LECTURE TOPIC
CLASSIFICATION OF BONES
BY DR IKENNA IKELE.
ASSOCIATE DEAN FBMS
PREAMBLE
A. Axial Bones
Skull
1. Bones of the cranium-8
2. Bones of the face-14
3. Auditory ossicles-6
Hyoid bone -1
Vertebrae -26
Sternum- 1
Ribs -24
B. Appendicular Bones
1. Upper limb bones-
Clavicle-2
Scapula-2
Humerus-2
Ulna-2
Radius-2
Carpal bones-16
Metacarpal bones-10
Phalanges-28
2. Pelvic girdle and lower limb
Hip bones -2
Femur -2
Tibia-2
Fibula-2
Tarsal bones -14
Metatarsal bones-10
Phalanges -28
By age 25 the skeleton is completely hardened. •
206 bones make up the adult skeleton (20% of body mass) •
80 bones of the axial skeleton •
126 bones of the appendicular skeleton •
The largest bone in the human skeleton is Femur.
• Babies are born with about 300 bones. • Almost a third of bones of babies eventually fuse
together to form the 206-bone skeleton of an adult.
INTRODUCTION
The scientific study of bones is known as Osteology.
Definition:
Bone is the one-third of connective tissue, forming the main supporting framework of the body. The
in-organic calcium salts make it hard and rigid.
Function:
Movement:
Gives shape to the body.
Supports body weight.
. Protects sensitive parts of the body.
Blood Cell Formation: The red bone marrow found in the connective tissue of certain bones is the
site of blood cell production.
In-organic Salt Storage: Functions as a storage depot for many of the body needs. For example:
(Calcium, Potassium, Sodium etc.).
A long bone has a body ,shaft and two ends.
The shaft is called the diaphysis
The ends are called the epiphysis
The part of the shaft adjacent to the epiphyseal disc is called the metaphysis
Characteristics of the metaphysis viz:
It is the area of greatest growth activity in a long bone
It has a rich blood supply
Muscles , tendons and joint fibrous capsules are attached at or near the metaphysis.
CLASSIFICATION OF BONES
Introduction; there are three classifications of bones
CODE – DOCTORS (DRSS)
Developmentally
Regionally
Shape.
Structure
Developmentally , bones are divided into
Membranous bones
Cartilaginous bones:
Membrano-cartilaginous
Regionally
Axial bones
Appendicular bones
Shape
Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Irregular bones,
Pneumatic bones,
Sesamoid bones.
Types of bone on the basis of shape:
. Long bones,
Short bones,
Flat bones,
Irregular bones,
Pneumatic bones,
Sesamoid bones.
On the basis of structure:
According to Macroscopic approach: a. Compact bone, b. Spongy bone.
According to Microscopic approach: a. Fibrous bone, b. Lamellar bone. c. Woven bone. d. Dentine
and Cement.
On The Basis Of Development:
Membranous bones: These bones ossify in membrane from mesenchymal condensations.
Examples: Bones of the vault of skull and Facial bones.
Cartilaginous Bones: They ossify in cartilage and thus derived from performed cartilaginous models.
Examples: Thoracic cage etc.
Membrano-cartilaginous Bones: They ossify partly in membrane and partly in cartilage. Examples:
Clavicle, Mandible, Temporal etc.
On The Basis Of Region:
Axial Skeleton.
Appendicular Skeleton.
1. Bones of Axial Skeleton: These bones forms the axial skeleton of the human body. Examples:
Bones of skull, Thoracic cage & Vertebral Column
2.Bones Of Appendicular Skeleton: These bones forms the Appendicular skeleton of the human Body.
Examples: bones of the limbs and girdles of limbs.
Types On The Basis Of Shape:
Long Bones: These bones typically have an elongated shaft and two expanded ends one on either
side of the shaft. The shaft is known as diaphysis and the ends are called epiphyses. Examples:
Humerus, femur etc.
Short Bones: These bones are short in posture and can be of any shape. Examples: The carpal and
tarsal bones.
Flat Bones: These bones are flat in appearance. Examples: Scapula, Ribs, Sternum .
Irregular Bones: These bones are completely irregular in shape. Examples: vertebrae, hip bone and
bones in the base of skull. Fig. Hip bone, Irregular bone.
Pneumatic Bones: Pneumatic bones can also be categorized under the irregular bones. The
characteristic difference is the presence of large air spaces in these bones which make them light
in weight and thus they form the major portion of skull Examples: Sphenoid, Ethmoid, Maxilla etc.
Sesamoid Bones: These are in the form of nodules embedded in tendons and joint capsules.
Examples: Patella, Pisiform, Fabella etc.
ON THE BASIS OF STRUCTURE:
Macroscopic approach:
a. Compact Bone: Compact bone is dense in texture but is extremely porous. Example: In the cortex of
long bones.
b. Cancellous or Spongy Bone: The part of bone where there is more empty space and less bone tissue.
Example: The inner part of Long Bones.
Microscopic approach:
a. Fibrous Bone: These have more fibres in them. Also known as immature bones. Example: Found
only in fetus, sockets of alveolar bones and sutures of the skull.
b. Lamellar Bone: Most of the mature human bones, whether compact or Cancellous, are composed of
thin plates of bony tissue called lamellae. Example: Formed on the periosteal surface of diaphysis.
c. Woven Bone: Occurs initially in fetal bones. In adults woven bone is created after fractures. Example:
Seen in fetal bone, fracture repair and in cancer of bone.
d. Cementum and Dentine: Cementum is a specialized calcified substance covering the root of a tooth.
It hardens to act as an adhesive glue. Dentine is one of the hard tissues of the teeth which
constitutes most of its bulk. Example: Occur in teeth.
By age 25 the skeleton is completely hardened.
206 bones make up the adult skeleton (20% of body mass)
80 bones of the axial skeleton
126 bones of the appendicular skeleton
The largest bone in the human skeleton is Femur.
Babies are born with about 300 bones
.Almost a third of bones of babies eventually fuse together to form the 206-bone skeleton of an
adult.
Blood supply of a long bone
CODE: MY- PEN
A long bone receives blood from four sources
Metaphyseal arteries: they are small vessels that are derived from the arteries that
supply the adjacent joints.
Periosteal arteries: they supply the compact bone of diaphysis
Epiphyseal arteries: they are derived from periarticular arteries
Nutrient arteries: they supply the bone marrow. It enters the diaphysis obliquely
through a nutrient foramen which usually faces away from the growing end of
the bone. on entering the bone marrow , it divides into ascending and
descending branches to supply the bone as far as the metaphysis.
REMAIN BLESSED
TRUST IN THE LORD WITH ALL YOUR HEART
LEAN NOT ON YOUR OWN UNDERSTADING
IN AL YOUR WAYS AWKNOWLEDGE HIM
HE SHALL DIRECT YOUR PATHS
