LSc GR.

11 LESSON MATERIAL TERM 2

Topic: PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Photosynthesis Process by which chlorophyll in the chloroplasts of green plants
absorbs radiant energy from the sun, carbon dioxide from the
atmosphere and water from the soil to produce carbohydrates
(e.g. glucose) which is stored in the plant.
Radiant energy Energy from the Sun, needed by plants for photosynthesis
Chloroplast Organelle in the cytoplasm of a plant cell in which
photosynthesis occurs.
Chlorophyll The green pigment in leaves that captures sunlight.
Thylakoids Part of the chloroplast that contains chlorophyll
Grana Stacks of thylakoids where the light phase occurs
Stroma Fluid inside the chloroplast in which the dark phase of
photosynthesis occurs.

• Photo’ means light and ‘synthesis’

means to produce.
• Photosynthesis is the process by
which chlorophyll in the
chloroplasts of green plants
absorbs radiant energy from the
sun, carbon dioxide from the
atmosphere and water from the
soil to produce carbohydrates
(e.g. glucose) which is stored in
the plant.
• Oxygen is released into the
atmosphere during the
photosynthesis.
• Enzymes in the cell are also
needed for the process
• Excess glucose is converted into starch in the plant.
• The process of photosynthesis can be represented by the following equation:
 STRUCTURE OF A CHLOROPLAST:

PROCESS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS:
Light phase The phase of photosynthesis where light is required that takes place in
the grana.
Dark phase The phase of photosynthesis where no light is required that takes place
in the stroma
Calvin cycle Cyclical process during dark phase of photosynthesis
Photolysis The splitting of water molecules in hydrogen and oxygen, during
photosynthesis
Phosphorylation Formation of energy transporting molecules called ATP
ATP The energy-carrier molecule in cells that carries chemical energy to the
dark phase of photosynthesis
Glucose Monosaccharide (single sugar) formed during photosynthesis
Starch Polysaccharide (multiple sugars) in which glucose is stored in plants
Glycogen Polysaccharide (multiple sugars) in which glucose is stored in animals
TWO PHASES OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS:

Light phase: Dark phase:

Light is required. No light is required.
Occurs in grana. Occurs in stroma
• The light phase of photosynthesis takes place in • The dark phase of
the grana of chloroplasts. photosynthesis takes place
• Radiant energy from the sun is absorbed by in the stroma of
chlorophyll in the grana and transformed into chloroplasts.
chemical energy. • Carbon dioxide is absorbed
• Chemical energy is used to to split water from the atmosphere and
molecules (H2O) into energy -rich hydrogen combines with the energy-
atoms (H) and oxygen atoms (O). The process rich hydrogen atoms from
is known as photolysis. the light phase using the
• Energy rich hydrogen atoms are transferred to energy that is released from
the dark phase. ATP.
• Energy-rich carbohydrates
• Oxygen is released into the atmosphere
(glucose) are formed.
• Radiant energy also causes the energy carrier • Excess glucose is stored as
ATP to be formed starch.
• which will be used in the dark phase.
Light phase: Dark phase:
 IMPORTANCE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS:
• Photosynthesis keeps the oxygen concentration in the atmosphere and water
constant. Oxygen is needed by living organisms for cellular respiration.
• Photosynthesis keeps the level of carbon dioxide constant in the atmosphere
and water. Carbon dioxide is released by organisms during cellular respiration.
• Photosynthesis provides food for heterotrophic organisms.

ATP AS ENERGY CARRIER:

• When a cell needs energy ATP is broken down and the
energy is released. Cells use this energy to produce
important molecules such as proteins, fats etc.
• Muscle cells need energy provided by ATP to contract.
• Energy provided by ATP is needed to move substances
across cell membranes.

QUESTION 1:
1.1 The diagram below is a schematic representation of the process of
photosynthesis.

1.1.1 Identify organelle A. (1)

1.1.2 Name the following:
(a) The phase represented by X. (1)
(b) The part of the organelle A in which the phase in
QUESTION 1.2 (a) takes place. (1)
1.1.3 Explain THREE effects on living organisms if photosynthesis does not
occur. (6)
1.1.4 Describe the events that take place during the Light phase. (6)
1.1.5 Describe the events of phase X. (5)
1.2 Study the diagram below that
depicts a biochemical reaction
which takes place in
specialised cell organelles of
some living organisms. The
areas of the cell organelle
wherein two distinct processes
( X and Y ) occur, are also
indicated.
1.2.1 Name the biochemical
reaction represented in
the diagram above. (1)
1.2.2 Name the cell organelle in which this reaction takes place. (1)

1.2.3 Only write down the NAME of the:

a) liquid material represented by A. (1)
b) atmospheric gas represented by B. (1)
c) gas product represented by C. (1)
d) food product represented by D. (1)
1.2.4 Which process ( X or Y ) in the diagram above:
a) is associated with the Calvin-cycle? (1)
b) uses sunlight energy to split water molecules? (1)

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE RATE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS:

Light intensity
• At low light intensity, the rate of
photosynthesis is low.
• As light intensity increases, the rate
of photosynthesis also increases.
This will
• happen up to a certain point.
• If light intensity increases above the
optimum, the rate of photosynthesis
will remain constant. Factors such as
carbon dioxide become limiting
factors which reduces the rate of
photosynthesis.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration:
• At a low carbon dioxide concentration,
the rate of photosynthesis is low.
• As the carbon dioxide concentration
level increases, the rate of
photosynthesis also increases. This will
happen up to a certain point.
• If the carbon dioxide concentration is
higher than the optimum amount, then
photosynthesis will remain constant.

Temperature:
• When temperature is low, the rate of
photosynthesis is low.
• As temperature increases, the rate of
photosynthesis also increases.
• If the temperature is higher than the
optimum amount, then the rate of
photosynthesis will decrease. This is
because the enzymes used in the
process will denature at high
temperatures and will no longer
function.
• At low temperatures enzymes become
inactive.

THE ROLE OF OPTIMUM LIGHT, TEMPERATURE AND CARBON DIOXIDE IN A

GREENHOUSE TO IMPROVE CROP YIELD
• A greenhouse is a structure with a glass or plastic roof in which farmers grow
plants such as tomatoes. Warm air is trapped in a greenhouse. The aim of a
greenhouse is to provide optimal conditions of light, temperature and carbon
dioxide for maximum growth of plants.
• Optimum light intensity and temperature increases the rate of photosynthesis
and stimulates the growth of plants. Carbon dioxide levels in the greenhouse
decreases because of photosynthesis. Carbon dioxide gas can be pumped into a
greenhouse to increase the rate of photosynthesis of the plants.
 INVESTIGATIONS:
TO SHOW THAT LIGHT IS NECESSARY FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS:

- Destarch a potted plant by placing it in a

dark cupboard for 48 hours.
- Cover a portion of the leaf, still attached
to the plant, with tinfoil.
- Place the plant in a sunny area for 48
hours
- Pick the leaf and remove the foil.
- Test for the presence of starch using
iodine.
- The iodine solution remains light brown in
the leaf covered with tin foil.
- The iodine solution turns blue-black in the
parts that were left uncovered.
- The parts that turn blue-black in colour
contain starch.
- The part which remains light brown does
not contain starch.

TO SHOW THAT CHLOROPHYLL IS TO SHOW THAT CARBON DIOXIDE IS

NECESSARY FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS: NECESSARY FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS:

- Destarch a plant with white and green - Destarch a plant and place it into a glass
patches. (White = no chlorophyll) dome with sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
- Place the plant in a sunny area for 48 (a chemical that absorbs carbon dioxide)
hours. - Place the plant in a sunny area for 48
- Pick a leaf and test for the presence of hours.
starch. - Pick a leaf and test for the presence of
- The green part will turn blue-black starch.
(contains starch) - The leaf will remain light brown, as no
- The white part will remain light brown (no starch is present (no photosynthesis could
starch. take place without CO2).
QUESTION 2:
The diagram shows a plant
propagator in which scientists can
control temperature, light intensity
and carbon dioxide concentration:
• The scientists set different
temperatures, CO2-
concentrations and light
intensities for four lettuce
plants.
• A graphical illustration of
the results is given
below.
• The mean mass of
lettuce plants serves as
an indication of rate of
photosynthesis.

2.1 What is the influence of light intensity on mean mass of lettuce plants? (2)
2.2 Name the TWO limiting factors that influence the rate of photosynthesis as the
light intensity increases. (2)
2.3 How did the scientists increase the rate of photosynthesis to the maximum
level? (2)
2.4 What would happen to the rate of photosynthesis if the temperature is raised
beyond 35 °C? Give a reason for your answer. (4)
2.5 Name the:
a) Dependent variable (1)
b) THREE independent variables (3)
2.6 Name TWO ways to ensure the reliability of the experiment. (2)
2.7 List THREE factors that must be kept constant to ensure the validity of the
experiment. (3)
2.8 List TWO planning steps for the investigation. (2)
QUESTION 3:
Study the following diagrams (A and
B) which illustrate an investigation
and answer the questions that follow.
3.1 State the aim of this
investigation. (2)
3.2 Give ONE reason for each of
the following steps in this
investigation:
(a) In the beginning of the
investigation, the plant was kept in a dark cupboard for 48 hours. (1)
(b) The leaf was boiled in water. (1)
(c) The leaf was boiled in alcohol or methylated spirits. (1)
3.3 Draw a diagram of the leaf in stage B at the end of the investigation after it
was treated with iodine solution and shade the parts which tested positive. (4)
3.4 State a conclusion for this experiment. (2)
3.5 Which part of the leaf (the covered or uncovered part) serves as the control of
the experiment? Explain your answer. (3)

QUESTION 4:
Study the apparatus below which was
used in an investigation to determine
the factors necessary for
photosynthesis. Green leaves were
used in test tubes A to C while a
variegated leaf was used in test tube D.
4.1 What is the aim of the following
experiments?
a) B
b) C (2)
4.2 Give the function of sodium
hydroxide in experiment B. (1)
4.3 Indicate the colour changes that
would be observed when iodine solution is poured onto the leaves at the end
of the investigation in the following test tubes:
a) A
b) D (2)
 Topic: CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Cellar respiration The chemical process where glucose is broken down gradually, in
the presence of oxygen (aerobic respiration) or in the absence of
oxygen (anaerobic respiration), to release energy
Mitochondrion Cell organelle associated with cellular respiration
Aerobic respiration Type of cellular respiration that requires oxygen
Anaerobic respiration Type of cellular respiration that occurs in the absence of oxygen
Glycolysis Phase during cellular respiration when glucose is broken down to
pyruvic acid
Oxidative Series of cyclic reactions during cellular respiration when energy
phosphorylation rich hydrogen atoms and carbon dioxide are released
Lactic acid fermentation Anaerobic respiration that occurs in muscle cells
Alcoholic fermentation Anaerobic respiration that occurs in yeast cells

AEROBIC RESPIRATION:
• All living organisms are composed of cells and cells perform work
therefore they require energy
• Energy is important for growth, cell division, movement, transport of
substances and for active transport.
• Cellular respiration occurs in cells of plants and animals
• Aerobic respiration occurs in the presence of oxygen
• The process of aerobic respiration can be represented by the
following equation:

STRUCTURE OF MITOCHONDRION:
 STAGES OF AEROBIC RESPIRATION:
Glycolysis Krebs cycle Oxidative
phosphorylation
- Glycolysis occurs in the - The Krebs cycle is a series - Oxidative
cytoplasm of the cell of cyclic reactions that takes phosphorylation takes
outside the place inside the place in the
mitochondrion. mitochondrion. mitochondrion.
- Glucose is broken down - Pyruvic acid that entered - The energy from the
into pyruvic acid. the mitochondrion is broken hydrogen atoms is
- Energy-rich hydrogen down into energy-rich used to form energy-
atoms are given off and hydrogen atoms and carbon rich ATP (36 per
move into the dioxide. glucose).
mitochondrion. - The carbon dioxide is - The hydrogen atoms
- ATP is formed during released and given off as a the combine with
glycolysis (2 per glucose) gas. oxygen to form water.
QUESTION 1:
Study the diagram below representing a part of a biochemical reaction that takes
place in all living organisms.

1.1 Where in the organism’s cells does the part of the process represented above
take place? (1)
1.2 Name the 3-C compound that is required for this process to start. (1)
1.3 Is oxygen required for this process? (1)
1.4 Give the name of the cycle that is represented by A. (1)
1.5 Give the name of the waste product that is represented by B. (1)

QUESTION 2:
In cellular respiration, glucose is broken down in a step-wise process to release
energy as ATP.
2.1 Describe the events of:
a) Glycolysis (4)
b) Krebs cycle (4)
c) Oxidative phosphorylation (4)
2.2 Draw the structure of the mitochondrion. (5)
 ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
• Takes place in the absence of oxygen.
• Only Glycolysis occurs.
• Glucose is only partially broken down and less energy is released (only 2 ATP
per glucose molecule).
Lactic acid fermentation Alcoholic fermentation
Anaerobic respiration that occurs in muscle Anaerobic respiration that occurs in yeast cells
cells. Pyruvic acid is converted into lactic or in plants. Carbon dioxide and alcohol
acid. Muscles become tired and painful. A (ethanol) is formed.
small amount of ATP is produced.
• Occurs in muscles during intense • Occurs in yeast cells or in plants
exercise, when oxygen does not reach • Enables glycolysis in the cytoplasm of
muscle cells fast enough. plant or yeast cells
• Enables glycolysis in the cytoplasm. • Results in the accumulation of pyruvic
• Results in the accumulation of lactic acid
acid in muscles, which causes muscles • Pyruvic acid is then broken down forming
to become stiff and painful. ethanol (alcohol) and releasing carbon
dioxide

Glucose → ATP + Pyruvic acid → Ethanol +

Carbon dioxide

Uses in industry:
o Produce alcoholic
beverages
o Rising of bread
(yeast)
o Produce cheese &
yoghurt

COMPARISON BETWEEN AEROBIC & ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION

QUESTION 3:
In industrial brewing processes, yeast-substances are added to a sugary solution
and left at 25°C. The sugars are converted to glucose to continue the fermentation
process. The reaction is represented by the following equation:

yeast
C6H12O6 2 C2H5OH
glucose ethanol

3.1 What are the products of fermentation? (2)

3.2 Name TWO reasons why the process above is economically important. (2)
3.3 This type of biochemical process also takes place in animals, but it produces
other products. Name the other product formed in animals. (1)
3.4 What effect does this product, in Question 3.3, have on the muscles of
animals? Briefly explain what the body does to relieve the symptoms. (3)
3.5 If oxygen is added, what effect will it have on the process illustrated? (2)

QUESTION 4: Multiple choice

4.1 Cellular respiration in a green leaf takes place
A during the day only.
B continuously.
C during the night only.
D during photosynthesis only.
4.2 The conversion of pyruvic acid into lactic acid occurs during
A photolysis.
B glycolysis.
C anaerobic respiration.
D oxidation of glucose.
4.3 A phase that does not require oxygen during cellular respiration is:
A Krebs cycle.
B Glycolysis.
C Oxidative phosphorylation
D All of the above
4.4 The following components are involved in cellular respiration:
(i) Energy
(ii) Carbohydrates
(iii) Carbon dioxide
(iv) Water
(v) Oxygen
 Which ONE of the following combinations show the correct way in
which the components are involved?
A (ii) + (iii) → (i) + (iv) + (v)
B (ii) + (iv) → (i) + (iii) + (v)
C (i) + (ii) → (iii) + (iv) + (v)
D (ii) + (v) → (i) + (iii) + (iv)

INVESTIGATIONS:
To test for oxygen: To test for carbon dioxide:
• A glowing splint will re-ignite or glow brighter • A clear lime
in the presence of oxygen water solution
will turn milky in
the presence of
carbon dioxide

TO SHOW THAT CARBON DIOXIDE IS RELEASED DURING CELLULAR RESPIRATION:

- An organism is placed in a glass dome with a plastic pipe leading to a test tube filled with
clear lime water.
- The air breathed out bubbles through the clear lime water.
- The clear lime water turns milky white in the presence of carbon dioxide
- If carbon dioxide is absorbed with sodium hydroxide, clear lime water will remain clear.
QUESTION 5: Terminology
5.1 The process during which glucose is converted into pyruvic acid.
5.2 The reagent used to test for the presence of carbon dioxide.
5.3 The acid that accumulates in the muscles of humans during continuous
strenuous physical activity.
5.4 The gas which is essential for the Krebs cycle to occur.
5.5 Folded structures found on the inner membrane of a mitochondria.
5.6 The stage of aerobic respiration that releases carbon dioxide.
5.7 Genetic material found in the mitochondrial matrix.
5.8 The stage during aerobic respiration when water is released as a waste
product.
5.9 The type of anaerobic respiration that occurs in yeast cells.
5.10 The organelle in which respiration takes place.

QUESTION 6:
The apparatus below was used to carry out
an experiment on aerobic respiration. The
experiment was set up as follows:
• 17 seeds of the same kind were used.
• The seeds and the apparatus were
sterilised before the investigation.
• Once set up, the apparatus was placed
in a dark cupboard at 35°C.
• A control was also set up.
6.1 What was the aim of the experiment? (2)
6.2 What is the significance of sterilising the seeds before they are used? (1)
6.3 Give one controlled variable in this investigation. (1)
6.4 Explain how you would set up a control for this investigation. (3)
6.5 Explain why germinating seeds were used in this investigation. (2)
6.6 How can the validity for this experiment be ensured? (1)
6.7` How can the results be made more reliable? (1)
 QUESTION 7:
Read the information below and answer the questions that follow.
Traditional African Beer
Traditional beer forms a very important part of African culture. It is called umqombothi in
isiXhosa and iJuba in isiZulu. The beer is mostly brewed from indigenous sorghum. The
thick creamy African beer is very rich in vitamin B, it has a low alcohol content of less
than 3% and it is inexpensive. The recipe for brewing beer is passed down through the
generations.
The traditional method of testing to see if the brew is ready is to light a match close to
the container of beer. If the flame dies quickly, the brew is ready. If the flames remain lit,
the brew is not ready.

7.1 Name the biochemical process used to brew this African beer. (1)
7.2 What causes the flame to die? (1)
7.3 Why would this test be an indication of whether the brew is ready or not? (2)
A survey was done to determine the amount of people who drink industrially
produced beer and traditional beer. The results for 1970 and then 1996 were as
follows:

7.4 Plot a bar graph to show the results of the survey. (7)
7.5 Describe the trend shown by the graph. (2)

QUESTION 8:
The diagram below represents an
experiment in which the apparatus
was placed in a warm place in the
laboratory for some time. The sugar
solution was first boiled and then
cooled down before yeast was added.
Study the diagram and answer the
questions that follow.
8.1 State the aim of the experiment. (1)
8.2 Name ONE function of EACH of the following int his investigation:
a) Lime water
b) Rubber stopper
c) Sugar solution
8.3 Why should the sugar solution be boiled before yeast is added? (1)
8.4 Name TWO substances that may form in the sugar solution during the
experiment. (2)
 Topic: ANIMAL NUTRITION
DENTITION OF DIFFERENT ANIMAL GROUPS:
Dentition The arrangement or condition of the teeth in a particular
species or individual
Herbivore Animal that eats only plants or parts of plants
Omnivore Animal that eats only other animals or the remains of other
animals
Carnivore Animal that eats plants, animals or dead animal flesh

TYPES OF TEETH:
Structure Function
Incisors Chisel- Biting or cutting
shaped food
Canines Pointed Catching,
holding, tearing
and/or killing prey
Premolars Flat, Crushing and
uneven chewing food
Molars Flat and Crushing and
uneven chewing food

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DENTITION OF DIFFERENT ANIMAL GROUPS:

Herbivore Carnivores Omnivore
• Use incisors to cut plant • Use incisors to slice or shred • Teeth modified
material meat to eat both plant
• No canines • Large canines for catching & material and
• Use molars & premolars to killing prey meat
grind food • Molars and premolars have
sharp edges for cutting meat

HUMAN DENTAL FORMULA:

[Link]
[Link]
 QUESTION 1:
Study skull A and B below
and answer the questions
that follow:
1.1 Identify which skull (A
or B) belongs to a …
a) herbivore
b) carnivore (2)
1.2 Provide reasons for your answers to QUESTION 1.1 a) and b). (2)

HUMAN NUTRITION:
Ingestion Process in nutrition when food is taken in and enters the alimentary canal
Digestion Process in nutrition when food is broken down into smaller pieces
Absorption Process in nutrition when the end products of nutrition are absorbed in the
bloodstream
Assimilation Process in nutrition when absorbed nutrients become part of cells
Egestion Process in nutrition when undigested remains are removed from the body
Peristalsis An automatic wave of muscle contraction and relaxation that moves food in
one direction through the digestive tract
Mastication To chew food
Deamination Removal of an amino group from amino acids to form urea
Metabolism All chemical processes that occur within a living organism.
Bolus Round ball of chewed food that is pushed in the direction of the
oesophagus during swallowing
Bile A fluid produced by the liver, and stored in the gall bladder, that aids the
digestion of lipids in the small intestine
Chyme A semi-liquid mass of partially digested food which has gone through
mechanical and chemical digestive processes while passing through the
stomach into the small intestine
Villi Structures in the small intestine mainly responsible for the absorption of
nutrients
Enzyme A protein that acts as a catalyst to regulate or speed up most biochemical
reactions in living cells
Protease A group of enzymes that catalyses the breakdown of proteins into amino
acids
Carbohydrase A group of enzymes that catalyses the breakdown of carbohydrates into
simple sugars
Lipase A group of enzymes that catalyses the breakdown of lipids (fats and oils)
into glycerol and fatty acids
Gland A group of cells or organ that secretes substances
Exocrine A gland that uses ducts to drain and transport secretions or
gland chemicals out of the body or onto body surfaces
Endocrine An organ that secretes hormones directly into the blood stream or
gland lymphatic system instead of through ducts
HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM:

DIGESTIVE PROCESSES:
 DIGESTION:
Mechanical digestion
Food is broken down into smaller particles by mechanical/physical processes.
➢ Chewing: (Mastication)
Food is broken down by the teeth and tongue
➢ Bolus formation:
Chewed food is mixed with saliva and rolled into a ball by the tongue (bolus). The
tongue pushes the bolus down to the oesophagus.
➢ Churning movements:
Contraction and relaxation of the
muscles of the stomach wall. Food is
broken down further and mixed with
gastric juice.
➢ Peristalsis:
Rhythmic contraction and relaxation
of the muscles in the wall of the
alimentary canal. It helps to move
food particles forward.
Chemical digestion
Chemical digestion is the breaking down of large, insoluble molecules in food into smaller,
soluble molecules by the addition of water. The reaction is known as hydrolysis.
 ABSORPTION:
The end products of digestion i.e. glucose, amino acids, fatty acids and glycerol as
well as vitamins, mineral salts and water are absorbed by the villi in the small
intestine.
Adaptations of the small intestine for optimal absorption: Increase in surface area
• Small intestine is 6 m long.
• Walls of the small intestine contain transverse folds.
• The inner wall of the small intestine has millions of finger-like projections called villi
• Each villi contains microvilli to further increase the surface area
Structure & Functions of a villus:

Adaptations of the villi in small intestine for optimal absorption:

• The columnar epithelium is only one-cell layer thick allowing nutrients to pass
through quickly.
• Goblet cells secrete mucus to ensure the absorptive surface is moist and to allow
nutrients to be dissolved and then to be absorbed.
• The epithelium contains many mitochondria to supply energy for active absorption
of nutrients.
• Microvilli (cilia) increase the surface area.
• In each villus there is a lymph vessel called a lacteal which absorbs and transports
lipids.
TRANSPORT AND ASSIMILATION OF ABSORBED NUTRIENTS:

Assimilation:
• Assimilation is the incorporation of
absorbed nutrients into the cells of the
body. The body cells absorb the
required nutrients which are necessary
for the building and maintenance of
compounds.
• For example, muscle cells will absorb
amino acids to be converted to proteins
and glucose will be absorbed by cells to
provide energy.
• The liver plays a vital role in the
assimilation of nutrients.
• The liver is responsible for the metabolism of glucose (glucose → glycogen),
deamination of amino acids, the breakdown of alcohol, drugs and
hormones.

EGESTION:
• All undigested materials are transported through the colon
where most water and mineral salts are absorbed
• The undigested material is temporarily stored in the rectum until
it is excreted through the anus. The undigested waste is then
referred to as faeces/stool.
QUESTION 2:
Study the diagram below and answer the
questions that follow.
2.1 Provide an appropriate title for this
diagram. (1)
2.2 Provide labels for A to E. (5)
2.3 What structures would you expect to
find on cells labelled D? (1)
2.4 Provide the letter of the structure
where absorbed glucose and amino
acids will be found. (1)
2.5 Is the absorption of glucose and amino
acids active or passive? (1)

QUESTION 3:
The diagram below shows part of the digestive system and its associated organs.
Study the diagram and answer the questions that follow.

3.1 Give the LETTER and NAME of the part where…

a) digestive juice is secreted that
contains no enzymes
b) bile is temporarily stored
c) a pH of 3 is maintained (6)
3.2 Give THREE functions of the liver. (3)
3.3 List TWO substances that can be converted into other substances inside the
organ marked B. (2)
 HOMEOSTATIC CONTROL – THE HORMONAL CONTROL OF BLOOD SUGAR
LEVELS
Hormones Chemical messenger proteins released from glands to stimulate or
inhibit other processes in the body.
Homeostasis The ability of an organism to maintain stability of internal conditions
(e.g. temperature, chemical balance) despite changes in its
environment
Negative feedback Mechanisms in the human body that detect changes or
mechanisms imbalances in the internal conditions and restore homeostasis
Blood glucose Amount of glucose in the blood
Insulin A hormone made in the pancreas and released into the blood to
help convert glucose to glycogen to reduce blood glucose
Glucagon A hormone made by the pancreas that raises blood glucose
levels by converting stored glycogen to glucose
Glycogen Form in which glucose is stored in the liver and cells
Diabetes mellitus A metabolic disease characterized by high glucose levels in the blood

The pancreas is an exocrine gland (it secretes

enzymes and pancreatic juices into the small
intestine) and an endocrine gland (it releases
hormones into the blood stream)
Hormones are released from Islets of
Langerhans:
• Alpha cells: Release Glucagon
o Increase blood glucose levels by
sending a message to the liver to break down glycogen into glucose.
• Beta cells: Release Insulin
o Decrease blood glucose levels by sending a message to the liver to convert
glucose into glycogen to be stored in muscle and liver cells.
o Send a message to body cells to absorb glucose for cellular respiration.
When glucose levels in the blood When glucose levels in the blood increase
decrease below the normal level: above the normal level:
(Hypoglycaemia) (Hyperglycaemia)
o The pancreas is stimulated to o The pancreas is stimulated to secrete
secrete glucagon into the insulin into the blood (from beta cells of
blood (from alpha cells of Islets of Islets of Langerhans)
Langerhans) o Insulin is transported to the liver by the
o Glucagon is transported to the blood
liver by the blood o In the liver and muscles, the insulin
o In the liver and muscles, the stimulates the conversion of excess
glucagon stimulates the glucose into glycogen
conversion of glycogen into o Insulin also stimulates the absorption of
glucose glucose from the blood into the body cells
o Glucose is released into the blood o Glucose is removed from the blood and
and the glucose concentration in the glucose concentration in the body
the body increases. decreases
 DIABETES MELLITUS:
• A metabolic disease characterized by high glucose levels in the blood
• When insulin is absent or not functioning effectively, most of the glucose
remains in the human body and this causes an increased blood glucose level,
called hyperglycaemia.
Two types of diabetes:
Type 1 diabetes Type 2 diabetes
Little or no insulin is produced by The pancreas produces insulin but the body
the pancreas and the person needs cells cannot use it effectively. The person
daily insulin injections needs oral medication or insulin.
Cause: Usually an inherited Cause: Insulin resistance where the body
disorder or a loss of insulin- cells does not react to insulin, usually
producing cells because of poor lifestyle choices
Treatment: Daily insulin injections Treatment: Maintaining a balanced diet,
regular exercise and medication

MALNUTRITION:
Kwashiorkor: Marasmus: Anorexia nervosa: Bulimia: Obesity:
• Lack of • Lack of energy • Psychological • Psychological • Diet too
protein in diet foods (carbs & condition where condition high in
• Signs: fats) a person where a energy
swollen • Signs: refuses to eat person induce foods
stomach, extreme • Signs: vomiting • Signs:
stunted weight loss, Excessive • Signs: Tooth increase
growth thin muscles, weight loss decay, in fat
no energy dehydration deposits
QUESTION 4:
4.1 Multiple choice
4.1.1 Which one the following substances can directly be absorbed byblood
without further digestion?
A Proteins
B Starch
C Glucose
D Fats
4.1.2 The concentration of which of the following substances are normally
higher in the hepatic portal vein than in most other veins in the human
body?
A Oxygen
B Glucose
C Urea
D Carbon dioxide
4.1.3 Which labelled structure in the diagram
secretes a hormone which causes an
increased production in glycogen?
A W
B X
C Y
D Z
4.2 Terminology questions:
4.2.1 The disorder resulting from an insufficient intake of proteins.
4.2.2 A type of malnutrition in which the person consumes large quantities
of high-energy food.
4.2.3 The ejection of solid waste from the body.
4.2.4 The tiny finger-like projections in the small intestine.
4.2.5 The process where the products of digestion become part of the
protoplasm of the body cells.
4.2.6 Substance secreted by the liver to emulsify fats.
4.2.7 The form in which excess glucose is stored in humans.
4.2.8 The wave-like contractions of the muscles of the alimentary canal
that move food along.
4.2.9 Ball of chewed food mixed with saliva formed in preparation for
swallowing.
4.2.10 The muscular tube that connects the mouth cavity to the stomach.
QUESTION 5:
The diagram below shows parts of the human digestive system and its associated
organs.

5.1 Identify parts B and G. (2)

5.2 Name ONE major food type that is digested in organ A. (1)
5.3 Name THREE features of part X which increase its surface area. (3)
5.4 State TWO advantages of part X having an increased surface area. (2)
5.5 Bacteria may infect the mucous lining of C. Explain what effect this might
have on the digestive system of the infected person. (3)
5.6 Make a labelled drawing of the functional unit that is responsible for
absorption in part F. (4)
5.7 Name the chronic health risk caused by the malfunctioning pf part B. (1)
5.8 Describe the homeostatic role of part B when the blood sugar level in the
body decreases. (6)
QUESTION 6:
The graphs below show the effects of eating many small meals and eating fewer
large meals on blood glucose and insulin concentrations in a normal person. The
arrows on the graphs below indicate when meals were eaten. The normal blood
glucose concentration is 100 mg/dl.

6.1 State what happens to the blood glucose concentration immediately after a
meal is eaten. (1)
6.2 Use the information in the graphs. Tabulate TWO ways in which eating fewer
large meals and eating many small meals affect the blood insulin levels
differently. (5)
6.3 Explain why eating many small meals per day is better for a diabetic person
than eating fewer large meals a day. (4)
6.4 Describe the homeostatic pathway involving insulin that regulates the blood
glucose levels. (5)
QUESTION 7:
The following table shows the details of a meal eaten by a grade 11 learner.

7.1 Which food has the least overall nutritional value? (1)
7.2 The total energy value of this meal is 5 000 kJ. In one day this learner
requires a total of 15 000 kJ energy.
Calculate the proportion of daily energy needed that this meal provides. Show
all calculations. (3)
7.3 What could happen if this learner regularly ate more than 15 000 kJ per day.
(1)
7.4 Name TWO foods from the table that provide the most energy for the learner.
(2)
QUESTION 8:
The following table shows the nutritional information on a breakfast cereal box.

8.1 Define a balanced diet. (2)

8.2 How much dietary fibre (in grams) is found in 30 g of cereal only? (1)
8.3 Which nutrient can be recommended for a person with kwashiorkor? (1)
8.4 Draw a bar graph to show the average value of the nutrients in a 30 gram
serving of cereal with 100 ml of skimmed milk. (7)
QUESTION 9:
The graph below shows the results of a glucose tolerance test on a healthy individual
(Person A) and on a diabetic person (Person B). After fasting for ten hours they each
were given a drink of glucose solution containing 50 g glucose. The amount of
glucose in their blood was then measured every 30 minutes for the next 3 hours.

9.1 What was the greatest concentration of glucose in the diabetic’s blood? (1)
9.2 From the graph, determine how long it would take for the glucose
concentration of:
a) the healthy person to return to the level when the glucose solution was
consumed (2)
b) the diabetic person to return to the level when the glucose solution was
consumed (2)
9.3 What effect would injecting insulin into the diabetic person have on the results
of the test? (1)
9.4 What is the function of insulin? (1)
9.5 Explain briefly why insulin, which is a protein, is injected into a diabetic
person, rather than given orally. (2)