Engineering Mathematics
1.14.1 Properties of function
Γ𝑚.Γ𝑛
(i) 𝛽(𝑚, 𝑛) =
Γ(m+𝑛)
(ii) 𝛽(𝑚, 𝑛) = 𝛽(𝑛, 𝑚)
∞ 𝑥 𝑚−1
(iii) 𝛽(𝑚, 𝑛) = ∫0 𝑑𝑥
(1+𝑥)𝑚+𝑛
∞ 𝑥 𝑛−1
𝛽(𝑛, 𝑚) = ∫0 𝑑𝑥
(1+𝑥)𝑚+𝑛
1 𝑝+1 𝑞+1
(iv) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑝 𝜃. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑞 𝜃 𝑑𝑥 = 𝛽 ( , ) , (𝑝, 𝑞 > −1)
2 2 2
1.15 Area between the curves
If the function f(x) > g(x) for all values of x between x=a and x=b then
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
𝐴 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 − ∫𝑎 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ⇒ 𝐴 = ∫𝑎 (𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥
Fig. 1.11. Area under curve
1 2
2
Note : Area bounded by curve r = f () between = and is r d
1.16. Multi Variable Calculus
(a) Continuity of a function
A function f(x, y) is said to be continuous at (a, b), if 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑓(𝑎, 𝑏)
𝑥→𝑎
𝑦→𝑏
(b) Differentiation of a two-variable function
If f(x, y) is a continuous function, then the derivative of f(x, y) with respect to x treating y as constant is given by
𝜕𝑓 𝑓(𝑥+ℎ,𝑦)−𝑓(𝑥,𝑦)
p= = 𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝜕𝑥 ℎ→0 ℎ
The derivative of f(x, y) with respect to y treating x as constant is given by
𝜕𝑓 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦 + 𝑘) − 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑞= = 𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝜕𝑦 𝑘→0 𝑘
(c) Homogenous Function
A function f (x, y) is said to be homogenous function of degree ‘n’ if 𝑓(𝑘𝑥, 𝑘𝑦) = 𝑘 𝑛 . 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦).
GATE WALLAH ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION HANDBOOK 1.13
Engineering Mathematics
Example: 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦 3
𝑓(𝑘𝑥, 𝑘𝑦) = (𝑘𝑥)3 − 3(𝑘𝑥)2 (𝑘𝑦) + 3(𝑘𝑥). (𝑘𝑦)2 + (𝑘𝑦)3
= 𝑘 3 (𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦 3 )
= 𝑘 3 . 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) is a homogenous function of degree ‘3’.
(d) Euler’s Theorem
If f (x, y) is a homogeneous function of degree ‘n’ then
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
(i) 𝑥. + 𝑦. = 𝑛𝑓
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓
(ii) 𝑥 2 . + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦2 = 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝑓
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2
If f(x, y) = g(x, y) + h(x, y) + (x, y) where g (x, y), h (x, y) and (x, y) are homogenous functions of degrees m, n and
p respectively, then
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
𝑥. + 𝑦. = 𝑚. 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) + 𝑛. ℎ(𝑥, 𝑦) + 𝑝. 𝜙(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓
𝑥2. + 2𝑥𝑦. + 𝑦2. = 𝑚(𝑚 − 1). 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) + 𝑛(𝑛 − 1). ℎ(𝑥, 𝑦) + 𝑝(𝑝 − 1). 𝜙(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2
(e) Total derivative:
du u dx u dy
(i) If u = f(x, y) and if x = (t), y = v(t) then = . + .
dt x dt y dt
du u u dy
(ii) If u be a function of x and y, where y is a function of x, then = + .
dx x y dx
(iii) If u = f(x, y) and x = f1 (t1, t2 ) and y = f 2 (t1 , t2 ), then
u u x u y u u x u y
= . + . and = . + .
t1 x t1 y t1 t2 x t2 y t2
dy f / x
(iv) If x and y are connected by an equation of the form f(x, y) = 0, then =−
dx f / y
(f) Concept of Maxima and Minima in Two Variables
If f(x, y) is a two-variable differentiable function, then to find the maxima (or) minima.
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
Step-1: Calculate 𝑝 = and 𝑞 = and equate p = 0, q = 0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
Let (x0, y0) be a stationary point.
𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓
Step-2: Calculate r, s, t where 𝑟 = | ; 𝑠= | ;𝑡= |
𝜕𝑥 2 (𝑥0 ,𝑦0 ) 𝜕𝑥.𝜕𝑦 (𝑥 ,𝑦 ) 𝜕𝑦 2 (𝑥 ,𝑦 )
0 0 0 0
Case (i): If 𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 2 > 0 and r > 0, then the function f (x, y) has minimum at (x0, y0) and the minimum value is f(x0, y0).
Case (ii): If 𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 2 > 0 and r < 0, then the function f (x, y) has maximum at (x0, y0) and the maximum value is
GATE WALLAH ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION HANDBOOK 1.14
