EXPERT SYSTEM

CHARACTERISTICS OF ES
KNOWLEDGE ENGINEERING
KNOWLEDGE ACQUISITION
CLASSICAL ES
CASE BASE REASONING
CHARACTERISTICS
OF EXPERT SYSTEM
EXPERT SYSTEM
➢ An expert system is a computer program that is designed to solve complex problems and to provide
decision making ability like a human expert.
➢ It performs this by extracting knowledge from its knowledge base using the reasoning and inference
rules according to the user queries.
➢ The first ES was developed in the year 1970, which was the first successful approach of artificial
intelligence. It solves the most complex issue as an expert by extracting the knowledge stored in its
knowledge base.
➢ The system helps in decision making for complex problems using both facts and heuristics like a
human expert.
➢ The performance of an expert system is based on the expert's knowledge stored in its knowledge base.
One of the common examples of an ES is a suggestion of spelling errors while typing in the Google
search box.
EXAMPLE OF EXPERT SYSTEM
DENDRAL: It was an artificial intelligence project that was made as a chemical analysis expert system. It
was used in organic chemistry to detect unknown organic molecules with the help of their mass spectra and
knowledge base of chemistry.
MYCIN: It was one of the earliest backward chaining expert systems that was designed to find the
bacteria causing infections. It was also used for the recommendation of antibiotics and the diagnosis of
blood clotting diseases.
PXDES: It is an expert system that is used to determine the type and level of lung cancer. To determine the
disease, it takes a picture from the upper body, which looks like the shadow. This shadow identifies the
type and degree of harm.
CaDeT: The CaDet expert system is a diagnostic support system that can detect cancer at early stages.
CHARACTERISTICS OF EXPERT SYSTEM
➢ High Performance: The expert system provides high performance for solving any type of complex
problem of a specific domain with high efficiency and accuracy.
➢ Understandable: It responds in a way that can be easily understandable by the user. It can take input in
human language and provides the output in the same way.
➢ Reliable: It is much reliable for generating an efficient and accurate output.
➢ Highly responsive: ES provides the result for any complex query within a very short period of time.
COMPONENTS OF EXPERT SYSTEM
An expert system mainly consists of three components
➢ User Interface
➢ Inference Engine
➢ Knowledge Base
USER INTERFACE
With the help of a user interface, the expert system interacts with the user, takes queries as an input in a
readable format, and passes it to the inference engine. After getting the response from the inference engine,
it displays the output to the user. In other words, it is an interface that helps a non-expert user to
communicate with the expert system to find a solution.
INFERENCE ENGINE(RULES OF ENGINE)
The inference engine is known as the brain of the expert system as it is the main processing unit of the
system. It applies inference rules to the knowledge base to derive a conclusion or deduce new information.
It helps in deriving an error-free solution of queries asked by the user. With the help of an inference engine,
the system extracts the knowledge from the knowledge base.
There are two types of inference engine:
➢ Deterministic Inference Engine
➢ Probabilistic Inference Engine
Inference engine uses the below modes to derive the solutions:
➢ Forward Chaining: It starts from the known facts and rules, and applies the inference rules to add their
conclusion to the known facts.
➢ Backward Chaining: It is a backward reasoning method that starts from the goal and works backward to
prove the known facts.
KNOWLEDGE BASE
The knowledgebase is a type of storage that stores knowledge acquired from the different experts of the
particular domain. It is considered as big storage of knowledge. The more the knowledge base, the more precise
will be the Expert System. It is similar to a database that contains information and rules of a particular domain
or subject. One can also view the knowledge base as collections of objects and their attributes. Such as a Lion is
an object and its attributes are it is a mammal, it is not a domestic animal, etc.
Components of knowledge base
➢ Factual Knowledge
➢ Heuristic Knowledge
KNOWLEDGE
ENGINEERING
KNOWLEDGE ENGINEERING
➢ Knowledge engineering is a branch of artificial intelligence (AI) that develops rules that are applied to
data in order to imitate the thought process of a human that is an expert on a specific topic.
➢ In its initial form, knowledge engineering focused on the transfer process; transferring the expertise of a
problem-solving human into a program that could take the same data and make the same conclusions.
➢ Knowledge engineering uses a modeling process that creates a system that touches upon the same
results as the expert without following the same path or using the same information sources.
➢ The goal of knowledge engineering is for it to be implemented into software that will make decisions
that human experts would, such as financial advisors.
➢ Knowledge engineering systems might also make use of machine learning to make it possible for these
systems to learn from their experiences in a manner similar to the way humans learn.
➢ The knowledge engineering process includes knowledge acquisition, representation, and validation;
inferencing; and explanation and justification.
Here are the benefits of knowledge engineering
➢ It helps in creating better, smarter, more effective expert systems.
➢ It is possible to pull knowledge from various domains together to handle complicated issues.
➢ Expert systems are models that are created using knowledge engineering processes tend to be more
robust.
➢ When built with Natural Language Programming (NLP) and knowledge engineering together, expert
systems have the ability to read the queries and provide answers and solutions, in a manner somewhat
similar to the way a chatbot behaves.
KNOWLEDGE
ACQUISITION
KNOWLEDGE ACQUISITION
➢ It is the process of extracting, organizing, and structuring the domain knowledge, specifying the rules to
acquire the knowledge from various experts, and store that knowledge into the knowledge base.
➢ Knowledge Acquisition is the gathering or collecting knowledge from various sources. It is the process
of adding new knowledge to a knowledge base and refining or improving knowledge that was
previously acquired.
➢ Acquisition is the process of expanding the capabilities of a system or improving its performance at
some specified task. So it is the goal oriented creation and refinement of knowledge.
➢ Acquired knowledge may consist of facts, rules, concepts, procedures, heuristics, formulas,
relationships, statistics or any other useful information. Source of these knowledges may be experts in
the domain of interest, text books, technical papers, database reports, journals and the environments.
KNOWLEDGE ACQUISITION
➢ The knowledge acquisition is a continuous process and is spread over entire lifetime. Example of knowledge
acquisition is machine learning. It may be process of autonomous knowledge creation or refinements
through the use of computer programs. The newly acquired knowledge should be integrated with existing
knowledge in some meaningful way. The knowledge should be accurate, non redundant, consistent and fairly
complete.
➢ Knowledge acquisition supports the activities like entering the knowledge and maintaining knowledge base.
➢ The knowledge acquisition process also sets dynamic data structures for existing knowledge to refine the
knowledge.
➢ The role of knowledge engineer is also very important with respect to develop the refinements of
knowledge. Knowledge engineers may be the professionals who elicit knowledge from experts. They
integrate knowledge from various sources like creates and edits code, operates the various interactive tools,
build the knowledge base etc.
KNOWLEDGE ACQUISITION TECHNIQUES
➢ Diagram Based Techniques
➢ Matrix Based Techniques
➢ Hierarchy-Generation Techniques
➢ Protocol Analysis Techniques
➢ Protocol Generation Techniques

In diagram based techniques the generation and use of concept maps, event diagrams and process maps.
This technique captures the features like “why, when, who, how and where”. The matrix based techniques
involve the construction of grids indicating such things as problems encountered against possible solutions.
Hierarchical techniques are used to build hierarchical structures like trees. Protocol analysis technique is
used to identify the type of knowledge like goals, decisions, relationships etc. The Protocol generation
techniques include various types of interviews like structured, semi-structured and unstructured.
CLASSICAL
EXPERT
SYSTEM
CLASSICAL EXPERT SYSTEM
Classical expert systems are a type of artificial intelligence (AI) system that emerged in the 1970s and 1980s.
They were designed to emulate the decision-making abilities of human experts in a specific domain.
These systems have several key components and characteristics
Knowledge Base Inference Engine Rule-Based System
Knowledge Acquisition System User Interface Explanation Facility
Domain Specificity Knowledge Refinement
Limitations: While expert systems are powerful within their specific domains, they have limitations. They may
struggle with uncertainty, lack the ability to learn dynamically from experience, and may not perform well in
domains with rapidly changing information. Classical expert systems paved the way for subsequent
developments in AI, including more sophisticated knowledge representation, reasoning techniques, and the
integration of machine learning approaches in modern expert systems. While newer AI approaches have gained
status, classical expert systems remain relevant in certain applications and provide a foundation for
understanding knowledge based systems.
 CASE
BASE
REASONING
CASE BASE REASONING
➢ Case based reasoning (CBR) is an experience based approach to solving new problems by adapting
previously successful solutions to similar problems. Addressing memory, learning, planning and
problem solving, CBR provides a foundation for a new type of intelligent computer system that can
solve problems and adapt to new situations.
➢ CBR works by retrieving similar past cases and adapting them to the current situation to make a
decision or solve a problem.
➢ The technique is derived from human problem-solving approaches, where people often rely on their
past experiences to make decisions in new situations.
➢ CBR is a type of machine learning that utilizes a database of previously solved problems or cases to
solve new problems.
➢ CBR is based on the idea that similar problems can have similar solutions, and it uses this similarity to
find solutions to new problems.
The CBR process typically involves four main steps
1)Retrieve 2) Reuse 3) Revise 4) Retain.
Retrieve: The first step in the CBR process is to retrieve relevant cases from a case library. This involves
searching through the library to find cases that are similar to the current problem. The goal is to identify
cases that are as close to the current problem as possible, as these are the most likely to provide useful
information.
Reuse: Once relevant cases have been retrieved, the next step is to reuse them to solve the current
problem. This involves adapting the solutions used in past cases to fit the current problem. The goal is to
find a solution that is similar enough to the past cases to be effective, but also different enough to address
the unique aspects of the current problem. This step may involve selecting one or more past cases to use as
a starting point for the solution, or it may involve combining elements from multiple past cases to create a
new solution.
Revise: After a solution has been developed using past cases, the next step is to revise it to better fit the
current problem. This may involve modifying the solution based on feedback from the user or on new
information that has become available. The goal is to refine the solution to make it as effective as possible
for the current problem.
Retain: The final step in the CBR process is to retain the newly developed solution for future use. This
involves adding the new case to the case library so that it can be used in the retrieval step for future
problems. The goal is to continually improve the quality of the case library and the effectiveness of the
CBR process over time. The retention step may also involve the use of knowledge management tools to
help organize and maintain the case library.
ADVANTAGES IN CASE BASED REASONING
Reusability
Adaptability
Explanation
Learning
CHALLENGES IN CASE BASED REASONING
Case Representation
Case Retrieval
Adaptation:
Scalability
APPLICATIONS OF CASE BASED REASONING
Financial Decision Making
Legal Reasoning
Transportation and Logistics
THANK YOU