FEW IMPORTANT SOLVED EXAMPLE >. ne the permissible range in maximum modulation index f 1 FM which has 30 Hz to 15 kHz modulating frequencie FM system which allows maximum deviation of 10 kHz and 100 Hz F 15 kH: i Ar F t Ans. MHz carrier wave has a peak voltage of 6 volts. The carrier is frequenc sinusoidal modul: al or waveform of frequency 2 kHz such that ing si tion sf is 75 kHz. The modulated waveform passes through zero and is increasing the expression for the modulated carrier waveform. n[2nf.t + my sin(Qrtyt i n index of FM wave © j + wave frequency = 100 x 108 = 10* Hertz ency deviation = 75 kHz = 75 « 10° Hertz odulating frequency = 2 kHz = 2 x 10% Hertz 75 x10 10°on svSTeMS jues in equation A (anx2x10°t)| peoMMUNicA Gi, we Bet val the above id oft +3751 sin[ 2a" go = 50 2] 4nx10°t)| Ans. in| 2x10" +37.5sint d i 1 GHz and amplitude 3 volts is fy, ency eee sr wave of frequ uency of 500 Hz and of peak ampiien’ ™ arti ing signal fre ee ras the modulating waveform (signal) 14° 1 yo el 3. Ac EXAMPLE 4:16. "The level of ee io Hz. é ed to 2 kHz. Obtain the ex, | frequen’ de 1g frequeney is chang nieaeita ue otf | volt oe ; a Mwave is given by the expression Xe ow tha ‘Acos[2eh.t +m sin(2xfyt)] af in; = Modulation index of FM wave = 5 = We kn ion Solut tee where ‘af = frequency deviation = KrAyy ky = Sensitivity of Frequency modulator ‘A. = Amplitude of the modulating signal Given that, = 1 MHz = 1x 10° Hz A = 8 volt A, = 1 volt and sf = 1 kHz ‘Therefore, k, can be found as At 1xi08 ee = Now, for the second case, we have when, A,, = 5 volt and f,, = 2 kHz Modulation Index will be and = 10° Hz/volt af 10%x Pia ee ei ss The desired FM signal can be expressed by s(t) = Acos[2nf.t +m, sin(2nf,,t)] Substituting all the values, we get s(t) = Seoe[2ni0¥t +2.5sinian<2>10*e)] or s(t Bcos{ 210% + 2.5sin(4nx 10°} “Ans. EXAMPLE 4.19, Given a signal S(O = cos (2rf, t) + 0.2 cos oat »s (2nf, t) + 0.2 cos (2nf., t) si e mo al Hy 4 combination of AM-FM ia array (ii) w the pl asor diagram at t = ae a Siven signal s(t) ean be modified in the ue are nee a MD = 0s (2nft) + 0.2 cos (nf, t) sin (Ont pawl og s(t) = [sto2etnig fol {2nft (0.2cos(2nt,t))}] a(t) = iE + Dt tin | 7 cos[(2nf.t) —0.9 cos(2nf,t)]jon of ¢ fonction sth frequel sien) The phasor diagram of the signal ANGLE MODULATION = act) = [Lr O01 costtafCJons|(2RFt) 0 2eoat Da yt)] ay 1 (i, we Know that the amplitude as woll as the instantaneous phase angle of the give in accordance with the modulating or : message signal. ce, the given signal s(t) Is 8 Me AM FM si ;ponatruction of phasor diagram, we can express the signal vit) ax under ct) = co (BRB + 0.8 coe fy 0) in et) a Sa : sco) = cost rfet) + Psin[ Rath, + fy] + 2 ain fant, — fi] Gi ingram for equation (i) has been shown in figu . 008 (et ef ON Sin eR (Lt, nS | a 1 asin ed, + tat Phasor diagram for example 4.19 4.58 Fig, 458, Illustration pce 420. (i) Show with @ phasor diagram that the signal s(t) is expressed by sxawt stt) = cos (RX 10°C) + 0.02008 2R1108 + 10°)¢] ents a carrier wave which is modulated both in amplitude and frequency. present s(t) in the form vue [1+ mos @xx 10D Joos[2ex10° + mein (xx 10") the value of m and my Also, write an expression for instantancous frequency as a ne t, Verify that both amplitude and frequency vary approximately sinusoidally ney 1 kHz. sit) = costnx10%L) + 0.02cosf 2at10° +108 t] has been shown are 4.59. f-—0.02 cos (2n(10° + 10°)X) 2x x 10% "cos (2x x 10%) Fig. 4.59, Phasor diagram vation limay be easily observed from this figure that the resultant amplitude differs from the carrier amplitude ‘tad the resultant is not in phase with the carrier. Hence, the given signal is modulated both in amplitude aad phase, Hence Proved ‘The given signal sit) can be expressed as or sit) = cos(2n%10%t) + 0.02c0s] 2n110° +10* 0] S(O = cos(2nx10°t) + 0.02cos(2n10"t)cos(2nx10°t) ~0.02sin(2n x10°t)sin(2xx10°t) s(t) = [1+ 0.02cos(2n 10%) Jeos(2xx10%t) _9.02sin(2e%10%t)sin(2x 10%)>> COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS aye sit) = {[1+0.0%0025%100} + [o.02sin(2nxt0%e} ee ons) 2rx10%t + tan-t_0.025 1+ 009g. cos or sit) = [1+0.02cos(2xx10°t)Jeos{ 2nx10% +0.02sin(2n<10°] Goa) or s(t) = [[1+meos(2nx10°t) |os{ 2n>10%t + mesini2ex10°o)]] Hence, Modulation index of AM part, m = 0.02 and Modul: The instantaneous frequency is found as ld 1d 6, 3, face] = 18 fancto%s +0.02sin onx10%) fm seal) = sad ] or f, = 10 + 20 cos (2x x109t) 1k can be observed that the amplitude and instantaneous frequency of modulated tizoay VARY wit cm ation Index of FM part, (2n x10). Ans, EXAMPLE 4.21. Given a narrowband Frequency Modulated (NBFM) signal as sit) = cos [o,t + 9(t)] where, = angular carrier frequency = 2rf, and — o(t) = m, sin (2zf,t) + m,sin(2rf,t) s0 that [9(0)| COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS ‘the bandwidth of frequeney modulated (FM) wave is given by 108 ) fn) © ascro8{ 1 4 5x10! BW = aat[t+ 7a)» eee J fee 210°) 145° | 250 x 109 Hz = 230 kHz or BW = 2 108( 14 | = 250 0 For the phase modulated case, we have O(0 = anf + k,xtt) Instantaneous trequeney is found as Lao) 1a Soe at * beat nf +k, xt)] kod eae disci Stal Maximum and minismum values off, will be Has = 10Dx10? + TE ay] max or Hilux = 100 x 108 + 5 x 20,000 or dmx = 100 x 108 +0.1 x 105 or 00.1 x 108 Hertz or Wimax = 100.1 MHz Further, {fj nag = 99.9 MH Hence, frequency deviation will be AE lElmax~ {= (100.1, ~ 100] ME = 0.1. MH2 = 108 Hertz, dlmit)}) Ina, 88 Boon obtained by noting that So) switche ha and forth between ~20,000 and 20,000, ‘The bandwidth of the PM signal is Biven by Important Point :The values of fn BWpy = 2a(is 7a) {1 , 15x104 or BWpy, = 210 (:-tsaet = 230kHz Ans. of commerical FM transmission assumi; ‘frequency deviation dulating signal x(t), fy = 15 kHz, ee ie i BW = 2x75x103 14g ae or BW = 180 x 103 Hertz = Also, using universal curve, replacing m,by D, BW 59.2 chronANGLE MODULATION ~« Carson's rule as estimation of bandwidth by usi n find percentage of ur nom eo ation of bandwidth will be 60 yor 240-180 . 2 6 100 x oa 2407100 = 250 rule under estimates the bandwidth eat Carson’ al by 25% ax compared with the reault obtained oo tN" 4, Aue of bandwidth for FM signal is sometimes used as “pte # BW = 2m, + Df,, ene traction of the eljenal powsn that ta fitedaddis that Peejuarap boxids Assim tit Find 0 1 en andwidth for FM signal ean be calculated om the basis of 96% power requirement given by $ le BW = 2A T+ | = 2m + hy ty tion of signal power inchided in the frequency band B is re f B (98) P= Bw "| io0 } ay B (98) B ‘ P = Bw “(100 } = pw “9-98 ie (my +f, Dae met Hin x0,98 , 2X11 P= 30m, +h, * Baaqy * 0.98 2x1+1 3 P= By) 208 = 25098 = 73.55 al (210+) weap = 21041) a1 P= 2150.98 = 97.6% Ans, 22 pie 425. A carrier is frequency modulated (FM) by a sinusoidal modulating signal x(t) of syency 2 kHz, it results in a frequency deviation Af of 5 kHz. Find the bandwidth occupied re waveform. The amplitude of the modulating sinusoid is increased by a factor of 3. and » os uency lowered by 1 kHz. Find the new bandwidth. » ition : Given that f, = 2kHz and Af = 5 kHz fence, the bandwidth of the FM signal will be BW = 2af+f,,) : BW = 26 +2) : BW = 14 kHz When the amplitude of the modulating signal is tripled, then the frequency deviation increases three Therefore, Af = 8x 5 kHz = 15 kHz Ao, f, = 1 kHz The new bandwidth will be BW’ = 2(Af + f,) = 2(15 + 1) BW’ = 32 kHz Ans. ite ist |> COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS ‘ carrier wave and side fre EXAMPLE 4.26. Determine the relative owes tha modulation index my = 0.20 for 10 kW FM trans Solution my = 0.20 Agim = 0.99 THencion wi, n (See the tab Thus, only significant side frequency pair Is f, # fy Jytinp) = 0.099 P, © (99% x 10 x 108 P, = 9.8 « 108 watt P.=98Kwatt Ans, and the power in each side frequency is expressed as y Py = Jim) x Power of FM transmitter fineness aap amm ite hl 4.1 of Bessel Functions) areata eds EXAMPLE 4.27. In an FM, system a 7 kHz modulating (or baseband) signal modulates 107.6 yi, carrier wave so that the frequency deviation is 50 kHz. Find \)) carrier swing in the FM signal and modulating index my ti) the highest and lowest frequencies attained by the FM signal. Solution : (i) Given that frequency deviation Af = 50 kHz = 50 x 10° Hertz Carrier swing in FM signal will be = BAF = 2x 50 x 10° Hz Modulation Index of FM wave, (00 kHz at P Hertz fm. ~ 710" Hertz 1) The upper or highest frequeney attained by FM signal will be = {,+ Af= 107.6 x 10° + 50 x 107 = 107.65 MHz The lower or lowest frequency attained by FM signal will be my = a = 7.143 has a carrier fre by a particular wave, Solution: We know that freq modulated signal away from This means that ie. Ate f Carrier swing = 2a ‘The lowest freq: deviation from the iuency deviation Af is defined as the the carrier frequency 100.007 ~ 100.000) MHz = 0.007 MHz = x7=14kHe manty fy reached by the modulated FM wave is equal to the difference of the frequency carrier frequency. = (100.00 ~ 0.007) MHz 7103 He = 7 kia or EXAMPLE 4.29. Determine the the 88 - 108 MHz band. This F Solution: We know that the freqANGLE MODULATION ~< . Af = 62.5 x 109 Hz = 62.5 kHz Since, maximum Frequency deviation for the FM broadcast band is 75 kHz, therefore m, = modulation index at 62.5 m= ¢ = 2 20390 Ane, 30. The modulating signal in an FM i it i AMPLE 4:30 i wave is 500 Hz with amplitude 3.2 volt and frequency Goviation is 64 KHz. If the audio frequency voltage ig now inereated to 8.4 volt, determine the gow frequency deviation and modulation index. If the audio frequency voltage is raised to 20 toys while the audio frequency is drop yn and Modulation index. Ped to 200 Hz, determine the frequency devi golution : Given that Af = 64 kHz fy = 500 Hz V,, = 8.2 volt We know that, AG 6.4 kHz requency sensitivity, ky = yh = SEITE oat ay Frequency deviation for V,, = 8.4 volt will be determined as Af, = KpVing = 2 x 8.4 = 16.8 kHz, Frequency deviation for V,, = 20 volt will be expressed as Afy = KyVinq = 2 x 20 = 40 kHz It may be observed that the change in modulating frequency made no difference to the frequency fpiation because it is independent of the modulating frequency. | The modulation indices can he calculated as under _ Af | 6.4 kez ™* fn = O6kEe 128 Aly 16.8kHa ny = O5kH, = 336 Ah 40kHa ™a = ine ~ O2KHz = 200 Ans. JAMPLE 4.31, An FM wave is given by s(®) = 20 sin (6 x 10%t + 7 sin 1250t). Determine (i) The carrier and modulating frequencies, the modulation index, and the maximum deviation. (ii) Power dissipated by this FM wave in a 100 ohm resistor. jution : (a) The standard expression for FM is sit) = Asin [ot +m sin (@t)] i) Given expression is sit) = 20sin [6%10°t+7 sin 1250¢| On comparing equations () and (ii), we obtain =i) = Seog Seles = ge = SE = 95.5 MHz ¢, 2 See * Qn Qn and m, = 7, Af-=mjf,, = 7 * 199 = 1898 Hz Ans. (ii) Power dissipated by the given FM wave in 100 obm resistor ean be calculated as under :> COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 2watt. Ans EXAMPLE 4.32. Find thi a s0cos{atom+ 5) 3 GD 10 cos@0xt + xt®) rye (ii) cos 200xt costG sin Irt) + sin Ont sinisin Bet) Solution : (i) We have Ott) = 200m + F = 2 = 2008 = 21100) The instantaneous frequency of the signal is 100 Hz, whieh is constant. Ans. u ot 20xt + xt? © do 0 = Gy = 20 + Sat = 2n10 + 0 weg ‘The instantaneous frequency of the signal is 10 He at { = 0 and inereases linearly at a rate of | Has ii) €08 200nt costBsin 2xt) + sin 200nt sin{5 sin 2nt) = cos(2OOxt — Ssin Bt) O(t) = 200xt ~ Ssin Int dé oe, 5, = 200x - 10x cos2nt = 2n(100 — 5cos2nt) |e ‘The instantaneous frequency of the signal will be 95 Hz at and 105 Hz. Ans. and oscillate sinusoidally between 9 EXAMPLE 4.33. Given an angle-modulated signal x.(0 = 10 cosl(10®)nt + Ssin 2n(105)t) Determine the maximum phase deviation and the maximum frequency deviation. Solution : Comparing the given x,(t) with standard FM wave equation, we have OCH) = ot + Olt) = (LO8int + Ssin 2n(10%)t and O(t) = 8 sin 2x (10% Now, Ot) = 512m) (10%) cos 2m (10% ‘Therefore, the maximum phase deviation will be J0(t)| pax = 5 tad and the maximum frequency deviation will be A@ = 16°) gx = 5(2m) (103) rad/s or Af = 5kHz, Ans, EXAMPLE 4.34, An angle-modulate is described by + 0-1 sin(108)xt} ith k, = 10, obtain m(t) with ky = 10x, find mit), (t)] = 10cosi2n(208)t + 10mit}} Mt + 0.1 sin( 10) mej Ans. | wna = 10 cosi2n(10°¢ + 0.1sin(10%t) it : :ANGLE MODULATION ~< m,(#) and ma(©) be two message signals, and let x.,(t) and x_4(¢) be the modulated ¢ to m,(©) and m,(, respectively i ‘spond if the modulaHton ta T08 So0 All omicrri(3 ines (Oh wilhseoticaanodolated alinear Modulation.) o sient ove thi Promal equal t0;1(0)+%.,(0 (This is why AM is sometimes refd reg te prove that if the modulation is PM, then the modulated signal produced by m,(t) + m not be X,1(t) + Xog(t) that is, superposition does not apply te angle-modulated sig: hy angle modulation is sometimes referred to as a non linear modulation.) NTU, Hyderabad, Sem. Exan m IS Wet + mgt) cos x(t) +x sre, DSB (AM) modulation is a linear modulation Xqy(t) = A coslo,t + k,m,(ti} t A cosfin.t + k,m,(t)} oe x,(0) = A cosf.t + k,im,(t) + m,(t)] odulation, A carrier signal is angle-modulated by the sum of two sinusoids as unde: x.(0) = A cos(o,t + Bysin o,t + By sin ot) (i) where o, and 0, are not harmonically related. Determine the spectrum of x,(t)- 1: The given signal x,(t) can be expressed as unde x, = ARe[ Manet) = A Re (eteihisinat, ey ii) = » idem = In(B)e hese expressions into equation (ii) and taking the real part, we get mo,)t aii) ectrum of x,(t) consists of four categories on (iii) it may be observed that the s nes at @ + ne, due to one tone alone band nd lines at , + may due to the other tone alone se of the non linear property of angle modulation. end lines at @, + nwo, 4 may becau ma 1S a aii Nae is) areas Lk os ee> COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS : signal EXAMPLE 4.37. Givon the anglemodulated x Xai) = 10 co(beiO% + 200 cor ETON) What will bo bandwidth of this angle modula Solution i ww by ‘The instantaneous frequency is given by ¥ = BRC 1O) — 4 10%) gi eC LONE Ao) © ALLO), cng, 2ACTON, ad aw anc.o) oy are!) Also, we have Bandwidth BAY, « 2(f) + Lm, « 8.O4R( 10%) Fade Stas B >> 1, therefore BAW, 9 240 = 8H10% rade ¥ BW, = 400 kHe Ans, CAAMPLE 4.38. A 20 mogahorte (MHz) carrier is freq: 8 tne hat the maximum frequency deviation is 100 kia, — the approximate bandwidth of the FM signal if the frequency ¢ a () 2 ka, Gi) 100 kite, and (iH) BOO KEL, Given Af = 100 kHz, f, © 20 MH2 >> fy, Solution: For sinusoidal modulation, f= Ai odulating ai ©) With f= UkH2, B = 100. This is a WBFM signal, and fy @ QAP © 200 kHy. W) With f, = 100 keHls, 8 = 1. Thus, we have fy © AP + Vf, = 400 Ee th) With EXAMPLE 4.39. Given an angle-modulated signal X(O = Weos(o.t + 8 sina,,0) Assume PM and f= 1 kHz. Calculate the modulation index and ft ( fy is double and Gi f,, is decreased by one-half. Sobition A coslogt + K,mitl] = 10 coscoyt + 3 sinwyyt) ‘Thus, a, sino, t, and Xpmlt) = LWeos(o.t + kya, sind, t) We have ok, 6 Tt may be observed that the value of fis inde; fy = 200+ Df, = 8 kHe © When f,, is doubled, B = 3, , = 2kHz, and fy = 203 +12 = 16 kite Ui) When f,, is decreased by one-half, B= 3, f, = 0.5 kH2, and fy = 23+ (0.5) = 4 Kile Given pendent of f,, Now, when f,, EXAMPLE 4.40. Repeat problem (4.40) when FM is assumed ie, Xpy(t) = fonts ky Java = 10 coslo.t + Bsin « Solution: Thus mit) 8,,c050, and uk, Xpylt) = 10eos [acs “asian = fake | Mak ah i. arty > Beg! ulated by 8 vinusoiday termine the modulatio ” ind lox ignal iy m= 900 KH, B= 0.2. This is an NBFM signal, and fy ® 2%, © 1000 kHz © 1 MDty ‘and nd the bandwidth whey = 1kHz, we haveANGLE MODULATION te aay be observed that the value of ia invensaly praportanal io f. Thus, when 1 its, we have fp = AB + Uf, = 29+ D1 = a kis ; : When f is doubled, B = 9/9, fs Oty, and fy = B+ Df, « = 10 kite when fy is decreased by one-half, 8 6, 6 = 0.6 kta, and fy = AB + DE, = 6+ 0.5) = The Ane. MpLe 4.41. Acarrier signal is frequency-modutated h a sinus a a cXAMPLE Sam frequency deviation off Kae ested With a sinusoidal signal of # hifi resulting ie ypind the bandwidth of the modulated signal, ‘The amplitude of the modulating sinusoid signal * sequency is lowered to 1 kHz. Dete rae aned by 4 factor of , and tte rmine the equene; ation and the bandwidth of the new modulated signal, Maximum frequency deviati 4 th on; 1) We have p = Km _ Af aot) rea hy = ga08 #28 Then, the bandwidth will be BW. = 26+ Df, = 22.5 4 192 = 14 kite Let B, be the new modulation index. Then, we have ky3Qm _ g Kem 6-m = p= 62.5) = Oy, iB = 6(2.5) = 15, ay Pia) Therefore, we have af BW. B,f,,t = (15)() = 15 kHz 2B, + Diy = 205+ 1)(1)=32kHz Ans, MPLE 4.42 As a matter of fact, in addition to Carson's rule, the following formula is often used to estimate bandwidth of an FM signal = B.W. = 20+2)0, for D>2 where oy, = 2nfy and fy is the highest frequency of the signal in hertz. Caleulate the bandwidth, ‘Sing formula, and compare it to the bandwidth, using Carson's rule for the FM signal with af kB and fy = 15 kHz. Note that commercial FM broadcast stations in the United States are limited to maximum fequeney deviation of 75 kHz, and modulating frequencies typically cover 50 Hz to 15 kHz. Ssuion : We have w,, = 2nfy, where fy = 15 kHz, we get af 15.0%) fw ~ wage) ~% ‘aud by using the given formula, the bandwidth will be BW, = 20D + 2ifyy = 210 kHz “arson's rule, observe that the bandwidth will be BW. = 20D + Dfy = 180 KH Using ¢ {important py at Carson's ru int: High-quality FM radio require bandwidth of at tewst 200 kHa. Hence, it seems Je under estimates the bandwidth, aaa UAMpLE 4 90 PLE 443. Given a frequency multiplior circuit and an NBFM siypval x, = Ac ) With cg Zane? = A conto, + i xin yt scat te a9 from 50 Hl to 15 kit ma 5 and f, = 200 kHz, Let f,, rany and no deviation af'at the output be 78 kilz, Dotormine the reausired frequency. “Maximum allowed frequency deviation at the inputsFrom the expression fif,,, we have solution Af 75110") Buin = 15:10" 760") _ 1509 and Br 60 1 f, then the required frequency multiple p, is the input B, ther ‘ation Will py Fp, = 0.5, where B sia! Boas _ 1500 iS G7 08 the input, denoted 4, will be quency deviation at. the inp a 3000 ‘The maximum allowed freq af _ 7510") n ~ 3000 ce = 25H2 Ans. 4. A block diagram of an indirect (Armstrong) FM transmi XAMPLE tter has e1 leviation Af for the output of th, Show, “aleulate the maximum frequeney deviation af, PUt Of the FM Hen, eect erin actresto iii Ss 108 MH, 3f, = 25 Hz, ny = 64 age = Gdn an AC UaNiia,) = CbkeAde Hen eae " ee eee nyf, = 64¥200K10%) = 12.8(10°) Hz = 12.8 MHz s [23.6 MHz fp = 12.8 + 10.8) (10°) He = Frequency Frequency | x(t | multpier y 7 [ L_nutle = Py el 4, i ‘, ah a ai OD to Fig. 4.61. Block diagram of an indirect FM tranemitter 23.6 MHz, then, we have f= of, = (4823.6) = 1132.8 MHz When 2 MHz, then, we have of = (48) ator frequeney 2 to avoid distortion. Let f,, rangefon (PTU, Jalandhar, Sem. Exam 200506) Bf, (0.20.50) = 10 Hz 75110) “To = 7500=a,n, and "af, = 0,(21(105) Hy ‘sion, we haveANGLE MODULATION < oO.2X10%) 108108) _ 8 ah o ny ny nh fo 2 150, we get win 4 on modulated signal has maxim gc Me heads and afecnente of 120 Hz. ae oie frequency deviation of 2 ane to Brat quénny-GORK0 EREEE the angle modui aa be shear vad teat sinusoidal PM, the 50 and fio = 9.28MHa Ans, (240 ) joo |(50) sf. = [30 | (00 He, 201108) shereore 100 Ann we oberve that i sinusoidal FM, dhe stax frequency deviation Af is independent of e have thas. We 200 20110%) 50 REAAT Atlow carrier frequencies, it may be Possible to : enathe'er a panies resonant circuit. Prewe Ssnerate an FM signal by varying suteoutpat.(0 of the tuned cireult shownrt, figure Co er iial it the Capeditaetoaniaiia time igendence of the form Clt) = Cy ~ emey ad ution: If we assume . epen he esume Km) is small ang slowly varying, iE e eeMS \ON SYSTE! yMUNICAT > COM! ignal AMPLE 448, An FM sis E aculacr| mah a xpy(t) = > of a high-pass RC filter and an e, ny DVelope de iti i 2 plied to a system ee oveupied by Xpyit). Determine the ouipes te = ieee in the freque | ieramte ce both sides of equation (i) yields ane Fourier transform of bo king solution : Ta 1 jo "X(@)} = =X(w)~ ey Yo) Ex(o)-e Baller jot = jor and then 1 - EF" = jor ror << tl Ya) = joX(o) 1 to the derivative of x(t) equal to ative of x(t) anc 5 hich indicates that y(t) is approximately equal ST Mast sah, which indica y ition 1 rect Ans. aly aanan EXAMPLE 4.49. The sinusoidal modulating wave mit) = A,, cos(2xf,,t) ‘ : is applied to phase modulator with phase sensitivity k,.. The unmo ulate is s tomas f, and amplitude A.. x sake -arrier \i) Determine the spectrum of the resulting phase- ; eee maximum phasor deviation j, = k,A,, does not exceed 0.3 radians, at, ‘) Construct a phase diagram for this modulated signal, and compare ji corresponding narrowband FM signal. U.P.S,c Solution : (i) A phase-modulated wave is expressed as, S(t) = A, cos fo,t + k,m(t)] mit) = A, cos(2at,t) NO = A, 00s [2nh.t + ly, A, cos(2nt,t)] = A, cos I2mEt + fh, costae) where B, = ky Ay, knovin as modulation tds for PM. = A, cos (nf, c Now, if B, < 0.5, then, £08 1B, os (2rf,.t)) = 1 fin Ip cost2af,0] = B, eostOet,t) we can write equation () as, S10) = A, cos(2nf.t) — ig Jet Accos(2at) 2 8A. sin lent, + ‘Therefore, Spectrum of s(t), will be Wei modulated signal, where, then, Se(B, cos(2nt,t) — A, sin (nh) + sin[B, cos (2nf,) we have Then, BA, sin(2n.t) costa) ott) = fy) t] 5 ByAesin [nf - 6,9) ©08 (2Rf.t) ey ple z f)+ 8846) and SO ARE o> 5 18E— f+ ae Ry Using Fourier "ransform pairs wo have 82 FAlKr—4, y 2 oF pact he i ~ 4g PA. (E48 +f.) a+ 85]w FM has bees Hower iw Age 44 wt An angle-modulated signal is given by x(t) = Seos [2x (10%)t + 0.2 xt] on you identity whether x,(t) is a PM or and FM signal ? civ modulaton, the modulated carrier is represented by, xi) = Aces lt + of] ot) = kymigh, signal and k, is phase duration constant. I oS; knit) “nation constant = 5 cos (2m (10%) + 0.2 cos 200 nt), =, com (200 mt) ka, cos (200 mt) » 0.2 eon (200 nt) P PM signal 0) = hy fmt dh + My) » by Jooaae« ) AbaLE HHL Bt Upper silo Heruerey> COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS a ke Jmarda Atty =~.) )=1 k = Hm cosOnt Ane wo = GS er PM or an FM signal and then x,(t) is a FM signal, Hence it can be either PM or a: si , # oe EXAMPLE 4.51. An angle modulated signal with carrier fre TUCNCY w= 2 x 196 S(t) = cos 2x(2 x 105t + 30 sin 150t + 4 Fad lsee ; 10 cos 1504) see j then, \)) Determine the maximum frequency deviation (1) Find maximum phase deviation, and Gi) Find the bandwidth of sit), King by Solution : (i) We know that instantaneous frequency is given by a Sonex 0%t +30 sin150t + 40c0s1504)) m= GMO = Flame ; * x 10 + GOR x 150 . cos 150t ~ 80x x 150. sin 150 SF A= a ~ ex = 60n x 160, con 1606 ~ 80m x 160 sin 1500 A@ = 15000R . cos (150 + a), EXAMPLE 4.52, A carrier ofamplitude 20 V and freq volt. Determine approxi Solution BW = 21aF+ £.) But AF = key x V,, = 25 KHZ x 20 y or A= 500 kHz or 0.5 MHz or BW = 1200 kHz or 1.2. Miz Ang EXAMPLE 4.53, 4 carrion which beans a Peak voltage of 5 V has a frequency of 199 tnar et #8 frequency modulntet by a sinusoidal waveform of mrequency 2 KHz to such er at frequency deviation from jer frequency is 75 kHz. The maociulated waveform passes %ero and is increasing at time tc¢ Write the expression for Modulated carrier wavefors, (GTU, Gujarat, Sem. Exam, 2004) (6.5 Marks) Solution : Given that Ne=5V, f= 100M, ¢ 29 KHz, af=75 kbs. We know that the standart See at EM weave ts aivadite 8 = vou =V, sin lat mpsin , t} But ot atte = 2k x 100 108 + 9.42 10° rad/s and On On fa = Qu x2 x 10 = 12.566 « 10° rad/s a Also, meee Therefore, S(t) = 5 sin (0.6283 x 109 * (B75 sin 12.566 x 108 ¢) ‘Pression,ANGLE MODULATION < m,= 10 dard expression for PM wave i given by re ta” sit) = V, sin fo, t+ m, sin wy t] ven expression i8 ne s(t) = 20 cos {108 nt + 10 sin 2x (10 wh s(t) = 20 cos [10° nt + 10 sin 2x (10? t) + w/2] ope, nasimum phase deviation is (10 + r2) rad = 11.57 rad. Ans therefore 5A 15 watt, 1 MB unmodulated carrier is frequency modulated with a sinusoids! pawrut ion is 6 kHz. The frequency of modulating signal is 2 kHz. Calculate eos) #0 ed in the bandwidth given by Carson's Rul se averase Povey of unmodulated carrier = 1 MHz ‘ution: Freauen™” P=15W, kHz, kHz, po find the modal therefore m= 3 rom table f0F 1 yr 926, J, = 0.34, Jy = 049, Jy = 0.81, Jy = 0113, Jp = 0104, Jp = 0.01 lo F qhe total average power, Pro P[sp +2 (i +53 +55 )) Pr= 15 ((0.26)? + 2 (0.34? + 0.49? + 0.31? + 0.137 + 0.042 + 0.01)} Py = 15 [0.0676 + 0.9408] = 15 (1.0084) = 15. 126 W Ans. uote 456 Sketch the instantaneous frequency-time curve for a 100 MHz carrier wave freauency DiMiated by a 1 KHz square wave, the peak deviation is 90 kHz. (PTU, Sem. Exam; Dec, 0 Marks) souion: The required frequeney curve is shown in figure 4.65. Modulating ——— signal ———————1 ms ———4 ated [A noua AANA A AAA A AA +4 fef,-5 = 100.09 MHz = 0.910 MHz Fig. 4.65. {ALE4S7.A constant amplitude 2 kHz sine wave is used to phase modulate a carsior. At some ittie, the frequency of the modulating signal is inereased to 5 kHz, Explain what happens to cutput signal from a receiver used to receive the modulated wave. (PTU, Sem. Exam; Dec, 05) (2 Marks} a a As the amplitude of the modulating signal is not changed the maximum phase change in the carrier “Stange even after changing f,, from 2 kHz to 5 kHz.» COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS: However the rate at which the phase changes take place depends on f,, Calculate ds Bandwidth EXANPLE 4.59, What is the 75% Solution: ‘Therefore, thing from 2 kl to 5 kH the rate of phase change will increase i, e-modulated signal expressed ag 58 e bandwidth of an angle-modulate Sule eet loa X(O = 10 cos (2x x 10" t + 200 cos 2 x x 108 4) x (GTU, Gujrat, Sem, nal Solution: From the given expression hy f= 10° Ha m= 200 f= 10° He 2 B= mex fy, = 200 x 108 He BW 28 + fy] = 2 1200 x 10°41 x 108 Hy] = 402 x 10° Hz = 402 kHz Ans, frequency deviation and carrier swing frequency ecessary tp modulation in the FM broadcast band, (VTU, Banglore, Sem, Exam, oni % modulation = -Aetual frequency deviation In PM broad ‘Therefore, Hence, carrier swing For FM broadcast Carrier swing Maximum allowd deviation ‘ast band the maximum allowed deviation is 75 kHz. Actual fde ~— 75 kee, 5 kHz £46 101 MHz (between 88 MHz and 108 MHz) = 101 MHz + 56.25 KHz = 100.9437 MHz to 101.05625 MHz Ans, 18% = OM EXAMPLE 4.60. Repeat for an FM signal Serving as the audio portion of a TV broadcast, Solution: The maxi value of f.. The value of f will be ‘mum deviation will remain the same, But the different for each TV channel. (PTU Sem. Exam; Dee, 05) (3 Marks) carrier swing will differ depending en the EXAMPLE 4.61. For an FM wave represented by voltage equation: Determine the bandwid! and if it is a PM wave, Solution: Part I: For FM. Hence, carrier frequency Modulation index Modulating frequency Part I: For PM. "Modulation index Vinu(® = 10c08(8 x 10° ¢ +7 sin 6 x 104) ith of the signal, modulation index, modulating signal, if it is FM-wave ‘PTU Sem. Exam; Dee, 06) (3 Marks) Voy lt) = 10 cos (8 x ott 7 sin 6x toy oes Be ae Bey 8x108 oan = 127.32 MHz 7 6x10" : f= So : fn —S— $9.65 kate 5 ef, = 7x 9.55 kHz = 66.846 kHz BW = 218 + (41 = 2 (65.845 klHe 4 9.55 kHz} = 152.79 kite fin = 9.55 kHz, f= 197.92 Mite ™=7 Ans,nx 610°) AnsSUMMARY hs