THE
HANDBOOK
FOR
PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY
DRAFT #1
2
General Information
Table 1. Useful Data
Constant Description Value
𝑀! Mass of Earth 5.98 × 1024 kg
𝑅! Radius of Earth 6.37 × 106 m
𝑔 Freefall acceleration on Earth 9.80 m/s2
𝐺 Gravitational constant 6.67 × 10-11 N∙m2/kg2
𝑘" Boltzmann’s Constant 1.38 × 10-23 J/K
𝑅 Gas constant 8.314 J / mol∙K
𝑁# Avogadro’s number 6.02 × 1023 parts/mol
𝑇$ Absolute Zero -273° C
𝜎 Stefan-Boltzmann constant 5.67 × 10-8 W/m2∙K4
𝑝%&' Standard atmosphere 101300 Pa
𝑣()*+, Speed of sound in air (20° C) 343 m/s
𝑚! Mass of electron 9.11 × 10-31 kg
𝑚- Mass of proton 1.67 × 10-27 kg
𝑚+ Mass of neutron 1.67 × 10-27 kg
𝐾 Coulomb’s law constant 8.99 × 109 M∙m2/C2
𝜖$ Permittivity constant 8.85 × 10-12 C2/N∙m2
𝜇$ Permeability constant 1.26 × 10-6 T∙m/A
𝑒 Fundamental unit of charge 1.60 × 10-19 C
𝑐 Speed of light in vacuum 3.00 × 108 m/s
ℎ Planck’s constant 6.63 × 10-34 J∙s
ℎ2 Planck’s constant 1.05 × 10-34 J∙s
𝑎" Bohr radius 5.29 × 10-11 m
3
Units and Conversions
Table 2. Common Prefixes
Prefix Symbol Multiplier
yocto- y 10-24
zepto- z 10-23
atto- a 10-18
femto- f 10-15
pico- p 10-12
nano- n 10-9
micro- μ 10-6
milli- m 10-3
centi- c 10-2
kilo- k 103
mega- M 106
giga- G 109
tera- T 1012
peta- P 1015
exa- E 1018
zeta- Z 1021
yotta- Y 1024
Table 3. Conversion Factors
Length
1 in 2.54 cm
1 mi 1.609 km
1m 39.37 in
1 km 0.621 mi
Velocity
1 mph 0.447 m/s
1 m/s 2.24 mph
Energy
1 cal 4.186 J
1 eV 1.60 × 10-19 J
Times
1 day 86400 s
1 year 3.16 × 107 s
Pressure
1 atm 101.3 kPa
1 atm 14.7 psi
1 atm 760 mmHg
Rotation
1 rad 180°/π
1 rev 360°
4
Symbols
Table 4. Greek Letters
Letter Capital Lower Letter Capital Lower
Alpha Α α Nu Ν ν
Beta Β β Xi Ξ ξ
Gamma Γ γ Omicron O o
Delta Δ δ Pi Π π
Epsilon Ε ϵ Rho Ρ ρ
Zeta Ζ ζ Sigma Σ σ
Eta Η η Tau Τ τ
Theta Θ θ Upsilon Υ υ
Iota Ι ι Phi Φ ϕ
Kappa Κ κ Chi Χ χ
Lambda Λ λ Psi Ψ ψ
Mu Μ μ Omega Ω ω
Table #. Value of Some numbers
Number Value
π 3.1415927
e 2.7182818
√2 1.4142136
√3 1.7320508
ln 2 0.6931472
ln 10 2.3025851
log e 0.4342945
5
Derived Units in SI
Table 5. Derive Units for Physics
Quantity Unit Abbreviation Base Unit
Area – – m2
Volume – – m3
Density – – kg/m3
Force newton N kg∙m/s2
Energy and Work joule J kg∙m2/s2
Power watt W kg∙m2/s3
Pressure pascal Pa kg/(m∙s2)
Frequency hertz Hz s-1
Electric Charge coulomb C A∙s
Electric Potential volt V kg∙m2/(A∙s3)
Electric Resistance ohm Ω kg∙m2/(A2∙s3)
Capacitance farad F A2∙s4/(kg∙m2)
Magnetic Field tesla T kg/(A∙s2)
Magnetic Flux weber Wb kg∙m2/(A∙s2)
Inductance henry H kg∙m2/(A2∙s2)
kg = kilogram (mass), m = meter (length), s = second (time), A = ampere (electric current)
6
Physical Properties
Table. Density
Density
Material State [kg/m3]
Air (20° C) Gas 1.293
Water Liquid ~1000
Ice Solid 920
Sea Water Liquid ~1030
blood Liquid 1600
Ethanol Liquid 810
THF Liquid 889
Mercury Liquid 13600
Magnesium Solid 1700
Aluminum Solid 2700
Diamond Solid 3500
Steel / Iron Solid 7800
Brass Solid 8600
Copper Solid 8960
Lead Solid 11300
Table. Heat Capacity
Heat Capacity
Material State [kJ/kg∙K-1]
Air (20° C) Gas 1.012
Water Liquid 4.186
Ice Solid 2.05
Ammonia Liquid 4.700
Ethanol Liquid 2.42
Mercury Liquid 0.1395
Magnesium Solid 1.02
Aluminum Solid 0.903
Diamond Solid 0.5091
Iron Solid 0.449
Steel Solid 0.466
Polyethylene Solid 2.30
Copper Solid 0.385
Lead Solid 0.128
Gold Solid 0.128
Silver Solid 0.235
Glass (Pyrex) Solid 0.75
Granite Solid 0.79
Sand Solid 0.84
7
Table. Vapor Pressure of water
Temperature Vapor Pressure Vapor Pressure
[° C] [torr] [kPa]
0 4.58 0.610
10 9.21 1.23
20 17.54 2.34
30 31.82 4.24
40 55.3 7.37
50 92.5 12.3
60 149.4 19.9
70 233.7 31.2
80 355.1 47.3
90 525.8 70.1
100 760 101.3
110 1074.6 143.4
8
Chemical Properties
Table. Heat of Vaporization
Normal B.P. ΔHvap at B.P. ΔHvap at 25° C
Material [° C] [kJ/mol] [kJ/mol]
Water, H2O 100 40.7 44.0
Rubbing Alcohol, C3H8O 82.3 39.9 45.4
Acetone, C3H6O 56.1 29.1 31.0
Diethyl Ether, C4H10O 34.6 26.5 27.1
Table. Heat of Fusion
Normal M.P. ΔHfus
Material [° C] [kJ/mol]
Water, H2O 0 6.02
Rubbing Alcohol, C3H8O -89.5 5.37
Acetone, C3H6O -94.8 5.69
Diethyl Ether, C4H10O -116.3 7.27
Table. Bond Energy
Bond Energy Bond Energy Bond Energy
Bond [kJ/mol] Bond [kJ/mol] Bond [kJ/mol]
H−H 436 N−N 163 Br − F 237
H−C 414 N=N 418 Br − Cl 218
H−N 389 N≡N 946 Br − Br 193
H−O 464 N−O 222 I − Cl 208
H−S 368 N=O 590 I − Br 175
H−F 565 N−F 272 I−I 151
H − Cl 431 N − Cl 200 Si − H 323
H − Br 364 N − Br 243 Si − Si 226
H−I 297 N−I 159 Si − C 301
C−C 347 O−O 142 S−O 265
C=C 611 O=O 498 Si = O 368
C≡C 837 O−F 190 S=O 523
C−N 305 O − Cl 203 Si − Cl 464
C=N 615 O−I 234 S=S 418
C≡N 891 F−F 159 S−F 327
C−O 360 Cl − F 253 S − Cl 253
C=O 736 Cl − Cl 243 S − Br 218
C≡O 1072 S−S 266
C − Cl 339
9
Table. Standard Enthalpies of formation at 298K.
Formula 𝚫𝑯𝒐𝒇 [kJ/mol] 𝚫𝑮𝒐𝒇 [kJ/mol] 𝚫𝑺𝒐𝒇 [J/mol∙K]
Br (g) 111.9 82.4 175.0
Br2 (l) 0 0 152.2
HBr (l) -36.3 -53.4 198.7
Ca (s) 0 0 41.6
CaO (s) -634.9 -603.3 38.1
CaCO3 (s) -1207.6 -1129.1 91.7
C (s, graphite) 0 0 5.7
C (s, diamond) 1.88 2.9 2.4
CO (g) -110.5 -137.2 197.7
CO2 (g) -393.5 -394.4 213.8
CH4 (g) -74.6 -50.5 186.3
CH3OH (l) -238.6 -166.6 126.8
C2H2 (g) 227.4 209.9 200.9
C2H4 (g) 52.4 68.4 219.3
C2H6 (g) -84.68 -32.0 229.2
C2H5OH (l) -277.6 -174.8 160.7
C3H8 (g) -103.85 -23.4 270.3
C3H6O (l, acetone) -248.4 -155.6 199.8
C3H8O (l, isopropanol) -318.1 181.1
C6H6 (l) 49.1 124.5 173.4
C6H12O6 (s, glucose) -1273.3 -910.4 212.1
C12H22O11 (s, sucrose) -2226.1 -1544.3 360.24
Cl (g) 121.3 105.3 165.2
Cl2 (g) 0 0 223.1
HCl (g) -92.3 -95.3 186.9
F (g) 79.38 62.3 158.75
F2 (g) 0 00 202.79
HF (g) -273.3 -275.4 173.8
H (g) 218.0 203.3 114.7
H2 (g) 0 0 130.7
N2 (g) 0 0 191.6
NH3 (g) -45.9 -16.4 192.8
NH4NO3 (s) -365.6 -183.9 151.1
NO (g) 91.3 87.6 210.8
N2O (g) 81.6 103.7 220.0
O2 (g) 0 0 205.2
O3 (g) 142.7 163.2 238.9
H2O (g) -241.8 -228.6 188.8
H2O (l) -285.5 -237.1 70.0
Ag (s) 0 0 42.6
AgCl (s) -127.0 -109.8 96.3
Na (s) 0 0 51.3
Na (g) 107.5 77.0 153.7
NaCl (s) -411.2 -384.1 72.1
Na2CO3 (s) -1130.7 -1044.4 135.0
NaHCO3 (s) -950.8 -851.0 101.7
S8 (s, rhombic) 0 0 32.1
S8 (s, monoclinic) 0.3 0.096 32.6
SO2 (g) -296.8 -300.1 248.2
SO3 (g) -395.7 -371.1 256.8
H2SO4 (l) -814.0 -690.0 156.9
10
Electromagnetic Spectrum
11
12
Kinematics
𝑎⃑ = 𝑎⃑(𝑡)
𝑣⃑ = I 𝑎⃑ 𝑑𝑡
𝑥⃑ = L 𝑎⃑ 𝑑𝑡 = I 𝑣⃑ 𝑑𝑡
𝑑 . 𝑥⃑ 𝑑𝑣⃑
𝑎⃑ = =
𝑑𝑡 . 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥⃑
𝑣⃑ =
𝑑𝑡
𝑥⃑ = 𝑥⃑(𝑡)
𝑠 = 𝑟𝜃
𝑑𝜃
𝜔=
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑠
𝑣& = = 𝜔𝑟
𝑑𝑡
.
𝑣
𝑎= = 𝜔. 𝑟
𝑟
𝑑𝜔
𝛼=
𝑑𝑡
Mechanics
𝐹⃑+!& = 𝐹⃑/ + 𝐹⃑. + ⋯ = ∑𝐹⃑0
𝑑𝑝⃑
𝐹⃑ = 𝑚𝑎⃑ =
𝑑𝑡
𝑓0 = 𝜇0 𝑛
1
𝐷Y⃑ = Z 𝐶𝜌𝐴𝑣 . , 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒b
2
𝐹⃑#" = 𝐹⃑"#
𝑝⃑ = 𝑚𝑣⃑
Δ𝑝1 = I 𝐹1 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
𝑃Y⃑ = 𝑝⃑/ + 𝑝⃑. + ⋯ = ∑𝑝⃑0
𝑃Y⃑2 = 𝑃Y⃑0
1
𝐾 = 𝑚𝑣 .
2
𝑈3 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ
𝐹 = −𝑘Δ𝑠
1
𝑈( = 𝑘 (Δ𝑠).
2
𝐸(4( =
𝑑𝐸(4(
𝑃=
𝑑𝑡
13
Calculus
𝑑
(𝑐𝑡 + ) = 𝑛𝑐𝑡 +5/
𝑑𝑡
𝑑 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑤
(𝑢 + 𝑤) = +
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Vectors
𝐶⃑ = 𝐴⃑ + 𝐵 Y⃑
𝐶 = k𝐴. + 𝐵.
𝐵
𝜃 = tan5/ Z b
𝐴
𝐴⃑ = 𝐴1 𝚤̂ + 𝐴4 𝚥̂ + 𝐴6 𝑘r
14
