Assignment on Business Mathematics

Submitted By:
Jarin Nudar [2023010000074]
Toriquel Islam Rahat [2023010000083]
Lamiya Akter Mahi [2023010000069]
Sadia Khondokar [2023010000085]

Submitted To:
Sanjida Chowdhury
Assistant Professor

Southeast Business School

Southeast University

CCourse Code: BUS121

Date of Submission: 5 January,2023
 SET THEORY
Set theory is a mathematical discipline that studies set collections of
objects, including digits, letters, and planets, to understand their
relationships and properties.
Types of Sets:
[Link] Set: Contains a set number of components that can be counted.
Example: {2, 4, 6, 8} is a finite set with 4 elements.

[Link] Set: Contains an unending number of elements.

Example: The set of natural numbers {1, 2, 3, 4, ...} is infinite.

[Link]: All its elements are also elements of another set.

Example: {2, 4} is a subset of {1, 2, 3, 4}

[Link] Subset: A subset that isn't equal to the original set.

Example: {2, 4} is a proper subset of {1, 2, 3, 4}, but not of {2, 4} itself.

[Link] Set: Contains all possible elements under consideration in a particular

context.
Often denoted by U.

[Link] Set: The set of all possible subsets of a given set.

Example: The power set of {1,2} is {{},{1},{2}, {1,2}}

[Link] Sets: Two sets with the same number of elements, even if the elements
themselves are different.
Example: {a, b, c} and {1, 2, 3} are equivalent sets

[Link] Set (or Null Set): Contains no elements.

Denoted by {} or the symbol ∅.

[Link] Set: The union of two sets A and B, denoted by A ∪ B, is the set that contains all
the elements that are in A, in B, or in both A and B.
A = {1, 2, 3} B = {2, 4, 5} so, A ∪ B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
[Link] Set: The intersection of two sets A and B, denoted by A ∩ B, is the set that
contains only the elements that are common to both A and B.

A = {1, 2, 3} B = {2, 4, 5} so, A ∩ B = {2}

Other forms of sets exist as well. Let's see some basic math of set theory-

A) A= {5, 6, 7, 8, 9} B= {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12} C= {3, 6, 9,12}

AU(B∩C) = (AUB)∩(AUC) - Prove that

Ans: B∩C = {6, 12}

AUB = {2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12}
AUC = {3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 12}
So, L.H.S = AU(B∩C) = {5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 12}

Also, R.H.S = (AUB)∩(AUC)

= {5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 12}

∴ L.H.S = R.H.S [ verified]

B) U= {a, b, c, d, e, f, x, y, z, w}; A= {a, b, c, d, e}; B= {b, d, x, y, z}

(A-B) ́= A ́U B – Prove That

Ans: (A-B) = {a, c, e}

L.H.S = (A-B) ́= U- (A-B)
= {b, d, f, x, y, z, w}
A ́= U-A
= {f, x, y, z, w}

R.H.S = A ́UB= {b, d, f, x, y, z, w}

Venn Diagrams: John Venn popularized Venn diagrams in the 1880s,

which use overlapping circles or shapes to highlight the connections
between groups of items.

A Venn diagram is a visual aid for illustrating a set's relationships, typically

surrounded by a circle, and can be used to illustrate multiple operations for sets.

The Venn diagram (Fig.1) of three sets A, B, and C is as follows:

Laws of Algebra of Sets:

1. Commutative Laws: For any two sets A and B, we have

(i) A ∪ B = B ∪ A, (ii) A ∩ B = B ∩ A.

2. Associative Laws: For any three sets A, B and C, we have,

(i) A ∪ (B ∪ C) = (A ∪ B) ∪ C, (ii) A ∩ (B ∩ C) = (A ∩ B) ∩ C.

3. Distributive Laws: (i) A ∪ (B ∩ C) = (A ∪ B) ∩ (A ∪ C),

(ii) A ∩ (B ∪ C) = (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ C).

4. Identity Laws: Let U be the universal set, φ be the null set and A be
any subset of U. Then, (i) A ∪ U = U, (ii) A ∩ U = A,
(iii) A ∪ φ = A, (iv) A ∩ φ = φ.

5. Complement Laws: Double complement: (A')' = A (Taking the complement of a sets

complement gives you the original set.)
De Morgan's laws: (A ∪ B)' = A' ∩ B' and (A ∩ B)' = A' ∪ B' (These laws relate
complements of sets with unions and intersections.)

Example-
Using Venn diagram, verify that A ∩ (B ∩ C) = (A ∩ B) ∩ C
Ans- LHS:

FIG-1 FIG-2
In Fig.-1, the set A has been shaded by horizontal straight lines and these (B ∩ C) has been
shaded by vertical straight lines (i.e., the region common to both the sets B and C). Then by
definition, the cross hatched region (i.e., the region where the horizontal and vertical lines
intersect) represents the set A ∩ (B ∩ C). The region representing this set has been shaded
separately by slanting lines in Fig.-2.
RHS:

FIG-3 FIG-4

In Fig.-3, the set (A ∩ B) has been shaded by horizontal lines (i.e., the region common to both
the sets A and B) and the set C has been shaded by vertical straight lines. Then by definition,
the cross hatched region (i.e., the region where the horizontal and vertical lines intersect)
represents the set (A ∩ B) ∩ C. The region representing this set has been shaded separately by
slanting lines in Fig.-4.

De Morgan's Law: De Morgan's Laws are fundamental set theory concepts

that link a set's complement to its union and intersection, simplifying and
transforming formulations related to sets and their complements.
1. De Morgan's Law for Union: This law states that the complement of the union of two sets
A and B is equal to the intersection of the complements of A and B. In simpler terms, it says:
(A ∪ B)' = A' ∩ B'
2. De Morgan's Law for Intersection: This law complements (pun intended!) the first by
stating that the complement of the intersection of two sets A and B is equal to the union of the
complements of A and B. In simpler terms, it says:
(A ∩ B)' = A' ∪ B'
SYMMETRIC DIFFERENCE: Symmetric difference is a set theory concept that
represents unique elements in one set, not shared by both sets, like the exclusive part of a
union.
The symmetric difference can be expressed using set operations as:
A △ B = (A ∪ B) - (A ∩ B)
This means we take the union of A and B (all elements in either set) and then remove the
elements that are common to both (the intersection).

NUMBER OF ELEMENTS: The numbers of elements in a set X is denoted by ‘n(X)’.

Again, the number of elements in a set Y is expressed by n(Y). Here we derive a formula for
n(X ∪ Y) in terms of n(X), n(Y) and n (X ∩ Y). First, we observe that if X and Y set are
disjoint, i.e., if (X ∩ Y) = Ø, then n (X ∪ Y) = n(X) + n(Y). Later we take the case of the
union of two finite sets which are not mutually disjoint, that is, there are some common
elements between the two sets, i.e., the union of two joint sets are n(X ∪ Y) = n(X) + n(Y) –
(X ∩ Y).
The following Venn diagram presents two disjoint sets:

Here, the numbers of the elements of X set, n(X) = a, and Y set, n(Y) = b. If the sets are
disjoint, then, n (X ∪ Y) = (a + b) = n(X) + n(Y)
n (X ∪ Y) = {a, b, r}

But if n (X ∪ Y) = n(X) + n(Y), then the elements of n (X ∪ Y) are {(a + r) + (b+ r)} = {a +
b + r + r}. Here the element ‘r’ will be deleted because it is added more than one time.

i.e., n (X ∪ Y) = [{a+ r} + {b+ r} – r] = n(X) + n (Y) – n (X ∩ Y)

Again, for the union of any three sets X, Y and Z, which are mutually disjoint, we have, n(X
∪ Y ∪ Z) = n(X) + n(Y) + n(Z). But when these three sets are joint, then the Venn diagram
would be as under:

In the above diagram, the three sets are mutually joint. For the union of these three sets the
elements are, n(X ∪ Y ∪ Z). Now, if we consider that X is a set and (Y ∪ Z) is another set,
then as per union of sets, wet get:
n(X ∪ Y ∪ Z) = n [{X ∪ (Y ∪ Z) ].
= n(X) + n (Y ∪ Z ) – n[ X ∩ (Y ∪ Z)]
Again n(Y ∪ Z) = n(Y) + n(Z) – n(Y ∩ Z)
and n[X ∩ (Y ∪ Z ) = n[(X ∩ Y) ∪ (X ∩ Z)] (using distributive law)
= n(X ∩ Y) + n(X ∩ Z) – n[(X ∩ Y) ∩ (X ∩ Z)]
= n(X ∩ Y) + n(X ∩ Z) – n(X ∩ Y ∩ Z)
Therefore
n(X ∪ Y ∪ Z) = n(X) + n(Y) + n(Z) – n (X ∩ Y) – n(Y ∩ Z) – n(X ∩ Z) + n(X ∩ Y ∩ Z)
Here,
n(X) ⇒ The elements of X set
n(Y) ⇒ The elements of Y set
n(Z) ⇒ The elements of Z set
n(X ∩ Y) ⇒ The common elements of X and Y set.
n(Y ∩ Z) ⇒ The common elements of Y and Z set.
n(X ∩ Z) ⇒ The common elements of X and Z set.
n(X ∩ Y ∩ Z) ⇒ The common elements of X, Y and Z set.
Now we have got an idea regarding the operation of set theory, which can be applied in the field of business.
Example- A Survey of 600 workers in a plant indicated that 410 owned their own
houses, 500 owned cars, 550 owned televisions, 410 owned cars and televisions, 340
owned cars and houses, 370 owned houses and television and 300 owned all three.
Illustrate by a Venn diagram and prove that the above data is not correct. What set is
empty?
Solution:
Let U is the set of the workers who were surveyed, and H, C and T are the sets of workers
who owned their houses, cars and televisions respectively. Now we are given,
n(U) = 600; n(H) = 410; n(C) = 500; n(T) = 550; n(C ∩ T) = 410;
n(H ∩ T) = 370; n(C ∩ H) = 340; n(C ∩ H ∩ T) = 300.
The following Venn diagram shows the result of the survey of ownership:

Hence, the total number of workers in the survey is,

n (H ∪ C ∪ T) = n(H) + n(C) + n(T) – n(H ∩ C) – n(C ∩ T) – n(H ∩ T) + n(H ∩ C ∩ T)
= (410 + 500 + 550 – 340 – 410 – 370 + 300) = 640
This figure exceeds the total number of workers who were surveyed. Hence the given data is
not correct or consistent.
In Venn diagram, (H ∩ C′ ∩ T′) set is empty.
n(H ∩ C′ ∩ T′) = n(H) – n(H ∩ C) – n (H ∩ T) + n(H ∩ C ∩ T)
= (410 – 340 – 370 + 300) = (710 – 710) = Ø.
 Coordinate Geometry and the Straight Line
Coordinate geometry, also known as analytic geometry, is a mathematical
field those studies and evaluates geometric shapes using numbers and
algebraic equations.
Quadrants:
The two directed lines, when they intersect at right angles at the point of
origin, divide their plane into four parts or regions. These are:

XOY: First quadrant

X ́OY: Second quadrant
X ́OY ́: Third quadrant.
XOY ́: Fourth quadrant

Coordinates of Mid-Points: The coordinates of a midpoint in coordinate geometry are

crucial for determining the center of balance within a line segment.
We can find out the coordinates of a mid-point from the coordinates of any two points using
the following formula:

Distance between Two Points: Coordinate geometry reveals relationships

between points through numbers, with distance between them acting as an
invisible bridge. Two points, A and B, are situated on the coordinate plane
with distinct coordinates, with A at (x₁, y₁) and B at (x₂, y₂).

Distance between Two Points Formula:

Example- Find the distance between the points (−2, 3) and (1, −3)
Solution: Let (−2, 3) be denoted by (x1, y1) And (1, −3) be denoted by (x2, y2)
Therefore, the required distance is,

Using distance formula to identify given coordinate forms:

For Example:
Show that the points (6, 6) (2, 3) and (4, 7) are the vertices of a right- angled triangle.
Solution:
Let P, Q, R be the points (6, 6), (2, 3) and (4, 7) respectively, then

∠ PQR = 1 right angle. Hence the points P (6, 6), Q (2, 3) and R (4, 7) are the vertices of a right-
angled triangle.
Using Mid-Point Formula & Prove that (−2, −1), (1, 0), (4, 3) and (1, 2) be the vertices of
a parallelogram.
Solution:
Let P (−2, −1), Q (1, 0), R (4, 3) and S (1, 2) be the vertices of a quadrilateral.

Then the midpoint of PR =

and the midpoint of QS =

From (i) and (ii), we conclude that PR and QS bisect each other at the same point (1,1) and
hence the quadrilateral PQRS is a parallelogram.

Area of a Triangle in Coordinate Geometry: In the realm of coordinate geometry,

triangles dance across the plane, revealing their area secrets through numbers.

Example: What is the area of the ∆ABC whose vertices are A (1, 2), B (4, 2) and C (3,
5)? Solution: Using the formula

Therefore, the area of a triangle ∆ ABC is 9/2 square units.

Collinearity of Three Points: Suppose the points A (x1, y1), B (x2, y2) and C (x3, y3) are
collinear, then the Conditions for Collinearity of Three Points are:
(i) Slope of AB = Slope of BC
(ii) AB + BC = AC (or) AB + AC = BC (or) AC + BC = AB

(iii) Area of triangle ABC = 0, i.e. (½)|x1(y2 – y3) + x2(y3 – y1) + x3(y1 – y2) | = 0

(iv) If the third point satisfies the equation through any two of the given three points, then the three
points A, B, and C will be collinear.

Example:
Find the value of p for which the points (p, -1), (2, 1) and (4, 5) are collinear.

Let the given points be:

A (p, -1) = (x1, y1), B (2, 1) = (x2, y2), C (4, 5) = (x3, y3)

Given that A, B, and C are collinear. Slope of AB = Slope of BC

(y2 – y1)/ (x2 – x1) = (y3 – y2)/ (x3 – x2)

Hence, the value of p is 1.

Straight Line in Coordinate Geometry: Straight lines in coordinate geometry serve

as the plane's backbone, stretching infinitely and connecting points with precision.

There are two main ways to mathematically represent a straight line:

1. Slope-Intercept Form: y = mx + b

2. Two-point form:

Logarithms
Logarithms are mathematical tools that indicate the number of times a
base (number) must be multiplied by itself to obtain an argument.
Laws of Logarithms: The laws of logarithms provide a powerful tool for
manipulating and simplifying logarithmic expressions, making mathematical journeys
smoother and more efficient.

1. Product Rule: The law states that the logarithm of a product of two
numbers is equal to the sum of their logarithms, both with the same base.

2. Quotient Rule: The quotient rule, like the product rule, states that the
logarithm of a number divided by another is equal to the difference of both
numbers, with the same base.

3. Power Rule: This law explains that the logarithm of a number raised to a
power is equal to the product of the power and the base's logarithm.

4. Change of Base Rule: The law allows for base switching without
affecting the logarithm value, requiring an additional constant called
log(a_new_base) to maintain the old base's logarithm.

5. Zero Rule: The law asserts that the logarithm of 1 to any base (excluding
1) equals 0.
 Mathematics of Finance
Mathematics of finance, a field combining mathematics, statistics,
probability, and economics, aims to solve financial problems and analyze
markets, enabling informed decision-making in financial uncertainty. The
study of finance mathematics offers numerous career opportunities,
enabling individuals to make informed decisions, develop successful
investment strategies, and navigate financial complexities confidently.

Nature of Interest: When x borrows money from y, then x must pay a certain amount to
y for the use of the money. The amount paid by x is called interest. The amount borrowed by
x from y is called principal. The sum of the interest and principal is usually called the total
amount. When interest is payable on the principal only, it is termed as simple interest. On the
other hand, when interest is calculated on the amount of the previous year or period, then it is
called compound interest.

There are two types of Interest:

1. Simple Interest

2. Compound Interest

Calculation of Simple Interest:

Simple interest: If we calculate the interest only on capital or principal then this is called

simple interest. The simple interest formula is as follow:

Interest (I) = Pin

I= Total interest (always in Tk.)

P= Principal or capital, n= Time in years

i= Rate of interest (always in percentage form)

Example: Compute the interest on Tk.30,000 at 10% for 36 months.

Solution: Here, P= 30,000

i= 10% = 10/100 = 0.1
n= 36 months = 36/12= 3 years

We know, Interest (I)= Pin

= 30000× 0.1× 3
= 9000 Taka
Example: Find how much time will take if interest on Tk.20,000 is Tk.5500 at 11.5%.
Solution: Here, P= 20,000
I= 5500
n=?
i= 11.5%= 11.5/100= 0.115
We know, I= Pin
n= I / Pi
= 5500 / (20000×0.115)
= 2.3913 years
Example: Compute the Future value if $27,000 is invested for 5 years at 8.5%
Future Value= Present value + Interest
F=P+I
F = P + Pin
F = P (1+in)

Here, P= 27,000
i= 8.5% = 8.5/100 = 0.085
n= 5 years
F=?
We know, F = P (1+in) = 27000 {1+(0.085×5)}
= 27000× (1+0.425)
= 27000×1.425
= 38, 475

Bank Discount: In many bank loans, the interest charge counted not on the
amount borrower receives but on the amount that is repaid later. In the
case of a bank discount the future value is called maturity value; present
value is called proceed and interest rate is called discount rate (d).
So, in case of bank discount, Interest (I)= Fdn
We know, F= P+ I
F= P+ Fdn
P= F- Fdn
P= F (1-dn)
Effective interest rate,

Example: Fran sings a note promising to pay a bank $12000 ten months from now and
receive $10000. Find the discount rate and effective interest rate.
Solution: Here, F = 12,000
P = 10,000

d =?

n= 10 months = 10/12 = 0.8333

We know, P = F (1- dn)

10000 = 12000 {1-(d×0.8333)}

(1-0.8333d) = 10000/12000

-0.8333d = 0.8333 - 1 d = 0.1666/0.8333 d = 0.1999 × 100 d = 19.99%

Again,
d = 19.99% = 19.99/100 = 0.1999
n= 10 months = 10/12 = 0.8333

we know, Effective interest rate,

= 0.1999/ (1- 0.1999×0.8333)
= 0.1999/ (1- 0.1665)
= 0.1995/ 0.8334
= 0.2393×100 = 23.93%
Compound Interest: Compound interest is the addition of interest to the
principal sum of a deposit, or in other words, interest on interest.
Compound interest can be calculated in five different terms: annually,
semi-annually, quarterly, monthly and daily. The concept of t involves
earning interest on both initial and accumulated investments, creating a
snowball effect that allows money to grow exponentially over time.
Compound interest is a crucial financial tool in the banking industry, influencing customer
attraction, revenue generation, risk management, and long-term sustainability across banks'
structures and operations.
Now, we find out the formula for calculating the future value if the interest rate is
compounded

Example: Compute the Future value if $70,000 is invested for 5 years a compounded
annually.
Solution:
Here, P= 70,000
i= 9% = 9/100 = 0.09
n= 5 years
F=?
Since the interest rate is compounded annually, then Future value,
Interest, I= F – P = 37703.6768
If we compute the future value using the rest of the interest rates then we have,

2) Compounded semi-annually then, Future Value

Interest, I= F – P = 39235.6440

4) Compounded monthly then, Future value,

 5) Compounded daily then, Future value,

Interest, I= F – P = 39775. 7635

Functions and Equations

Introduction: A function can be viewed as an input-output device. The
significant relationships in mathematical models typically are represented
by functions. It is the purpose of this chapter to introduce this important
topic. In business applications, we sometimes are interested in determining
whether there are values of variables, which satisfy several attributes. In
this chapter, we will also be concerned with the process used to determine
whether there are values of variables, which jointly satisfy a set of
equations.
Formula: Computational procedures are described efficiently by formulas employing
the symbolism of algebra. Thus, if x is the length and y the width of a rectangle, the area A of
the rectangle is expressed by the formula: A = xy

If a rectangle has a length of 10 inches and a width of 5 inches, then we compute the area of
that rectangle using the above formula, as follows:

Relation: If A and B be two sets then nonempty subset of ordered pairs of Cartesian products,
A * B is called relation of A and B and is denoted by R.

The significance of functions in both functions and equations is clear. They serve as building
blocks, simplifying our knowledge, providing strong analytical and problem-solving tools,
and connecting various mathematical ideas. Their versatility and power make them useful
instruments in a variety of sectors, contributing significantly to scientific discovery,
technological advancement, and everyday problem solving.

Function: If ‘f’ is a rule which associates every element of set X with one and
only one element of set Y, then the rule ‘f’ is said to be the function or
mapping from the set X to the set Y.

This we write symbolically as

Types of functions:
We shall now introduce some different types of functions, which a particularly useful in
different branches of Mathematics.

One-to-one functions (injective functions): Each input maps to a unique

output. No two inputs can have the same output. Example: f(x) = 2x + 1.

Onto functions (surjective functions): Every possible output value is

mapped to by at least one input. Example: f(x) = x + 1 (every real number
can be obtained as an output).

Into functions: Not all possible output values are mapped to. Example: f(x)
= x^2 (negative numbers are not possible outputs).

Linear functions: Polynomial functions of degree 1, represented as f(x) =

mx + b (a straight line on a graph).

Exponential functions: Functions involving a variable in the exponent, with

a constant base. Example: f(x) = 2^x.

Monotonic Functions: A function is monotonic if it either always increases

or always decreases over its entire domain. f(x) = x^2 (monotonically
increasing for x ≥ 0), f(x) = -x (monotonically decreasing)

Even Functions: A function is even if f(-x) = f(x) for all x in its domain. This
means the graph is symmetric about the y-axis. f(x) = x^2, f(x) = cos(x)

Odd Functions: A function is odd if f(-x) = -f(x) for all x in its domain. This
means the graph is symmetric about the origin. f(x) = x^3, f(x) = sin(x)
Implicit Functions: A function defined implicitly by an equation that
relates x and y, rather than explicitly stating y as a function of x. The
equation x^2 + y^2 = 25 defines a circle implicitly. To find y as a function
of x, you'd need to solve for y: y = ±√(25 - x^2)

Linear functions: Polynomial functions of degree 1, represented as f(x) =

mx + b (a straight line on a graph).

Equation: An equation in mathematics is a balanced statement stating the

equivalence of two expressions, involving numbers, variables, and other
mathematical processes.

There are several methods that may be used to solve a system of equations problem.

1. GRAPHING METHOD
2. SUBSTITUTION METHOD
3. ELIMINATION-BY-ADDITION METHOD

Example–4:
The distance between the two stations is 340 km (about 211.27 mi). Two trains start at
the same time from these two stations on parallel tracks to cross each other. The speed
of one train is greater than that of another by 5 km / hr. If the distance between the two
trains after 2 hours of their start is 30 km (about 18.64 mi), find the speed of each train?

Solution:

Let the speed of the first train be x km / hr.

Then the speed of the second train be (x + 5) km / hr.

Distance covered by the first train in 2 hrs. = 2x km.

Distance covered by the second train in 2 hrs. = 2(x + 5) km = (2x + 10) km

Since both the trains are in opposite directions. Total distance between the two stations = 340
km.

The distance between the two trains after 2 hours = 30 km.

Therefore, distance covered by two trains in two hours from opposite

Directions

= (340 – 30) = 310 km

∴2x + (2x + 10) = 310 or, 4x = 300

x = 75

Hence, the speed of the first train = 75 km / hr. and the speed of the second train = 80 km / hr.

Nature of Inequality: Relationship of two expressions with an inequality sign (≤ or ≥, < or

>) between them is called inequality. For example,
x > y → “x is greater than y”
x < y → “x is smaller than y”
x > y → “x is not greater than y”
x < y → “x is not smaller than y”
x ≤ y → “x is smaller than or equal to y”
x ≥ y → “x is greater than or equal to y”
Properties of Inequalities: The fundamental properties of inequalities are as follows:
(a) Order Axioms: If x and b are only elements, then
(i) One and only one of the following is true:
x = b, x < y and x > y
(ii) If x < y and y < z, then y < c
(iii) If x < y and x < z, then xz < yz

(b) Operation Axioms:

(i) All equals may add or subtracted from both sides of
inequalities and the inequality are preserved.

For example, if 5x – 9 < 12

Example-1:

Solve: 3[4x – 5(2x – 3)] ≤ 7 – 2 [x + 3 (4 – x)]

Solution:
3[4x – 5(2x – 3)] ≤ 7 – 2 [x + 3 (4 – x)]

or, 3[4x – 10x – 15)] ≤ 7 – 2 [x + 12 – 3x)]

or, 12x – 30x – 45 ≤ 7 – 2x + 24 + 6x

Transposing both sides we have

or, 12x – 30x + 2x ≤ 6x – 24 – 45

or, –12x ≤ –62 Multiplying both sides by –1, we get or, 22x ≥ 62 or, x ≥ =31/11

How to Solve Systems Using Substitution:

1: Using only one of the equations in the system, solve for one of the two
unknown variables.
2: Using the equation that you did not use in step 1, replace the variable you
solved for with the new expression from the previous step.
3: Solve for the unknown variable.
4: Go back to one of the original equations and solve for the other using the
solution you just found.

Example:

x − 2y = 4

3y + x = 19

Step 1: Solve the first equation for x. x − 2y = 4

+2y + 2y

x = 4 + 2y

Step 2: Plug in 4 + 2y for x in the equation that we did not use. 3y + x = 19

3y + (4 + 2y) = 19

5y + 4 = 19

Step 4: Go back to one of the original equations and solve for x using the y-value we just
found.
Therefore, the solution to this system is x = 10 and y = 3.

How to Solve Systems Using Elimination:

1: Pick one of the variables that you would like to eliminate.

2: Multiply through one (or both) of the equations until either

4: Solve for the remaining variable.

5: Go back to one of the original equations and solve for the other using the

solution you just found.

Example: 2x + 3y = 14

3x − 5y = 2

Step 1: Even though we could pick any variable to eliminate, let’s eliminate x in this example.
Step 2: To eliminate x, we are going to multiply through the first equation by 3 and the
second equation by 2 to get the coefficients to be the same.
(2x + 3y) ∙ 3 = (14) ∙ 3
(3x − 5y) ∙ 2 = (2) ∙ 2

6x + 9y = 42
6x − 10y = 4
Step 3: Subtract the equations. 6x + 9y = 42
−(6x − 10y = 4)
------------------------
0 + 19y = 38
Step 4: Solve for y.
19y/19y = 38/19
Y= 38
Step 5: Go back to one of the original equations and solve for x using the y-value we just
found.
Therefore, the solution to this system is x = 4 and y = 2.

Solving Systems Equations Graphically: A system of equations problem involves finding

the solutions that satisfy the conditions set forth in two or more equations in two or more
variables. When solving problems concerning systems of two linear equations and two
variables there are three possible outcomes.
Consistent Systems - In this case, the graphs of the two lines intersect at exactly one point.

Inconsistent Systems - In this case the graphs of the two lines show that they are parallel.

Dependent Systems - In this case the graphs of the two lines indicate that there is infinite

solutions because they are the same line.

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