non-fibrous cells are less ideal for

papermaking than fibers, they can be used to fill gaps in sheets when coupled

with fibers. Most certainly, any natural plant can be used to make some kind

of paper. However, the sources of supply are limited by paper quality

standards and financial constraints.

High-quality paper is typically achieved by the use of high-quality

materials. Pulping is the process of separating and treating fibers to create

pulp. Pulps with a high fiber content and low lignin content are the most

commonly used for papermaking. These materials are considered to be of the

highest quality and produce the strongest paper. The most suitable material

for this purpose would be trees, as they contain large amounts of fiber, and

products made from these trees have been found to be of high quality, with

approximately 17 trees required to produce one ton of paper (Kilgore, 2023).

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UNIDAD NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Unidad, Cagwait, Surigao del Sur

This is a significant commitment, especially given the current effects of

climate change and global warming. Trees are one of the major agents

responsible for regulating and possibly reducing the amount of carbon dioxide

(CO2) across the globe and help in regulating fresh oxygen that we human

beings breathe in to survive.

Cagwait is an area where some people are unconcerned about

environmental issues and are unaware of mother nature's implications,

implying that incorrect waste disposal is prevalent in this municipality.

Humans should take advantage of this and begin generating their own paper

for personal use, as it is quite simple to do at home, and to help offset the

growing issue of climate change and global warming.

B. 5.OBJECTIVES

The goals of the research are:

The study seeks to determine the feasibility of jackfruit (artocarpus

heterophyllus) peels as an eco-friendly alternative for paper bag production.

Specific Objective:

Specifically, this seeks to:

1. Investigate the production method of crafting eco-friendly bags.

2. Investigate the fiber potential of Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus)

peel.
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UNIDAD NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Unidad, Cagwait, Surigao del Sur

3. Know the effectiveness of Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) peel in

making eco-friendly bags

4. Determine the difference between a commercial paper bag and an eco-

friendly paper bag made from the peel of Jackfruit (Artocarpus

heterophyllus).

Null Hypothesis

The researchers assume the following null hypothesis:

1. The bag made of Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) peel cannot be

used as a paper bag.

2. There is no significant difference between the eco-bag out of Jackfruit

(Artocarpus heterophyllus) peels from the commercial paper bag in terms

of: texture, strength, and odor.

Scope and Limitation

The area has access to every material needed for the experiment. In

the experiment, the researchers uses a jackfruit peel where we will collect at

Tagbalidbid, Cagwait, Surigao del Sur. This study was chosen by the

researchers because it will help the pollution caused by cutting trees in

making paper bags and it will help lessen the plastic pollution.

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Department of Education
CARAGA Administrative Region
DIVISION OF SURIGAO DEL SUR
UNIDAD NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Unidad, Cagwait, Surigao del Sur

C. Review of Related Literature

This chapter presents and indicates what has already been studied by

others which have hearing upon the present study. It highlights the related

literature and studies in local and foreign sources. Those that were included in

this chapter helps in familiarizing information that are relevant and similar to

the prior study conducted with the in-depth knowledge and thorough research

done by the researchers.

Foreign

The global pulp and paper sector has been rapidly expanding. As a

result, there is a high demand for pulp and paper raw materials. There are

three types of raw materials used in papermaking: wood, non-wood, and

recycled waste paper. (Adb El-Sayed et al. 2020). This study, which makes

use of Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus), falls under the category of non

wood based because it doesn’t need any branches or tress to manufacture

pulp, which is then used to make paper. The demand for more non-wood-

based raw materials for pulp and paper production has lately increased, owing

to developing environmental issues such as excessive carbon emissions,

pollutants, and contributions to climate change and global warming

(Soderholm et al. 2019 )

For a variety of causes, the paper industry is experiencing a shortage

of fibrous raw materials used in paper production. Banana is an annual crop

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UNIDAD NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Unidad, Cagwait, Surigao del Sur

that produces a large amount of fibrous material as agricultural waste from its

stems and leaves. This substance offers potential for use in the pulp and

paper industry. The current study investigated the viability of using banana

stem with lower lignin content and hemicelluloses for papermaking compared

to other wood and non-wood based raw materials (Tripathi et al., 2019). The

same can be said for Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) peels, they do

possess a great amount of fiber, an with enough peels, the proponents will be

able to make eco bags. Jackfruit peel contains the high amount of cellulose

(27.75%), pectin (7.52 ± 0.12 %), protein (6.27 ± 0.03%) and starch (4%).

SEM image showed a porous structure and XRD values of 85% crystallinity,

indicated typical cellulose I form inferring higher crystallinity (Antony, 2017).

Alternatives to wood as a source of paper raw materials have gained

popularity as a result of the increase in paper demand and production (Kazi,

2018), of course. It should be able to produce a good piece of paper and

should have the following characteristics: texture, strength, and odor. These

qualities establish the level of quality of the generated paper.

In addition, all natural fibers are lower in health concerns, safer for the

environment, recyclable, and nonabrasive for quick processing. Natural fibers

have numerous advantages over synthetic fibers, including widespread

availability, greatly reduced density, low cost, exceptional thermal insulation,

significant endurance, superior electrical resistance, increased acoustic

characteristics, and high specific strength Khan et al., (2021).

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UNIDAD NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Unidad, Cagwait, Surigao del Sur

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DIVISION OF SURIGAO DEL SUR
UNIDAD NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Unidad, Cagwait, Surigao del Sur

Local

Natural resources play a major role in any country's economic activities

and hence contribute significantly to the gross domestic product (GDP). In the

case of developing countries, this also assists with economic development.

There is an increasing global trend toward maximizing such resources

through new methods and products. These, in turn, not only aid in the

prevention of pollution, but also in creating jobs, particularly in rural areas, and

contributing to the development of living standards. Luciano Pinheiro etal.,

(2019)

Paper manufacture needs a significant amount of time, effort, and

money, which led to this study on the use of jackfruit and rambutan peels for

paper production. According to research, the cost of producing paper from

non-wood fibers is much lower than that of wood fibers (Deshmukh et al.2019)

Paper is simply a collection of fibers joined together to form a flat surface,

which dries down and becomes readable over time. Based on this, the

proponents conducted study to evaluate the fiber content of jackfruit and

rambutan peels, which was 2.5 grams and 2 grams, respectively, according to

the USDA, and concluded that jackfruit peels may contribute to the pulp and

paper industry.

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UNIDAD NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Unidad, Cagwait, Surigao del Sur

Furthermore, Pedrito M. Tenerife Jr., etal (2019) claimed that the

demand for the use of natural fibers in the production of clothing, carpets, and

other handcraft products has increased dramatically. To address the need for

fiber, many plants are used as a source material. It is taken from various

plants' fruits, stems, and leaves. Coconut, water hyacinth, pineapple, and

abaca are natural sources of fiber in the Philippines. These plants have

received a lot of attention.

Related study

Foreign

One of the most popular and practical plants in the world is the banana.

You may use almost every part of this plant, including the fruit, leaves, flower

bud, trunk, and pseudo-stem. The fiber obtained from the banana plant's

pseudo-stem is the focus of this chapter. The manufacturing process of

banana pseudo-stem fiber is covered, including plantation and harvesting,

retting, extraction, and degumming of the fiber. It also includes the

morphological, mechanical, physical, and chemical aspects, as well as the

antibacterial, degradable, and thermal capabilities of banana pseudo-stem

fiber. There are also a number of other possible uses for this fiber that are

suggested, including the creation of rope, place mats, paper, cardboard, string

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UNIDAD NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Unidad, Cagwait, Surigao del Sur

thread, tea bags, premium textile materials, absorbent, polymer/fiber

composites, etc. (Subagyo et al. 2020)

The paper and fiber company operations has undergone significant

transformation, with new technology enabling the construction of goods in

entirely various ways. It may be the consequence of new difficulties and

limitations such a lack of raw materials, the use of energy sources (electricity,

fossil fuels, etc.), the handling of the pollutants that occur, environmental

concerns, continuing regulatory obligations, and cleaner manufacturing

techniques. Iran's pulp and paper sector is not developing its technology at

the same rate as the rest of the world. Iran's pulp and paper mills provide a

little portion of the country's needs. The low productivity of production

systems, older machinery, outdated technologies still in use in factories, and a

lack of coordination with contemporary technology might all be contributing

factors. Low-quality paper products and a propensity to purchase locally

produced goods are the results (Akhundzadeh et al. 2017)

Local

Based on the study conducted by Dinulos et al (2015), Tree-free paper

bag is an environmentally friendly paper bag not only because it decays,

unlike plastic bags, but because it is made entirely from bagasse, waste from

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UNIDAD NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Unidad, Cagwait, Surigao del Sur

sugarcane mills. Since it is chemically made, it is more durable; it also comes

with a handle for the convenience of the users.

As cultures become more diverse, so does the use of banana by-

products, which have been used to wrap foods, clothes, and participate in

numerous ceremonial occasions (Kennedy, 2021). Modern agriculture

typically classifies bananas with other crops like rice, oil palm, sugarcane,

pineapple, mangoes, and pineapple as fruit crops or cash crops. Similar to

this, several of these commodities do generate a significant amount of

biomass or agricultural waste, also known as cellulostic waste. Recent trends

favor the use of this biomass for value added purposes to fulfill the need in the

areas of renewable energy, fiber composites and textiles, food alternatives,

and livestock feed (Rosentrater et al. 2019). Innovation in managing such a

vast amount of agricultural waste or biomass is a continuous challenge.

research on the cellulostic. Studies on the cellulostic fibers from other

agricultural wastes, such as from the oil palm industries, showed that these

by-products had a great potential to become a commercial raw material in the

production of highly demanded products like paper and fiber composites

(Bakar et al. 2019; Wan Rosli et al. 2019).

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UNIDAD NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Unidad, Cagwait, Surigao del Sur

D. Methodology

This part presents the discussion of the research design, research

locale, research materials, research framework, and data gathering

procedures, experimental procedures and statistical treatment of data.

Research Design

The qualitative study design is utilized to investigate if Jackfruit

(Artocarpus heterophyllus) peel can be used as eco-bags by collecting data

through personal observation. The quantitative research design is also used

to collect data and calculate the mean. Researchers create a piece of work

that accurately credits the intended effect in order to demonstrate their

hypotheses.

Research Locale

In making the product it will take place at one of the researchers house

and the survey of this study will take place at Unidad National High School,

plant samples will be collected in the Cagwait Surigao del Sur area

specifically at Tagbalidbid, Cagwait, Surigao del Sur.

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Department of Education
CARAGA Administrative Region
DIVISION OF SURIGAO DEL SUR
UNIDAD NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Unidad, Cagwait, Surigao del Sur

Research framework

Gathering necessary materials

e.g. Jackfruit peel, soda ash, caustic acid and
etc.

Slicing the jackfruit peelings into 1 inch pieces

Boiling the jackfruit peels with soda ash and

caustic soda for about 45 minutes

Blending the peelings

Molding them in wooden picture frame or a silk

screen

Sun drying

Shape it into a bag

Conducting of the research

Fig. 1: Flow Chart

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UNIDAD NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
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Data Gathering Procure

A. Plant Material

The jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) will be collected at Tagbalidbid,

Cagwait, SDS.

B. Plant Extraction, Solution, and Storage

The jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) peel will be cut into shall

pieces and will be added with hot water. Soda ash and caustic soda will be

added soon, After settled then blend. The final production will be place into a

mold deckle then dried.

C. Experimental procedure

A. Texture

The texture will test if this eco bag is capable for bending and folding.

B. Strength

The strength will test if this eco bag is capable for carrying heavy

materials.

C. Odor

The odor will test by comparing this eco bag from the commercialize eco

bag.

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UNIDAD NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Unidad, Cagwait, Surigao del Sur

D. Statistical Method

In analyzing quantitative data, the researchers will be using the

Inferential statistics to compare the performance of peel-based paper bags

with traditional paper bags in terms of strength, texture, and odor. To

determine if there are comparisons between different samples, t-tests could

be used to determine if there are statistically significant differences in

properties like strength, texture, and odor. Lastly, the gathered data will then

be labeled for the descriptive statistics, it is used to summarize and analyze

survey data regarding consumer preferences and perceptions of the eco-

friendly paper bags.

Conceptual Framework

The approach system will employ an input-process-output model to

explain the conceptual framework. Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) are in

the input. The technique shows how to gather items and distinguish between

texture, strength, and odor. The researchers collect information using a

questionnaire that asks about the texture, strength, and odor. Finally, the third

box displays the final product.

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UNIDAD NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
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Jackfruit Data collecting Eco-bag out of

(Artocarpus through Jackfruit
heterophyllus) questionnaires to (Artocarpus
peel indicate its: heterophyllus) peel

 Texture
 Strength
 Odor

Figure 2. Schematic Diagram of the Study

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QUESTIONNAIRES
Research-Made questionnaires for jackfruit (artocarpus heterophyllus) peels
as an eco-friendly alternative for paper bag production

DIRECTION: Please carefully read the statement and provide an honest

response. Using the following scales, mark the odor intensity of paper bag on
a scale of 1 to 5 with a check mark (/), 1= Strongly Disagree, 2= Disagree, 3 =
Neutral, 4 = Agree, 5 = Strongly Agree

Name: Age:
(optional)

1 2 3 4 5

Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly

Disagree Agree

The jackfruit paper bag is

odorless?

Is there any tips, ideas, recommendations or suggestions to enhance this

study:

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UNIDAD NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Unidad, Cagwait, Surigao del Sur

Texture test

Trails Jackfruit paper Commercialize

bag paper bag

1 Fold

2 Folds

4 Folds

Strength test

Trails Jackfruit paper Commercialize

bag paper bag

1 (150 grams)

2 (250 grams)

3 (400 grams)

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UNIDAD NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
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To: JAY O. LEOPOLDO

SCHOOL HEAD
Unidad National High School
Unidad, Cagwait, Surigao del Sur

From: Grade 10-STE Researchers

April 15, 2024

Dear Sir,

We are students of grade 10 STE at Unidad National High School, we are

about to start our research project entitled “The feasibility of jackfruit
(artocarpus heterophyllus) peel as an eco-friendly alternative for paper bag
production”.

We would like to ask your permission to allow us to conduct this research

project. Your approval will be greatly appreciated.

Thank you very much and God bless.

Very truly yours,

Karylle T. Belano
Ivy A. Forrosuelo
Leoney Vi O. Olayan

Noted: Approved by:

MARY GRACE M. CENA JAY O. LEOPOLDO

Research Adviser School Head

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