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Amplitude Modulation 2.0

Amplitude modulation ques

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Amplitude Modulation 2.0

Amplitude modulation ques

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akaka1392781
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© © All Rights Reserved
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> COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS Spe tots -o) = 4))| x 1 costing tart rei * 9 woe Doe 2 in Nora : 2h 208 (=H) E- O31 +E cos eaj(t) (Let us sayl si) Fatt sentra =s,(t) fos 1) contains frequency component higher than the © arrier frequency f, and yf, and thy US SSB with upper sideband (USB). in The lower sideband (LSB) will be expressed a8 ¥ ‘Yeo igtyeos ext + ma }+sin(ogt) sin (t+ OD} att) Equation (ii) can be modified using frigonemetric expression and we obtain x sit Yoeostiae-opt al =6,(t) (Let us say! a iii) The total DSB-SC signal can be w gclt) = sytt) + §{0) written as under: Spsps Substituting equations (i) and (ii) in 5 Scoot #08 equation (iv), we get Spgp-sctt) = or spgpectt) = YF casita, +09) ++ 9)1+ c08 flog 0) t~6)) ‘On modifying last expression, we get i 2 easingt ens nit +93) Spans) N Y eoloyt +o) ‘cosloct) Ans. ia or [Link]) = 7 246, In am signal generation using phase discrimination method, the cart phsee shit nore aaa phase shift which differs from 2/2 by a small angle «. Obs Se coe verify that the output no longer corresponds to SSB-S\ ig signal x(t) may be considered to be a single tone sinusoidal signal 1.0 cos Solution: Given that single-tone sinusoidal signal is x(t) = 1.0 costn ft) and X(t) = 1.0 sin@n ft + a) The output of the SSB generating system will be s(t) = x(t) cos (2nfet)+&(t) sin Qnfyt + 0) Substituting equation (i) in equation (ii), we get s(t) = 1.0 c08 (fit) cos (2rf,t) + LOsin@nfyyt+ adsin(nf.t + 0) ict +00 AMPLITUDE MODULATION = Rat + 0) ft + 0) sin (2nf.t + a) a s(t) = 008 (2nf,1) con(2nf.t) + sinca, Saditying equation (i). Wo get 1 sit) = 5 [00 (nf + fy.) + costant ; on) tH} 5 leont2mif, fy) t—a ~ cosine + ft +a) 1 2 ge MO = LOOM + fg) 11 ss am + sen pxmuPLe oA synchronous detection of SB.S¢ the aynobronous deteotion of Sono, ite! shows phase and frequency ai ‘ joncy discrepancy. Consider G ‘ignal given by at) = Yi [e08 10,0 008 (@t+4,) =i i 2! Ot +6 (et) sin (oye +9;)] is multiplied by the locally generated carri rier Cos «.t and then low-pass filtered, ¢ completely recovered if the cut-off frequency ind a + font leostaniy +f) t+ colani ft al ce, we can say that the output waveform in form is no longe Be an SSB-SC waveform. Hence Proved. ‘the signal () Prove that the modulating signal ean by ofthe filter is fy =[ s(t} forall values aft <—— 2 nit) then, we have ait) @ YAR + BAcmi) ® efit A » ait) ® afuege Ast mit) 11 may bo observed that except fhe de bias Ay the envelope a(t) is approximately equal to my . Given the S81 wave s(t) «mnt con CnE,0 ~ H(t) sin ef where fin the onrrior frequency, mit) is tho message signal and ri(t) it its Hilbert trang levicw characterized by oe. ‘This medutated wave is applied to a squaretaw d EXAMPLE 3, ; yi) = D Prove that the output y(t) contains # frequency components at twice the fre. | but that it hasa time-varying phase, which makes it impractical to recover ee | (Gallout University Kerala, Sem. Exam; 2007-08) ats Solution: The square law device output, with SSB wave w(t) ax Input, ls given by { yit » WA) frm) ost = she) sinC2ft i OO © mP dons t) + ab )sin® nf.) ~ Qld) Hh eos(2nfOsin( Antes 1 te yit = COU cotati NPC — cont m(t) mi(t)sin(4nt,t) Vim®tye th’ Vint he aed eh 4 28, \72 it = Seto core (Fim ty oP mPa ten) cosl4nt,t + Q(t) a) Smt h(t) where Qit) » tan“ EES mei ah") | Hence Proved, » Important Point: Si ks be sicainated a ak the 4 combination of amplitude and frequency modulation. makes it impractical to recover eee pasiieton is unaffected by such an operation, wht i » -. " emodulator. However, ga: We know that an SSB signal is expr, in place of sguy°” °° demodulation, 88 ed by, (GATE Examination, meget) = salt) = m(Q).cos(a,t) 1998) i BO singe —% — a(t) is the Hilbert transform atic = i : form of, us demodulator shown in nee SMA, =" present at the input, “Be 3.102, an we d= “ed hay [Link](0,.) + rt) sitet er as Dleosjat sg) 5-102 mit) y(t) = “5~ - €080 7 tat).sing is no attenuation but n the input is DSB-SC Xpsalt) = mit) . cos(e,t + 0) only phase distortion by angle 6 dW) = mit). cos(e,t)). costo,t + 0} filtering, we get the output 1 = FMI) [e050 + cos\2ayt + 0)] 1 ytt) = Zmit).cosd Ans, proportional to m(t), when @ is vary which is undesirable, 's constant. But if @ varies randomly with time, then an expression for the signal v,(t) in figure 3.108 f é ) = oe) + 0.1 v,2(t) and that the BPF is =“ Year ata pine Hz. (GATE Examination-1998) BPF pea val va Fig. 3.103. [10 cos(2000 xt),+ 4 sin(200 xt)] + [10 cos(2000 xt) + 4 sin(200 xt)]? x 0.1 000 mt) + 4 sin(200 mt) + 0.1 x [100 cos%2000 nt) + 16 sin 200 nt) + 80 cos(2000 xt) sin(200 mt) Gea #\. 2g iLeeosl00rl hon 10 cos(2000 nt) + 4 sin(200 xt) +100 = y +40 [sin(2200 nt) - sin(1800 xt)} x 0.1 ~ 0.8 cos(400 nt) + 4 sin(200 xt) j i ‘4-4 sin(2200 wt) = 4 sin(1800 nt) + 5.8 Hy, therefore the output after filtering will be a total power of 5 kW when the carrier is M broadcast transmit \ ar en odulation index of 0.7071. Compute pe 00 R gout 40 kW then, p a4 126 18 puri, iow that ce eae ‘on efficioney is given by 1 A* Be 100% 4 100% on 1m js ‘ : 0,50 ye ey 100% = 90.60 100% 220% Ans. ji) Power delivered to the Joad will be or jw At oo x10! xa0x10" ts. ak moduation (QAM) each signal can be ree« thatin quadrature amplitude rs of same frequen ion of the received signal by using two local carr EXAMPLE 9.50, 8how hy aynohronous detec but in phase quadrature, 4 QAM schiome has been shown in figure matt) Q- | con v,t @) (WBTU, Kolkata, Sem. Exam; 2005 8.104 fire} — vin em 008 «gt ‘ ay ntl) | eS LPF [-—— yatt) = 1/2 mal Fig. 3.104, I _— 3 the boxes labelled = and maid, hen, we will get Xqau(t) = M(t) cos Ot + mylt), sin (tof the upper multiplier will be a(t) = 2xqam(td. cosen,t = 2im(t) cos o,4 __ = mit) + my(b) cos 2o,t + my), ey ss filtering, we have Nita xy(t) = mt) lar fashion, we get xy) = RaaylW. sino,t = 2im,(t), xa(0) = mW) sin 2o,t + my) my) eos anne es a). €08 2o,t xy(t) = m,(t) ponte that Quy #8” efficient method of transmitting two message signals within th : signals within the same an AM system, the modulating signai is si sinusoids ‘used, then find the ratio of total side-band power in the modlatenn signet ta “xay(l) = Acos Ot + MA 005 Wat cos o.t mA auld) = A casagt + “5° le0s(0, “Op Jt c0slay + Og) ‘condition for distortionless demodulation of a VSB signal, initially B signal through a vestigial filter using synchronous detector. = 2m(t) cos ot = M(o- 0) + Mo +o) ) = Xpgp(o)- Ho) y response of the VSB filter = [Mio 0) + Ma + oJ) Hw) ing synchronous demodulator, we have > COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS $ oan [yaa | 2yse® oot fe ® vga wal Since, 1+ sgnlw~ a) = @ Te 8 19 far acay, dl *MPLITUDE MODULATION <€ - 2 for m< ~ = sgn (@-0,) = { % ie een 0 fora> —o, Mesa) 4 %do) snes A N (2 for Jol «ng a tat as ig. 8.108, nas been shown in figure 8.108, ‘eerum shows that Xgep is an USB ~ i mate a Aes. SB — SSB signal. In a similar fashion, the Fe transform, . the Fourier transform of 1 = EM@- a) 11-sen0-o.)1+4 FMlO- a4) (1 —sen{0~ OIF MO +a. go 2 t-amo-0) = {5 frovee - 2 for m>~- egn (0+ 0) ¢ iH for w< De frequency response H() of a V: : reso) ote ‘SB filter has been shown in figure 3.109. mit) = a; COs0,t + ay COS (gt .a(t) can be demodulated by a synchronous demodulator. Fig. 3.109. 0 Fae = (a com t+ EOE A) TE Hay costae + t+ 5 d ageos(oy - opt + Bag ensiag- -on)t 15, hich ‘has gains of 0, a, 1 ~ 0 VSB filter output Xygp(t) iS Ko a) b+ 5) 1 haha H(o), shown in figure 3. i ey, and ©, + By soils ‘Thus, the ayes ~ optrdan (he aos ae ++ yeas(@, -@2)t Ans. G) 3.7, we get = xy) cos oct = 4ay(1— @) cos (2 n te the double-frequency terms, we obtain Lay easet agen 510 cos (2a, - 04)t a4, + 01)t +2008 (2am, +0) 4] ine miki EXAMPLE 3.63. sooive (wo ai ~” [are J — 0-2 ve c,h + ang(t) a,b gant? = mt ; : non cat = emy(t) += m4 (t) condeyt Joa! ot + g(t) ain H.C C08 OC gy 5 it SE xgayt) cow yt & my \ ietiin Gat \ [Link] gmxPeinZee ym n gant) sinayt * de, arv filtered out by the Low-paas filter, yielding All terms at 1 ye bm) yo gm and gait) « }myO Henoe Proved, s Important Point: Note that quadrature multiplexing is an efficient method of transiting wy Smowages signale within the aame baidwidth, 1 is used in the transmission of eotour yntormy ‘eignals in commercial television broadcasts, EXAMPLE 8.64 Given a two modulator shown in figure AL, The input signal con signal occupying the frequency band 0.8 to 34 kHLx, The (wo oscillator f, = 100 kHz and f, « 10 MHz, Specify the following + ()) Sidebands of DSB-SC modulated wave appearing at the two product modulator ups! (4H) Sidebands of SSB modulated wave appearing at the two BPF outputs (6) The passband and guard bands of the two BPP, i —— vt) [BPE | 8 ee @ t SSB output any ‘| Ajo08 2ntyt equenoies h Avoowaat,t (ty = 100KHe) (lym 10 MHz) Fig. 3.411 Solution: Output of PM,: The PM, output consists af two sideband ax follows LSB > 100 KH to 100 ke ~ 3 kHy. » 900.8 Kile to OT Ks ‘AMPLITUDE MODULATION USB + 100 kee + 200 Hts to 100 kt + 9 kite + 100. ks to 105 Kite APF: Acsume that this BPP passes only the USB omput of s(t) © 100.8 bHle to 103 Kite Beery: Ovipnt of PM, cosine ofthe flowing two sideband Outpt USB -> 10 Miz + 100.8 kifz to 10 MHe + 103 kH» + 10.1008 Mts to 10.109 Mit: ha LSB — 10 MHz ~ 100.8 KHte to 10 MHz ~ 108 ke ’ > 9.8997 Mits to 9.807 Me pps: Let the BPF2 select the upper sideband from the PM2 output eee prt output -+ 10.1005 Mit: o 10-109 Mita . of the two BPF: ; Pannen of BPP 1: 100.3 kts to 109 kite ‘Passband of BPP 2 : 10.1008 MH to 10.109 Miz BPFI: - ines of BPF1 extends from the lowest frequency of the USB to the higher frequeney of LSB ‘Guardband of BPF 1 = 99.7 kHs to 100.3 kHe. a fhe quardband of BPP? extends from 9.8007 MH to 10.1008 Mite rams. value voltage usoidal RF. (By) is 100 volts, After modulation by sin‘ eee ftaaee chp ox Os Uae? vere 118 vale. Ceboniobe modula index. ‘that carrier voltage E, (rms) = 100 V value of AM Eq (rms) = 110 V (ai) ‘of 400 W, determine total side- —. cc 1 power (Py Total P sy i Pi" 432 - 400 Ans. Therefore wer 800 kHz © ‘total sideband Po qaulator is an 800 eelbe with os pe whose amplitude is suffic al signal one output . 3.87 2 EXAM ie second inPUt | + 10V change in the Caleulate: er side bm Upper and lower i : (a jent a” coofficien on nvelope ( sfodulation cote ai <> Sima and aru (6) Draw output reduc elit ce (a) Draw the envelope oo ele, P= 40 a Given that op kilt, By, = 10) zm a= 9 (= (800 + 25) Kite = 825 kit f,) = (800 ~ 25) KHz 775 kHz Ans. tage modulation 10 . 025 x, 40 gas = x 100 0.26 = 100~ 25% Ans 40 + 10 = 50 vo 40-10 =30volts Ans. { f }- 245 i 2 \ he b 2p TTS kHz 800 KHz 825 kHz \ Fig. 3.112. Spectrum Fig. 3.113. Enve (d) Frequency spectrum Carrier amplitude B, = 40 volts Sideband amplitude = nk 025 x Figure 3.112 shows the spectrum (e) Envelope: Figure 3.113 shows the required envelope EXAMPLE 3.68. An AM voltage is represented by the expression. V= 5{1 + 0.6 cos (6280t)] sin (2x « 10* t) volt What are the minimum and maximum amplitude ? are contained in the modulated Walaa ms, oo "i oe th Solution: Given Expression: all AMPLITUDE MODULATION Van =5 11+ 0.6 c i a= 8 c08 (6280 t) sin (2x x 10" ) Bz mo f= 1kHe Uy given expression, we have : B, = by, Mini & poak amplitude of modulating signal is given by From the +m = 0.6, f,, = LkHz and f, = 108 mum amplitude of AM w and f. = 104 Hz = 10kH2 ee mE,=06%5=3V ‘Hence, min = F.-E,,=5-3~=2volts Ans. y Maximo amplitude of AM wave (E,) 5 Imax = By +f,=5+3=8volt Ans, up Veriour freauency components and ¢ amplitudes USB: fysp = +f, = 1041-11 kHz LSB: fysy = {, +f, = 10-1=9 kHz ae Carrier: f, = 10 kHz E, = 5 volt mE, _ 0.6x5 } = Spt = APS = 15 vot Ans. ‘Show that for 100% sinusoidal modulation, each side band contains one-sixth of m= 100% or 1 = =P; 14 na? (1) P,= P,+05)=15P, power P,= P,-P.=15P,-P.=05P, each sideband P, = 0.25 P. Py= 15 P,orP, = Fe 15 Bhs iiae Be = 025x T= M voltage is represented by the expression: V = 5 [1+ 0.6 cos (6280t)] sin (2x x 104 t) volts Depth (ii) f, (iii) period of Carrier wave (iv) the peak instantaneous ‘and calculate the rms voltage of lower side frequency component. The ‘across the resistance of 1k Ohms, what is the power dissipated? Part I Vay = 5 [1 + 0.6 cos (6280 t)] sin (2x x 10't) volts with the standard expression for AM which is as under: eq = Be [1 + m cos (2r ft] sin (2x ft) following values: ‘Therfore, Modul iy Modolating freaven®? ip Period of earrien W0TE i Carrier Frequened f= — t Ans. or corsien wave period = i civ) Peak instantaneot® value of AM wa . p25 Peak carrier value rey Peak modulating amplitude Eee eS Sas wa peak instantaneous © of AM 3 Therefore, Peak instonten St jet rom Part I 4) RMS value of LSB ‘Lt 1s expand the given expression to yc sencani Ors 10 anh or yen bia xx 2001+ 15 Sigh « G00) t+ cin zx ‘The peak amplitde of LSB 15V. Hence, its rms value Gi) Power dissipated 1 kO resistance We have, Where, E, Eyss Exsp the rms value. 2 6) 6) sinreirs ey ba 0) 1x10 ixi® 1x10 or P= 115x109 Wor 14.75 mW Ans EXAMPLES. Derive the Jon f i for total transmitted power in AM paar it n. AM wave in terms of t = 400 W carrit r saodulated to a depth of 75%. Calculate the Bete prrerer in the moda Solution: Given that P,= 400 W, m= 0.75 ‘Total power P, (vir. ( q (,, 0.75% Pe Saiah =512.5W Ans. } al powe Example 3.72. A 8. i .47 kW carrier is modulated signal. Assume that the abrir to depth of 60 percent. Find the to ne er oe modulating signal is sinusoidal. percent. Find the tot (0.60) = 8.47 x 10° |1+— |, Total power, P, =P, h a |B. le AMPLITUDE MODULATION ~< js a fandamental requi ment o| iy whieh some characteristic ofa signal ests system. Modulation may be defined as Miner signal known as modulating sign is varied according to the instantaneous Bip wanted ore called modulating in signel. The signals containing intelligence or information farrier Frequency is greater than the modulating re art modulation is known as modulated eal es 1 eaiaion may e elas a8 continuous wave modulation and pul Medea nat contin naar then the mtatyp meena dint atte, The exainples ofthis typeof modulation ars arene ec cule aodalation. il -ype of modulation are amplituele modulation and angle modulation, hand, if the carrier wavefor: vb 'm is a pulse-type waveform, then the modulation process is eMpalse modulation. The examples ofthis type of modulateos ave Palee-Arpitde Medula or Puise-Width Modulation (PWM), Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) ete in : ‘ion and Angle Modulation a: , “Amplitude Modulation and Angle Modulation are the two families of continuous-wave (CW) modulation systems _ Sieiplitude modulation, the amplitude of a sinusoidal carrier wave is varied i 12st (modulating) signal. On the other hard, in angle modulation, the an Ser eeut aie mie ie varied in accordance with baseband signal EAE. Uaah nen e mplitude Modulation may be defined asa system in which th : ster in .¢ maximum amplitude of the carrier wave de proportional to the instantaneous value (amplitude) of the modulating or baseband signal. signal [i.e. c(t) = A cos o,t] is a fixed frequency signal having frequency o,. The modulating oF signal zit) emtains the information or intelligence to he transmitted. In the process of amplitude nis information is superimposed upon the carrier signal in the form of amplitude variations signal. This means that the information to be transmitted, is now, contained in the amplitude ofthe carrier signal. In other words, in amplitude modulation, the information is transmitted inn of amplitude variations of the carrier signal g signal from the process of amplitude-modulation is called amplitude modulated signal or ly AM wave. ‘of amplitude modulation, the frequency and phase ofthe carrier remain constant whereas mum amplitude varies according to the instantaneous value of the information signal. ‘wave has a time-varying amplitude called as the envelope of the AM wave, The envelope of AM sists of the modulating or baseband signal is that the unique property of AM is that the envelope of the modulated carrier has the same ‘the message signal or baseband signal. ve frequencies, a portion of the spectrum of AM wave is lying above the carrier frequency ©. d of frequency which is lying above the carrier frequency ©, is known as the upper sideband the eymmetrical portion below carrier frequency a, is known as the lower sideband (LSB) frequencies, the upper sideband (USB) is represented by the portion of the spectrum below- lower sideband by the symmetrical portion above-), rally keep ©, > ©,, which ensures that the two sidebands do not overlap each other. frequencies appeared in spectrum analysis is due to the exponential representation of My, These negative frequencies are used for mathematical convenience. For areal function, frequencies have no meaning. For general purpose, it is sufficient to consider only the iueney region while treating the negative frequency region as a replica of the positive ‘This means that to calculate the BW of a signal, we consider only positive side. side, the highest frequency component present in the spectrum of AM wave is @, +, and frequency component is @, ~ On ence between these two extreme frequencies is equal to the bandwidth of the AM wave. cies and the signal which results from . B = (0), + Og) ~(@.- On) B = 20,, h of the amplitude modulated wave is twice the highest frequency present in the baseband signal. fadulation is & fundamental require, es by which some characteristic got 4 communi at Bereta ca tOwN as modulates ED a8 carrion St Modulation may be de tobe tasted are called modulating sgn #4. The apres SYS cording cee ened as Also the carrier frequency is groator than a “omtaining intelligence or informa an edulaton is known as moten not 8tng frequen Modulation may be classified as continusn at Ska "and the signa which results trom Ifthe carrion waveform is continuous in nature ten 8°" and pulse moe (CW)wodulation. The examples ofthis type ote Me Modulation preeen ation ee cniee Band. if the carrior waveform is a pyre litude moda Fepitinnaus-wave eee ation. The examples of this nee 'YPe Waveform, then He tree docve on (PAM), Polse-Width Modulation (PWM, Pulse Cog 8 of Modulation ane Pye 2oteltion proces in Amplitude Modulation and Angle Modul ote edulation (PEM) et sue lation are the two f wo families stems In amplitude modulation, the amplitude of aseband (modulating) signal. On the ether haa wave is varied in accordance with baseband siege Amplitude Modulation may be defined of continuous-wave (CW) modulation aried in accordance with the ‘modulation, the angle ofthe sinusoidal erent 5 a system in which the maxi Nae nae cre instantaneous value (amplitude) ot eee ae Pitude ofthe carrier wave Geerier Signal Ihe. c(t) = A cos wt] is a fixed frequency signal here te % baseband signal sschand signal x(t) contains the information or intelligence bene ee Se: The modulating or sodulation, this information is superimposed yn Se 1 De transite tn Unepmeesr oh ‘arrier signal in the form of amplitude variations ofthe carrier signal. This means that the information tobe trance Jariations of the carrier signal. In other words, in amplitude modulation, the iofren e heamplitude in the form of amplitude variations of the carrier signal ints coh ch coma Bare Sere from the process of amplitude-modulation is called amplitude modulated cig r simply AM wave. ulated signal or Sse peeess of amplitude modulation, the frequency and phase of the cartier remain constant whereas the maximom amplitude varies according to the instantaneous value of the information eral The AM wave has a time-varying amplitude called as the envelope of the AM wave. The envelope of AM ‘wave consists of the modulating or baseband signal This means that the unique property of AM is that the envelope of the modulated carrier has the same shape as the message signal or baseband signal For positive frequencies, a portion of the spectrum of AM wave is lying above the carrier frequency ©, Tis band of frequency which is lying above the carrier frequency @, is known as the upper sideband (USB) whereas the symmetrical portion below carrier frequency @, is known as the lower sideband (LSB) For negative frequencies, the upper sideband (USB) is represented by the portion of the spectrum below @, and the lower sideband by the symmetrical portion above-c, We generally keep a, > w,, which ensures that the two sidebands do not overlap each other The negative frequencies appeared in spectrum analysis is due to the exponential repre sentation of ier Transform. These negative frequencies are used for mathematical convenience, Fora real function, ee etative frequencies have no meaning. For general purpose, itis sulficient to consider enly. he pate frequency region while treating the negative frequency region as a replica of the p Hequencies, This means that to calculate the BW of a signal, we consider on ee For positive side, the highest frequency component present in the spectrum of AM wa re + Oy quency component is @, — Op, eat two extreme frequencies is equal to the bandwidth oft AM wave, ed B=, +6,)-(@,- 0) Roa ; oney present in the baseband Ts scan Amplitude modulated wave is twice the highest frequency present in the * Modulating signal, Se eiiaaetn anal nc oe al recovered from the envelope yi] Pte Kay, mension fete itbenroar ste nen 2 aod te ee ne carrier power P, and sideband pow a. essed 08 . . RQ ver, may be expressed by a term know the sen ot wot essa Po ‘ in AM wave as the percentage of total power cc * eae eel ; Sime Jransmiasion ol , erdebands ‘e Trannmission pie 00x70) AP exit) f 4 the AM is only 39.39%. This implies that only on¢.th, insion ficiency of ithe rest two-third is wasted AM transmitter current than the pc ofunmodulated and modulated @ a, High-level AM Modulation ; te Square-iaw diode modulation and switching modulation are examples of low-level modulatio: In a practical modulation circuit, the frequencies other than the carrier and two sideband are rejected with the help of a tuned eireuit- i ‘a. Square law diode modulation circuit make use ofnon linear current-voltage characte aa is suited at low voltage levels because of the fact that current-voltage ch highly ‘non linear particularly in the low voltage region. fg The proces of extracting a modulating or baseband signal from the modulated signal is cal ce scnation In other words, demodulation or detection is the process by which the me from the modulated signal at receiver. The devices used for demodulation or det demodulators or detectors. 5 For amplitude modulation, detectors or demodulators are categorized as 1) Square-Law detectors 1 Envelope detectors AM cignal with large carrier are detected by using the envelope detector. The envelop: pc oe ‘extracts the envelope of the AM wave. Infact, the envelope of the AM wave Sete ae re low-level amplitude modulated signal can only be detected by us ie =e ie preps cas Si non-linear region is used to detect the ® cee helo neat an eee cise sa of ome 1} mag the ose ing region may be restricted to the non-linear portion of the VI < tl Gt the same time, it gives satisfactory porta rma A it RC cannot be choser si TF Bieechargorcurve during the nowenensetet 19 e aa it voltage. Whereas, if the time pence HC Hi ee tisvos vocal ponies ots Tectied outpatre he dish {One source of distortion in linear diode ae eo °%P" Volage during meters Horizontal hy RC. gre is too low, removal of radio frome stortion du ° ingere it io Fama istrtion due to improper section of sme Fe. On the othe, nateee) components is inadequate and te ene the negative peaks of the modulation wise & large distortion may result doe to qodulator may be defined mode to prod as a circuit i DUAAa k RAR SIEED SH a which oo dec tingar deve Se cnnocied | ulator is another product modulat Ratatss aes odulator, which is us | ‘ may be demodulated by following two. i ase erate DSB-SC signal. detection method . detector after carrier re-insertion. hod avoids filter. ‘This method makes use of two balanced modulators and two phase- n or detection of AM signal is si ee hers cic Deseeer ees, Tee creamed slope. Furthermore, it is quite easier to generate e are es cone s a u generate conventional AM signals at high power to DSB-SC and SSB signals. For this reason, eonventnnl AM systems ae shied age of DSB-SC and SSB systems over conventional AM system i s r cOnV system is that the for ‘res ‘to transmit the same informatio "A bagel atin e needs only one-half of the bandwidth required in DSB-SC system and less than that ‘VSB also. Thus, we can say that SSB modulation scheme is the most efficient scheme SC and VSB schemes. SSB modulation scheme is used for long distance transmission of ‘because it allows longer spacing between repeaters. ‘the frequency translation of a modulated signal is known as a frequency operation is often called frequency mixing, frequency conversion, or heterodyning. technique in which several message signals are combined into a composite signal for common channel, In order to transmit a number of these signals over ths same Haut be kept apart so that they do not interfere with eachother, and hence they can ly at the receiver end. r: A mixer in which the input frequencies are cancelled and are therefore not present at of an unwanted signal by providing low-impedance path to ground. The total frequency range over which a PLL can become locked to a signal. ‘slab of quartz with attached electrodes; used as a resonant circuit i ignals between circuits. ees sttoth product of the instantaneous amplitudes of two reuit whose output is proportional to the jn which the amplitude of a high-frequency signal sation (AM): A modulation scheme instantaneou! i . with the i seplitude of an information signal by joining ak the individual RF cycles of & modulated wave y joi of the extent of ‘modulation of & signal. ————e lll overmodulation: aver depen tha allowed (for AM, this mean: peaks in an AM or jodulation te at modulation P asured 10 ater than one) oo pate al eee Cr power signal. information signals using tw vo, Quadrature AME cpeansmission of wer ae . ng two amplitude. carriers at the Sm" ranges bot SI pgdulate ignal, at a freque 13, Side ve Byueney? A signal mt in a od quency different from 1} caer. isi aegis i Siteband Ao ioe os posh only ome ot the ve sidebands is tr 18 Sr eoeed caret agent mich te esses frequency component i a y one idabands ar ' ms w oat \Ggnal: A signal isting vee a frequencies, not harmonically rel tte relate modulation in an AM transmitter Qi. Ans: Q2. Ans. Qs. Ans. QA. Ans. ti transmitters 6 i ange fa zoe with 19. High-level mo 20. Low-level mo output stage. a1. Bavelop detector: An AM demodt 19. Pilot earrier: Low-level a7" ftz Change of carrie’ ip! odulat rede moaiation OF idutatio fa transmitter at any point before the output jodulation ator that work « by rectifying the signal and low-p pass fil result. jer signal transmit write the expression for ‘AM wave? ‘for amplitude ™é ‘The standard equation mit) = xc) ens oe + A605 Ot slated (AM) wave may be expressed as What is the envelope of ANL wave? ion for AM wave i8 fit) = [A+ xt 08 OAL aft) = Blt eos Of we site Bit) = Aex0) Teel the envelope af AM wave This envelope consists of the bas ie eae igual ay be recovered from an AM wave by hen a the BW. for AM wave? 1e difference between these ies i ; two extreme frequencies is equal to the bandwidth of the ‘Bandwidth B= (0,+ 04) ~(0,- B= 20, What are the ae eect: fhe AM ial frequency companents as flow carrir frequency , having amplitude A ' rH : upper sideband (0, + ©,) having amplitud my A 2 8 teen i) lower sideband (0, ~0,) having amplitude a> 2 ed to fnelitate regeneration of the carr the output element of the output st stage of a tra: Hence, AM wave ‘nolp of these frequency components, we can 8, we can plot the frequency. i Mnodulated (AM) wave. Figure 3.114 shows the one-sided tinh openness efficiency in AM wave? id of useful message power P, may be expressed by a term known as transmission dulation ? ‘of extracting a modulating or baseband si i or detection. In other words, ema gape Pare mee se ¥ d from the modulated signal at Be ld cada S| Sai bier ei Teceiver. ‘The devices used for demodulation or na demodi rs or detectors. For amplitude modulation, detectors or demodulators detectors, (ii) Envelope detectors. .in a DSB-SC signal ? (modulated signal or (DSB-SC Signal) DSB-SC Fig. 3.115. B = (0, + Og) —(@,- Op) = 2m, e bandwidth of DSB-SC modulation is same as that of general AM wave. yn methods for DSB-SC signal ? (Madras University foe in which several message signals are combined into a composite signal for ra der to transmit a number of these signals over the same common channel. In ‘that they do not interfere with each other, and hence they ‘must be kept apart 50 amplitud, ion 80 aie? ranean gor ‘ at jon and modulation index? eo rn postal trcontat® | y , | ee « core inant wae apoctrum? A ’ te eee etn sash rato y sseage scersansion? « vine we yan’ seo a6 2 enol ial ” A aos wan instr fee 7 @ cetera A "AM wave which crosses the zero a 4 us 58 a tor corer POST” Q As | a oo ener an the carrier power? 3 “nie dein th rer iipated ine radiation resistence R : = chan meen of an ante = ‘of sideband power in AM? An Pe (qum= 0) a An in AM? @ Pygaas® VSP (atm= Vs : tho cmrtog pore ts 8? What is its maximum value for Ans enamel ear i * the total transmitted } es 2 power Pe + 100%, Its maxi | ’ imum value is ' he ns Qa j Ans r dhe other ame of ANY tie. double sideband Cul carrion used for radio broadcasting appticatio ie eae ina, Paton. Per example Pune A station (Ankaaiwan : supresaion for total modulation index for Simultaneous modulation by “a” signal get severely affected due to noise? EE Genel rari the amplitude variations of an AM wave, sod the naise modifies de of the AM signal, Thus due to noise the information will be contaminated, Pattern displayed on the CRO screen, what {s the expression for the Tepresented by ey = 10 (1 + 0.4 C08 6280 1) cos (6.28 x 10", What are the BE doce tier trorceonast = ir ie. 1 MH, the information signal is called ay and the high frequency signal is ‘and carrier. is usually than the modulating frequency. of the carrier signal is called .... and it has the same shape as the signal. AM is os or works on the principle of (b) Addition. (d) Division. aispave™ arith respect f° frequency is called as... and should not contain Any harmonic Ans. Frequency domain display ave as. Why should be carrier bO* ure be ave fag ea “nations by areeever. So they ae Decne te baronies gatos a tose frequencies: sie Bh the alrendy existi"é alae Bik str an 0 qt. Fors caretor 8 of ME is raped by the AM signal? ne, 998 hits to 1002 KE 6 should always Pe: Qa. In AM, the modulating frequency (yy Lower aunt ay Greater than fe je) Bqaal tof, ans. 0 win AM. Qa. ‘cheeee ena correc ten tim Caches power WET consis (b) Total transmitted power jis constal © ‘power is constant a) Bandit ia intial, 6 cos (2x x 10008)1 cos (rx 10° ty th, © sided, nd Am (© 50. 1 nant we roped 310 1 ne () 999 kHz and 1001 KHz frequencies are: rreMgoe fiz and 1002 Kits (e) 0.998 ‘and 1.002 MHZ (d) None of the above. Ans. (b) Qs ‘carrier of 190 W is modulated fo Me ‘of 50%. The total transmitted (a) 126 W (b) 125 W Power ig, fo) 15908 (@) 100W Ans. Q52, For 200 W carrier, if the modulation index is varied bet ‘Saeband power ween 0 and 1 then the chan, ta) 150 (b) 200 W Bein ©) aw (a) 100 Ans. (d) Q53. ‘The total transmitted power is proportional to square of < Peak antenna current (») RMS antenna current = ‘Average antenna current (d) Peak to peak antenna current. QA. “A-carrier is amplitude modulated simultaneous! i Aco and 06. The effective modulation index eer motessonind (a) 09 (b) 0.8 fe) 0.67 Ans. (c) (d) None of these. 55, ‘The AM signal that occupies (a) 5 kHz sine wave — the greatest bandwidth is the one modulated b; (c) 5 kHz square wave (b) 2 kHz sine wave M Ans. (c) salve 0.56. Express the total sideb power as a percent: yr of the carrier power for 100% moduli AMPLITUDE MODULATION =< tal transmitted power In AM is the su , the tower and total sie band power, pavof ssn : with a carrier of 1 kWh AM signal 148 100 W power in en Power in each side band. The modulation yn for AM with non-sinusoidal modulating signal is gi peor Shc ig signal is given by.. tages of AM are. ‘BWW, requirement. seant by the term amplitude modulation. m modulation index for AM. xpression for single-tone amplitude-modulated wave. {ded frequency spectrum for a single tone amplitude modulated signal. + relations for single-tone amplitude-modulated wave. ‘relations for single-tone amplitude modulated wave. for the transmission efficiency of AM wave. 4, and high-level AM modulation methods with help of figures. law diode modulation method for AM generation. @ signal is demodulated by applying it to a coherent detector. Evaluate the effect of 2 main the loeal carrier frequency ofthe detector, measured with respect to carrer frequency m(t) = it ‘of the modulated wave for the single sideband modulation with only the upper side- n of filter method for generating SSB signal for an audio base-band sis ements of the filter ? m of phase shift method for generating SSB signal. What happens when carrier ‘produces a phase shift which differs from 90° by a small angle 0. ‘modulator ? Explain how the ring modulator for generation of DSB-SC wave acts as a ignal. What d modulator produces an output consisting of standards only, with the carrier ‘small frequency error in the local oscillator on synchronous DSB demodulation. sgram of phase cancellation SSB generation and explain how the carrier and the are suppressed. Me ‘kinds of AM? Why cannot suppressed carrier SSB signal be used for ‘compatible form of SSB could be so used” % Describe vestigial sideband transmission. n 26. Give the classification of AM system. modulating: [> CONMUNICATION SYSTEMS ‘qive ite application. amd pr herent 5 axput eonsisting of sideband, only with the cary ~ “te am “ira generation. FETS advantages and disadvantages ae Tenn the other methods, Tespect 4, Write detailed short note of cdi astm " swith relative VSB transmission : prineipl eer Gutnwor to generator a DSE-SC signal ‘Sketch and explain the working ton? ission? ‘used in TY transmis opt of amplitude modulation, Why is VSB modulation ee Define the term “Modulation” and explain a, deve exprvasion for an AM wave and i on for total transmitted power P, in terms of p | one modulating signals. ara dhe exprescian fo awe tor ss OAD ng Sa ccpncin fx entation index when more than one AF signals simultaneously mag Find the expression oda ‘same carrier. : of square-low modulator which generates the AM wave. Prove with (, AM at its output. help of derivation that it goerates 0 the operation of a switching modulator, ‘output of the switching modulator. the State the types of detectors used for AM. . 4. en the ipa wk oe ‘explain the operation of the equare law detector. te ee ho mentnenet tet ‘qutput of an envelope detector circuit. ry ‘of RC time constants for the envelope detector circuit. 44. State and. the various distortiones encountered in the envelope detector, ‘and applications of AM. {When would you prefer FDM to TDM! :. jor more signals simultaneously on the same medium is cali is called, 49. What type of m i used in a tes (2x 1000t) modulates a carrier describe « (a) Sketch the audio signal. ‘b) Sketch the carrier. 7 ©) Construct the modulated wave showing all amplitude magnitudes. ‘d) Calculate the modulation factor and percent modulation. | COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS ‘Give ne application. enission esedinzotsidebend, only with the carrie cat jw advanages and disadvantages with ye” resp : arith relative frequescy spectrum application with ra generator a DSB-SC signal aa Arana cept of amplitude modulation, sco, derive the expression for a1 AM wave fas etiects we AM wave and plot it ‘M4. Define transmission ee AM wave fe ore _ Soe SS nena modulate th, : Jolatar which generates the AM wave. Prove with the carrier. Rat creer ae cimrama expas te opzaiza of evithing mosneiar ‘output of the switching modulator. of detectors used for AM. a Se hyo en cok agen eplo tin cersion oe oa law detector. 2 ane he waveforms at imput and ouput of sn envelope detect circuit. 43, aplain the importance of RC time constants for the envelope detector circuit. : ‘various distortiones encountered in the envelope detector. 145. State the Advantages, disadvantages and applications of AM. 46, What is FDM? Whereis it used? 47. When would you prefer FDM to TDM? 4{5. The process of transmitting two or more signals simultaneously on the same medium is 2 What type of siedulation is used in FDM? 50, Draw the spectrum of FDM signal. 51. Define the FDM hierarchy. 52. Does FDM need synchronization? 43. What are the advantages of FDM system? 54. What are the disadvantages of FDM system? 1 aoe mathematical description is 25 sin (2x 1000t) modulates « carrer (a) Sketch the audio signal. () Sketeb the carrer. ‘c) Construct the modulated wave showing all amplitude magnitudes. — 2000 Ht iow many AM broad inal which wa: of 12 ME annels could be a qultaneously if th 490 kifz bandwidth fequeney must each

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