Lecture 5

Analog Techniques in
Communication Channel
Analog channel
AM & FM modulations
Analog channel multiplexing
 Communication channel

message
signal

Message source
Message source

transmitter physical medium receiver

signal estimate
message
estimate
Communication channel – a 2-point connection that allows
communication between the parties. Every message sent by a sender
reaches receiving side (is received)
Analog communication channel

Transfer function (bandwidth)

Noise (SNR)
Nonlinear distortions

SNR = S/N
 Analog communication channel

transmitted utility received utility signal

signal

x(t) xR(t)
Modulator physical Demodulator
transmission
means

Carrier signal c(t) maps utility signal to carrier

parameters

periodic: harmonic, pulse

modulation – maps utility signal to:

•amplitude, phase, frequency of a harmonic carrier
•amplitude, position, duration, frequency of a pulse carrier
 Analog modulations

• Harmonic carrier modulations:

– Amplitude Modulation (AM)
– Frequency Modulation (FM)
– Phase Modulation (PM)

• Pulse carrier modulations:

– Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)
– Pulse Frequency Modulation (PFM)
– Pulse Position Modulation (PPM)
– Pulse Duration (Width) Modulation (PDM/PWM)
 Analog communication channel

pulse
|T(f)| modulations

f
Lowpass channel

|T(f)| Harmonic
modulations

f
Bandpass channel (narrow-, wideband)
 Bandpass channels

….. recall modulation property of signals:

Lowpass spectra signals – spectra can be shifted to arbitrary

frequency band
 Amplitude modulation (AM)

0<m1 – modulation depth

g(t)=A·[ k+m·x(t) ]·cos(2f0t)

k={0,1}

modulating signal

carrier signal
T[x(t)] g(t)=T[x(t)]·c(t)

modulated signal
c(t) = cos (2f0t)
 Properties of signal spectrum - reminder

Modulation property

xt  cos(2f ot )  X  f  f o   X  f  f o 
1
2
X(f)

X(f + fo)/2 X(f - fo)/2

-fo +fo
 Amplitude modulation (AM)

g(t)=A·[ 1+m·x(t) ]·cos(2f0t)

 Amplitude modulation (AM - DSB)

g(t)=A·[ 1+m·x(t) ]·cos(2f0t)

 Amplitude modulation (AM)

Spectra of AM

• Modulating data appears in the form

of signal components at frequencies
DSB slightly higher and lower than that of
the carrier
• The components are called
SC DSB sidebands
• The lower sideband (LSB) appears
at frequencies below the carrier
frequency
• The upper sideband (USB) appears
at frequencies above the carrier
frequency
 AM modulator (1)

AM DSB SC

g(t)=4A/·x(t)· (-1)k-1
cos[(2k-1) 2f0t] t
k=1 2k-1

x(t) g(t)

c(t)

Ring modulator

f0 3f0 5f0
 AM modulator (2)

AM DSB generation

AM DSB SC signal + carrier signal

 AM modulator (3)

 AM SSB modulator

+
-
x(t) Gene cos(2f0t) gUSB(t)
rator

Phase
Hilbert shift -90º
^ (2f0t)]
gUSB(t)=½[x(t)cos(2f0t) - x(t)sin
transf

^
x(t) sin(2f0t)
 AM demodulation (2)

 Coherent detector (AM – DSB SC )

x(t)Acos(2f0t+0)+z(t) xd(t) = ½AAgcos(0 - g)·x(t)

Ring Lowpass
modulator filter

Agcos(2fgt+g)

Stablilized
sine wave Sm(f)
generator

-2f0 0 2f0
 AM demodulation (1)

 Envelope detector (AM - DSB)

AM LF
signal signal
(HF)

x(t)Acos(2f0 t)+z(t)

1º A[1+mx(t)] >> z(t) practically usefull

2º A[1+mx(t)] << z(t) only noise at the demodulator output

 AM modulation usage

Amplitude modulation is one of the earliest radio

modulation techniques.

The receivers used to listen to AM-DSB are

perhaps the simplest receivers of any radio
modulation technique

AM is used radio and tv broadcasting

 Frequency modulation (FM)

FM in time domain
 FM signal spectrum

2f

f – deviation (amplitude of
frequency alteration e.g. 75kHz) BT = 2(f + B) –
conventional bandwidth
BT >> B
 FM modulator

g(t)
x(t) Frequency Bandpass
VCO multiplier
AM modulator
filter

Stabilized
sinewave
generator

1/2
f(t)=
(L1 + L2)[ C0 + Cx(t) ]

C <<1
C0
L2 L1

f(t)  f0[ 1 - Cx(t) ]

2C0
C
FM demodulation concept

f0-f
f0-f f0
 FM demodulator

Outputs a signal of a modulated

amplitude

g(t)
4Aakf·x(t)

f0
BT


[1+kx(t)] cos[2f0t + 2kf x()d
0
+ ½]

AM modulated Carrier (HF)

signal (LF)
 Properties of analog modulations

Quality of demodulated signal

G(f)
AM DSB moderate
f

G(f)
f AM SSB moderate

G(f)
f FM very good
 Properties of analog modulations

gain Bandwidth (BT)

AM-DSB ½ 2Bm
AM-
DSB-SC 1 2Bm
AM-
Wide 1 Bm
SSB-SC
bandwidth

FM* large *
2(f+Bm)
2
 BT 
  

 Bm 
 Analog modulations

Rationale for modulation usage:

• fit to bandpass properties of the transportation medium
• increase resistance to interference
• increase antenna emission effectivity
Communication channel

Channel sharing
 Channel sharing (multiplexing)

x1(t) g1(t) g1(t) x1(t)

M1 D1

x2(t) g2(t) g2(t) x2(t)

M2 D2

............ ............
xn(t) gn(t) gn(t) xn(t)
Mn Dn
 Frequency division multiplexing (FDM, analog)

narrowband signals

x1(t)
mod
x2(t)
mod
x3(t)
mod
f0 f0 +f f0 +2f f

f0 f0 +f f0 +2f N–
channels

M1  cos(2f0)
Applications:
M2  cos(2f0+f)
M3  cos(2f0+2f) radio and television systems
Frequency division multiplexing (FDM)

carrier frequency of a radio station

 Time division multiplexing (TDM, analog)

N – channels

Wideband spectrum of
2 the TDM

M1   (nT0)
M2   (nT0 +)
M3   (nT0 +2)

At present, analog applications superceded by digital ones

 Analog multiplexing - bandwidth

BWFDM=2NB
B
FDM Multiplexed
channel requires
f 2NB bandwidth at
minimum!
G(f) 1
BWTDM= BWTDM >BWFDM
1 
TDM T0 f
 Recapitulation

Issue Description
Characteristics of an analog
channel
Modulation goals
AM&FM modulation
properties
Multiplexing goals
Analog multiplexing
Requirements for
bandwith/throughput
Next lecture:

„Digital techniques”