INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DELHI

NPTEL

NPTEL ONLINE CERTIFICATION COURSE

Video Course on

Electric Vehicles Part 1

By
Prof. Amit Kumar Jain
Department of Electrical Engineering
IIT Delhi

Lecture # 10

Intro HEV Subsystems and Modes of Operation

Hello everyone, welcome to NPTEL online course on electric vehicles. So we were discussing
the topic known as Hybrid Electric Vehicle Systems and their configurations which is the last
topic under introduction to EV.
(Refer Slide Time: 00:30)

So in our previous interaction, we were discussing the different advantages of HEV system and
the different types of HEV configurations combining the IC engine system and the electric
motor system.
So in today’s interaction, let us discuss the different modes of operation of these HEV
configurations. (Refer Slide Time: 01:14)

So when a HEV is used for driving a vehicle, it needs to operate in various modes like starting
the system, acceleration and deceleration of the system, normal driving, regenerative braking,
the charging of the battery when the vehicle is in motion or when the vehicle is at rest. There is
a mode which is known as axle balancing, so this mode is possible in complex HEV’s.
(Refer Slide Time: 01:53)
So let us start with the discussion of series HEV configuration. So when, we have to use the
series HEV for starting the system and during normal driving and acceleration, the full system
is active. So mechanical energy is transferred from IC engine to the motor via electrical
generator together with the energy stored in the battery to the electrical motor. So the whole
system is active during this mode of operation.

(Refer Slide Time: 02:32)

During light load on the transmission system, not only the mechanical energy is transferred
from the IC engine to the electrical motor, a part of it will be used to charge the battery. So in
series HEV configuration, the attempt is made to always operate IC engine at maximum
efficiency. So if there is a light load, it is always advisable to transfer part of that energy to the
battery for charging requirements.
(Refer Slide Time: 03:12)

During deceleration requirement and during absorbing of regenerative energy during braking
operation, the energy is recovered from the wheels and the motor is operated as generator and
mechanical energy is transferred to the battery via power converter mode. So this power
converter has to be a bidirectional AC to DC converter if we are using a AC motor.

(Refer Slide Time: 03:45)

It is possible to charge the battery when the vehicle is at rest. So this can be done by
transferring the mechanical energy available from the IC engine to the battery, by operating,
this motor as generator. So these were the different modes of operation of a series HEV.
(Refer Slide Time: 04:10)

Now let us discuss the operation modes of a parallel HEV. So in a parallel HEV, the
mechanical system based on IC engine is also connected to the transmission, in addition to this
electrical motor based battery driven system. So both these drivetrains are connected
individually to the transmission using different clutch. So during startup or acceleration, both
these systems will be on and maximum power can be transferred for both startup and
acceleration.
(Refer Slide Time: 04:59)

However during normal driving mode of a parallel HEV, only IC engine based drivetrain is
active and mechanical energy is transferred from the IC engine to the transmission. During this
mode, the electrical drivetrain is in off mode.
(Refer Slide Time: 05:18)

On the other hand during deceleration or braking, the electrical drivetrain is only active and
power is recovered from the wheels, and the recovered energy stored in the battery by operating
the motor as generator.
(Refer Slide Time: 05:39)

In parallel HEV, if there is a requirement of battery charging while the system is in motion or
when the vehicle is moving, it has to be done via transmission. So the mechanical energy
required for the transmission has to come from IC engine based system, and a part of it will be
transferred to the battery by operating the motor as generator. So the power flow happens
through transmission in this case.

(Refer Slide Time: 06:19)

So we all know that there is complex series parallel HEV subsystems where both the series
configurations and parallel configurations are combined together such that both the advantages
of series hybrid and parallel hybrid can be obtained together. The system is complex but there
are lot of advantages and various kind of mode of operation is possible in these systems.

So depending on whether the IC engine is more active or the electrical motor is more active,
there are two types of series parallel HEV configurations. One is known as engine heavy series
parallel HEV, and second is electrical motor heavy series parallel HEV.

(Refer Slide Time: 07:22)

So let us see the modes of operation of these configurations. So let us start with IC engine
heavy series parallel HEV. So during startup, this system only uses the electrical drivetrain for
starting the system. So this system as we have discussed earlier has both the parallel and series
connection of IC engine to the electrical drivetrain. So mechanical system is also connected
mechanically to the transmission and also electrically to the electrical drivetrain using electrical
generator. So during startup, only the electric drivetrain is used and is all electric mode type of
startup.
(Refer Slide Time: 08:08)

During acceleration, this system works similar to a parallel HEV. So the mechanical energy is
transferred from the IC engine to the transmission in parallel to the electrical drivetrain based
battery driven electrical motor type of propulsion. So this generator is non-active in this mode.

(Refer Slide Time: 08:34)

During normal driving, only the IC engine based drivetrain is active, and the mechanical energy
is transferred from the IC engine to the transmission, and the rest of the system is inactive. So
the electrical drivetrain and the generator is turned off at that time.

(Refer Slide Time: 08:55)

During deceleration or braking, only the electrical drivetrain is active and the mechanical
energy of the wheels is extracted by motor operating as generator and the battery is charged by
the energy recovered from the wheels.

(Refer Slide Time: 09:17)

In this system, when we want to charge the battery while driving, we don’t need to operate the
transmission system for doing that, since we have a series connection up here. So while driving,
the IC engine drives the transmission and a part of it can be used to charge the battery by
operating the electrical generator. So the IC engine and the generator are connected by a
complex planetary gear which enables connection and disconnection of electrical generator
during driving operation. So when the vehicle is not moving or when it is at rest, it’s possible to
charge the battery by operating the generator while the mechanical propulsions are off.

(Refer Slide Time: 10:15)

Now let us discuss the electric heavy type of series parallel HEV. So again during startup or at
light load conditions, the system is started in all electric mode. So the electric drivetrain is only
used to start the system or also for driving the vehicle at light loads.

(Refer Slide Time: 10:44)

But during acceleration, all the three propulsion devices or mechanical devices are used to
accelerate the system, so the system uses full torque capability of the system. So mechanical
energy is transferred from IC engine to the transmission, and a part of it is transferred via
generator to the motor, and third is from the battery to the motor. So this is different from the
IC engine heavy series parallel HEV where, only the system acceleration is achieved via
parallel HEV mode, and this generator was off at that time.
(Refer Slide Time: 11:38)

During normal driving, not only the IC engine is used to drive the transmission, a part of that
mechanical energy is also transferred from generator to the motor for propulsion. So in this
mode of operation, the battery is not used. So this mode is again different from the IC engine
heavy series parallel HEV where only the IC engine is used for propulsion, so here this mode is
also active.
(Refer Slide Time: 12:11)

So deceleration and braking is similar to IC engine heavy series parallel HEV where the power
is recovered only from the electrical drivetrain.
(Refer Slide Time: 12:20)

So again similar to IC engine heavy series parallel HEV, in electrical heavy series parallel HEV
also battery can be charged when the vehicle is in motion, and when the mechanical power is
transferred from the IC engine to the transmission.
(Refer Slide Time: 12:43)

The battery charging at stand still is also similar to the IC engine heavy series parallel HEV and
it is done by a charging the battery via electrical generator from mechanical power obtained
from IC engine.
(Refer Slide Time: 13:04)

So in addition to series HEV, parallel HEV and series parallel HEV, there is a configuration
which is known as complex HEV. So this is a complex system and it’s a superset of series
parallel configuration. So based on how the devices are placed within the configuration, there
are two types of complex HEVs. One is front-hybrid rear-electric dual axle complex hybrid,
and front-electric rear-hybrid dual axle complex HEV.

So in complex HEV generally dual axle transmission is used, so both the front wheels and the
rear wheels are driven. And two types of subsystems are used. One is front hybrid, front hybrid
means it’s a hybrid of IC engine and electric motor, and rear electric means there’s another
motor to drive the rear transmission.

And in the second mode where there is a front electric where one motor will be used to drive
the front wheel. And in rear hybrid a combination of IC engine and electric motor are used for
driving the rear wheels.

So let us see these configurations and there modes of operation.

(Refer Slide Time: 14:37)

So in a front-hybrid rear-electric dual axle complex HEV, so there is a hybrid system of IC

engine and motor connected to the front wheel transmission, and there is another system which
is pure electric drivetrain which is connected to rear wheels or rear transmission.

So now compare to series parallel HEV, the machine here is able to operate both as generator
and motor. So when you want to operate this machine as generator, it can be used to extract
power from IC engine to charge the battery. And when it is used as a motor, this power
converter can be used to extract power from the battery and operate this as a motor. So this is a
hybrid of IC engine and electrical motor. And since this is connected to front transmission it is
called front hybrid. And since only electrical system or electrical drivetrain is connected to rear
transmission, it is called rear electric. And since both the transmissions are used, means both
front transmission and rear transmission are used it is called dual axle HEV.

So during startup of such kind of configuration again it is all electric mode. So both the motors
are used to drive the front transmission and rear transmission. So one is battery, power
converter and one motor, second is battery, power converter, this motor and front transmission.
(Refer Slide Time: 16:45)

However during acceleration mode, the power is also delivered from the IC engine. So both IC
engine and front motor drives the front wheels, while the rear motor drives the rear
transmission or rear wheels. The whole system is active and it’s able to accelerate very quickly.

(Refer Slide Time: 17:12)

During normal driving or battery charging mode, the mechanical energy is from the IC engine
is used to drive the front wheels and a part of it is used to charge the battery. So in normal
driving, only front wheels are used for driving the system, and the rear transmission is not used
and the electrical drivetrain connected to rear system is inactive.

(Refer Slide Time: 17:52)

Again during light load condition, the wheel connected to front transmissions are only used for
supporting the light load, and the motor connected to IC engine is used for driving the
propulsion. So IC engine by itself is not active and the rear wheel connected electric drivetrain
is also not active. So only power is flowing from battery, power converter, electrical motor and
front transmission. So it is again all electric mode with only front wheel transmission.
(Refer Slide Time: 18:34)

During deceleration or braking, it is again all electric and the power is extracted both from the
front wheels and the rear wheels using this electric drivetrain, and this electric drivetrain. So
both front and rear electric drivetrains are active, and the power is extracted from all the wheels.
Therefore, it is also possible to generate good amount of regenerative braking energy which is
higher compared to other configurations.

(Refer Slide Time: 19:14)

This type of complex HEVs where the transmission can happen both from front wheel and rear
wheels, it has a tremendous capacity for axle balancing. Means when, let’s say the front wheels
see a condition where these wheels are sliding, it’s possible to control the sliding by operating
the rear wheels. How it is done? Let’s say the system is under normal driving mode, and engine
is used to support the front wheel transmission and then the system is undergoing a sliding
condition or due to bad condition of the road. So to oppose this sliding force, a equal and
opposite driving force can be extracted or put in the rear wheel, so it’s a kind of power
balancing. So how much power is you know getting taken by the sliding force, the equal
amount of power is given to the rear transmission, such that the system is able to balance itself.
So this is a tremendous capacity and this type of vehicle can go in difficult terrains with ease.

(Refer Slide Time: 21:04)

So let us now see the configuration of the another dual axle complex HEV which is front-
electric and rear-hybrid. So you can see that the system is now reversed. The IC engine and the
motor is connected to rear wheels while the second electric drivetrain is connected to the front
transmission. So during startup, only the front electric drivetrain is only active for supporting
the startup operation, while the rest of the system is not active.
(Refer Slide Time: 21:49)

So if the engine has to be started after startup of the system, the second motor can be used to
start the IC engine as cranking. So this system is very similar to the starting of the IC engine
where this motor is working as a integrated starter generator.

(Refer Slide Time: 22:18)

During acceleration, all the propulsion devices are active and both front electric drivetrain and
rear hybrid drivetrain is active. It’s very similar to the previous complex HEV configuration.
(Refer Slide Time: 22:40)

During normal driving, only the IC engine drivetrain is active while the both the electric motors
are inactive. So this is very similar to other counterpart. But you can see that in a rear hybrid
type of complex HEV during normal driving, only the rear wheels are used to drive the vehicle,
and the front wheels are idling.

(Refer Slide Time: 23:13)

Similar to the previous configuration during deceleration or braking operation, both the motors
will operate as generators and extract the power from both rear and front wheels. So the IC
engine is off because it cannot regenerate any energy.
(Refer Slide Time: 23:39)

So similar to the previous counterpart, if you want to charge the battery during driving, the part
of the IC engine energy is transferred to the battery via operating the second motor as generator.

(Refer Slide Time: 24:03)

So that’s all the discussion or different modes of operation of different types of HEV
configurations. So we’ve discussed series hybrid configurations, parallel hybrid configuration,
series parallel HEV configuration and complex HEV configuration and their all modes of
operation.
So as discussed in our discussion, to obtain all these modes of operation, we require special
gearing system at the hybrid mode of IC engine and electric motor. So IC engine should be able
to connect both to the transmission and to the electrical machine, and should also able to
operates alone. So this…all these modes of operation is possible by having a special gearing
system which is known as planetary gear system, So as can be seen from this diagram, so there
are various kind of gears connected together. So the outermost gear is known as ring gear, and
the innermost gear is known as sun gear. And these small, small gears which connects the sun
gear to the ring gear are called planet gears. So there are three gears; ring gear, sun gear and
planet gear. So sun gears are connected to electrical machine. Ring gear is connected to
transmission, and it’s possible to transfer energy from ring gear to sun gear using planet gears.
And there is a link between sun gear and planet gear by this kind of connection, so this is called
carrier gear or carriers. So this carrier is actually connected to IC engine, and it can decide
based on the speed of operation, how to transfer power from either IC engine to electrical motor
or electrical motor to IC engine, or IC engine to the transmission.

(Refer Slide Time: 26:34)

So let us quickly see on the power and energy graph, where these different types of EV stand.
So different types of these systems are decided based on the power rating of the vehicle. So this
is the micro HEV, this is mild HEV, this is full HEV.
(Refer Slide Time: 27:11)

So here you know, you have all series parallel and type of full hybrid vehicles and also. So
PHEV stands here. So in PHEV, the energy storage requirement is high, and therefore it needs
to have lot of batteries. While these systems doesn’t require much battery because it has very
high capacity IC engine with it. A BEV uses more battery bank compared to PHEV, since it has
only batteries for supporting the transmission.

(Refer Slide Time: 27:54)

So if we want to have a quick comparison of the different features this kind of micro, mild, full,
PHEV and REV type of HEV can offer, you can say that the micro HEV can only support start-
stop feature or idle start-stop feature, and regenerative braking. While the mild hybrid HEV can
support start-stop, regenerative braking, and also it can support the IC engine mechanically
during acceleration and hill climbing.

In full HEV not only these modes are possible, it is also possible to start the engine in full
electric mode which is known as electrical launch.

(Refer Slide Time: 29:06)

Since in full HEV, there is a possible of optimizing the energy flow such that the energy is
optimized to its maximum. So this mode is also possible in a full HEV.

In PHEV and REV, all these modes are possible.

(Refer Slide Time: 29:37)

And in addition to that ,it is possible to operate this PHEV and REV in full electric mode for a
lot of time. So it can offer decent electrical range in full electric mode.
(Refer Slide Time: 29:51)

So that is all under the topic HEV systems and configurations, and we will start the topic of
discussion known as vehicle dynamics and it’s modeling and simulation in our next interaction.
(Refer Slide Time: 30:04)

So introduction to HEV is kind of complete, and we will go ahead with vehicle dynamics, it’s
modeling and simulation in the coming interactions. So thank you for listening the lecture.

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