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Systematic fractures analysis using image logs and complementary methods in

the Marun Oilfield, SW Iran

Article · January 2016

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Geopersia 5 (2), 2015, PP. 139- 150

Systematic fractures analysis using image logs and complementary

methods in the Marun Oilfield, SW Iran
Iman Zahmatkesh1, Ghasem Aghli 1*, Ruhangiz Mohamadian2
1
Department Geology, Chamran, University, Ahvaz, Iran
2
National South Iranian Oil Company (NISOC), Studies office, Ahvaz, Iran
*Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected]
(received: 05/06/2015 ; accepted: 25/11/2015)

Abstract
Fractures are considered as one of the important structures in fractured reservoirs due to their effect on fluid currents and reservoir
parameters such as porosity and permeability. Fracture parameters can only be directly calculated with core and image logs. Cores have
serious limitations, so image logs are the best method. The aim of this study is the systematic fractures analysis of the Asmari
Formation in the Marun field as one of the giant oilfields in world. The main objectives of image logs were evaluating structural dip,
characterizing natural fractures and field structure heterogeneity, and finally correlating the results with complimentary methods such
as Velocity Deviation Log (VDL), Repeat Formation Test (RFT), mud lost data, and isodip map in the carbonate Asmari Formation.
Generally, electric and ultrasonic imaging tools record vast amounts of high-resolution data. This enables geoscientists to describe in
detail the structural fracture networks. The results indicate that the highest fracture density is in the zones 1, 20, and 30 of the Asmari
reservoir that show high correlation with VDL and mud lost data. Image logs also show a range of bedding dips from 20˚ in the
northern limb to 30˚ in the southern limb with strikes ranging from 10˚ to 270˚N. Regarding the general pattern of fractures, it is
evident that they are related to the folding and are classified mainly as longitudinal, transverse, and oblique. The longitudinal pattern is
dominant and often forms open fractures. They are characterized by N50W-S50E and mainly observed in the upper Asmari zones.
Moreover, to find the vertical relation of the layer and fractures, RFT data were used. The findings revealed the presence of a vertical
relation in the upper horizons of the reservoir, especially in the eastern section due to the high fracture density.

Keywords: Asmari Reservoir, Complimentary Methods, Fracture Analysis, Image Logs, Marun Oilfield.

Introduction understood that fractures have a vital role in the

Some direct and indirect methods were used for the production and migration of oil in the Zagros basin
determination of reservoir parameters including (Alavi, 2004, 2007). They are important features in
seismic section, petrophysical logs, well test, cores, the carbonate reservoirs because they have a great
and image logs (Thompson, 2000; Tingay et al., effect on reservoir parameters including porosity
2008). Image logs and cores are the best methods and permeability (Nelson, 2001; Rajabi et al.,
for the analysis of reservoir parameters. However, 2010). Generally, imaging tools are divided into
cores have serious limitations such as high cost, two electrical and sonic categories which produce
low recovery in fractured interval, and changing very high-resolution images for reservoir analysis
core orientation during coring (Mohebbi et al., (Schlumberger, 2003). In general, electrical images
2007; Khoshbakht et al., 2009). In the recent years, appear to be sensitive to variations in mineralogy,
image logs have become the most important and porosity, and fluid content. Acoustic image logs
advanced fracture analysis methods for reservoir reveal a similar natural fracture population but do
evaluation (Khoshbakht et al., 2012). These not reveal rock fabric owing to their lower
methods have been improved rapidly due to their resolution. However, due to their full coverage,
excellent ability in characterizing the borehole acoustic images can reveal drilling-induced
features such as fractures and bedding (Serra, borehole wall tensile fractures, breakouts, and
1989). Image log studies reduce expenditure owing petal-centerline fractures (Tingay et al., 2008; Nie
to the reducing coring depths and perforate zone et al., 2013). The formation micro imager (FMI)
determination. The presence of fractures has a tool has an azimuthal resolution of 192° capable of
considerable impact on permeability (Rezaee & radial micro-resistivity measurements
Chehrazi, 2005) and knowledge about them and (Schlumberger, 1994). Electrical micro imager
their patterns help in the determination of the best (EMI) electrode arrays are mounted on six
location for drilling and maximum exploration independent arms providing excellent pad contact
(Serra and Serra, 2004). It is now generally (Halliburton, 1996). These two tools cannot be used
140 Zahmatkesh et al. Geopersia, 5(2), 2015

in the oil-based mud where oil base micro imager foreland basin (Blanc et al., 2003; Wennberg et al.,
(OBMI) and ultrasonic borehole imager (UBI) are 2007). Asmari deposition was followed by the
applied (Serra, 1989). Fractures diagnosis is not deposition of Lower Fars group evaporates known
valuable by itself because fractures study is useful as Gachsaran Formation (Aqrawi, 1993).The
when their role in the system of porosity and Asmari Formation comprises of fractured dolomites
permeability are determined (Martinez et al., 2002; and limestones and, locally, the Ahwaz sandstone
Brie, 1985). The present work is an attempt in order Member.
to determine the role of fractures and their effect on The source rock intervals were attributed to the
the reservoir properties as a vital subject in the Kazhdumi Formation, and the Gachsaran
carbonate reservoir. For this aim, VDL and RTF Formation is the cap rock. The Asmari Formation
data coupled with image log interpretations were in this field is generally subdivided into three parts.
used in our study. The lower part consists of open-marine facies
deposited mainly on a platform margin and its
Geological setting of the studied area seaward slope and basinal equivalents (50-150 m).
The giant Marun oilfield is located in the Dezful The middle and upper Asmari consists of relatively
Embayment, parallel to the general trend of the shallow-water facies (maximum 30-50 m) deposited
Zagros fold and trust belt (Fig. 1). It is one of the in the platform-top settings. The Asmari Formation
well-known oil provinces in the Middle East. The was divided into five main layers (1, 20, 30, 40, and
structural and stratigraphic features of the Dezful 50) and 5 sub-layers (11, 28, 36.30, 40.80, 50 and
Embayment have been investigated since the 60) based on alternating siliciclastic and carbonate
middle of the last century (e.g., Haynes and lithology (Gholipour, 1998). This classification is
McQuillan, 1974; Alavi, 2007). The Asmari still used for the Asmari Formation in the Iranian
Formation is the most important and proliferous National Oil Company (NIOC) and also in this
reservoir in the SW of Iran (Fig. 2). In the Dezful study.
Embayment, the formation was deposited from the
Early Oligocene (Rupelian) to the Early Miocene Methods and Materials
(Burdigalian) in a NW-SE trend basin (Stocklin, In this study, image logs as the main data and mud
1968). Continued subsidence during the deposition lost, RFT, and VDL as complimentary data are
of the Asmari Formation may be related to the available in 11 studied wells (Fig. 4). Also, an
latest stages of the closure of the Neo-Tethys, and isodip map was drawn for the Asmari Formation.
the Asmari basin may represent the early stages of a

Figure 1. Location map of the Marun Field in southwestern Iran (Red circle) and 3D seimic section for marun anticlin and other
adjacent fields provided by NISOC.
Systematic fractures analysis using image logs and complementary methods… 141

Figure 2. Cenozoic stratigraphic correlation chart of the Iranian Sector of the Zagros Basin, adopted from James and Wynd (1965).

The images are carefully described to the structural dip (Fig. 3). There are some intervals
characterize fractures and other geological features within the Asmari sequence where the image log
and finally the image results were correlated with reveals relatively thinly bedded formations.
other data. In this study, image logs were processed
and interpreted by the Geoframe 4.5 software. Complimentary methods
In this study, in order to achieve more accuracy, all
Image logs image results were correlated with complimentary
There is a general consensus that image logs are the methods including VDL and RFT. The Velocity-
best method for fractures and structural study. Deviation Log is a log calculated by combining the
Fractures are planar features with no apparent sonic log with the neutron-porosity or density log,
displacement of blocks along their planes (Fossen, which provides a tool to obtain downhole
2010). Generally, they have a steep dip in tensional information on the predominant pore type in
and wrench regimes. Their aperture may be open, carbonates. This log can also be used to trace the
tight (closed), or filled with some minerals downhole distribution of diagenetic processes and
(Schlumberger, 2005). On the image logs, fractures to estimate trends in permeability. The main
tend to occur as linear features that generally have a purpose of calculating the VDL log is creating an
dip steeper than the structural dip (Fig. 3). Open artificial log using the other petrophysical logs that
fractures, in a clay free formation, have a can detect porous types and fractured zones (Figs. 6
conductive appearance on the images due to the , 7), because thay cannot be determined by Sonic,
invasion of their aperture with the conductive Neutron, and density logs in a carbonate reservoir
drilling mud. However, the mineralized or sealed (Guadagno & Nunziata, 1993). This log is
fractures appear resistive if the filling material of calculated by first converting porosity-log data to a
their apertures is dense like calcite or anhydrite. In synthetic velocity log using a time-average
some cases, the fullest logs (PEF, RHOZ, Neutron equation. The difference between the real sonic log
and etc.) can also be very helpful for this kind of (DT) and the synthetic sonic log (DTsyn) can then
differentiation (Tokhmchi et al., 2010; Ja’fari et al., be plotted as VDL. This log shows the difference
2011). Between fracture parameters, the aperture between the real density wave values (Vpreal) and
has the greatest effect on reservoir properties artificial density wave (Vpsyn) (Anselmetti and
especially permeability (Aghli et al., 2014). The Eberli, 1999). A Repeat Formation Tester (RFT) is
main types of geological structures are bedding and a wireline tool used to sample fluid formation and
other sedimentary features. Generally, there are formation pressure. The tool is several tens of feet
strong resistivity contrasts and the sedimentary dip long with several chambers that hold several
information is of high quality where the formation gallons of fluid. The tool is lowered into the well to
is stratified. However, diagenetic processes have a producing zone. A shoe is extended from the tool
caused irregular bedding planes at few intervals and forcing it against the opposite wall of the well.
consequently hinder the precise determination of
142 Zahmatkesh et al. Geopersia, 5(2), 2015

Figure 3. Fractures and bedding displayed on OBMI-UBI image log.

By opening a value, fluid is allowed to flow into high confidence resistive fractures show a
the tool. As the fluid is flowing, the formation fluid relatively large scattering in their dip azimuth and
pressure is also measured. RFT data is used for strike. The most fractures were in zones 1, 20, and
revealing the presence of the vertical relation. The 30 in the Asmari reservoir (Figs. 6 and 7). In some
pressure is used to calculate formation wells, zone 1 has 300 open fractures and zone 2 has
permeability, as well. The repeat formation tester is 600 open fractures. In this field, considering the
run on an open hole. In addition, mud lost data is general pattern of fractures, it is evident that they
used as an auxiliary method because it is usable for are related to the folding and are mainly classified
all fracture studies as available data in drilled wells. as longitudinal, transverse, and oblique. The main
fracture set has the same orientation as the bedding
Results and Discussion which classifies it as a longitudinal set (Fig. 7).
After the analysis of electric and sonic image logs Strike in this set is almost N130E. The other
in the studied wells (Fig. 4), several features such fracture set is obliquely oriented relative to the
as fractures, beddings, induced fractures, borehole bedding and is considered as an oblique set. Strikes
breakouts, and stylolites were identified. Because in this set are N30E to N60E which can mostly be
of the importance of open fractures and bedding in seen in the eastern section (Fig. 4). It is notable that
this study (based on this study purpose), they were the high density fractures in the central and eastern
determined on image logs and fracture density was sections (well A and B, Fig. 4) are related to the
calculated for all wells. The results of each step are axis re-circulation by the basement fault which is
presented below: probably in the south section.

Image Logs Results Structural dip description:

Structural analysis and fractures density The electrical borehole images (OBMI) and ultra-
In the Marun oilfield, the Asmari reservoir is a sonic imager (UBI) clearly indicate
completely fractured reservoir. Fractured dip layering/bedding throughout the logged interval
inclination varied from 30˚ to 80˚, their strike (Fig. 2). Some layer/ bed contacts appear sharp and
(orientation of the layer) was dominantly N130E planar, while some have vague and uneven contacts
and their azimuth (dip direction) varied from 0˚ to (Darling, 2005; Saedi, 2010). These lines are easily
360˚ from the north (Figs. 4 and 5). Both low and correlated from pad to pad and are visible on static
Systematic fractures analysis using image logs and complementary methods… 143

images and correspond to the surface or boundaries Confidence Bedding Dips (HC), and those from the
separating two beds of different lithology (Serra, uneven and vague boundaries are classified as Low
1989). So the dips computed from the first type of Confidence Bedding Dips (LC).
layer/bed boundaries are classified into High

Figure 4. Represent of fracture and bedding strike in studied field using image logs results. As is evident, there are two fractures set in
the Eastern section.

Figure 5. Represent of stereonet for fractures (blue points) and bedding (green pints) on Iso-mud loss map in the studied field. (Mud
loss data represents center and eastern as fractured section in the studied field which show high correlation with images data)
144 Zahmatkesh et al. Geopersia, 5(2), 2015

Figure 6. Results for Image log in the well A and its comparison with VDL log (Track 4)

Both classes of bedding dips compute nearly the Complimentary Methods Results
same average and dominant dip magnitude and dip Velocity Deviation Log
azimuth. Therefore, based on both types of bedding In this study, for evaluating the dominant pores
dips, a structural dip of 6 degrees N50W-S50E pattern and fractures detection, VDL log was drawn
strike can be computed for the studied wells (Fig. using Sonic and Neutron digital data for the Asmari
5). In this field, axis re-circulation has caused the reservoir in well A and B (Fig 4). Generally, there
bedding shift in the total area especially in the is an inverse relationship between porosity and
eastern section which in all reservoir parts fractures velocity, so velocity decreases with increasing
intercept the bedding. porosity (Wyllie et al., 1956). Three zones are
Systematic fractures analysis using image logs and complementary methods… 145

detected on a VDL log: small deviations (±500 m/s or less) represent

A) Zones with Positive Deviations: Indicating interparticle, intercrystalline, or high microporosity.
high porosity that is integrated in a framelike fabric C: Zones with Negative Deviations: Zones with
of the rock (>+500 m/s). abnormal deviations and very low velocity speed
B) Zones with ± Zero Deviations: Zones with that can be caused by three factors (<-500 m/s):

Figure 7. Results for Image log in the well B and its comparison with VDL log (Track 4)
146 Zahmatkesh et al. Geopersia, 5(2), 2015

1. Caving or irregularities of the borehole wall 2. Repeat Formation Test (RFT)

High content of free gas 3. Despite the fact that RFT is reliable data for the detection of fractures
fracture porosity has always been included in the and their conductivity in the fractured reservoir.
secondary porosity which is an equivalent of very RFT data is used for revealing the presence of
high velocity or positive deviations (Schlumberger, the vertical relation and its pressure is used for the
1974), several studies have shown that fracturing calculation of formation permeability. Presence of
decreases velocities on both a small scale (Gardner natural fractures could be determined by RFT data
et al., 1974) and a large scale (Guadagno & because this feature is the main cause for the
Nunziata, 1993). The larger scale fractures can be vertical relation between reservoir zones (Fig. 8).
detected with logging tools and yield lower RFT can determine shaly or dense zones which
velocities than the undisturbed rock. As a result, don’t have the potential for open fractures.
fracturing produces negative deviations (Anselmetti RFT data for the western section indicate that
& Eberli, 1999). As shown in Figures 6 and 7, VDL reservoir zones have low vertical relation in the
and fracture density log (FVDC) have high a western section of the field due to the low fracture
correlation and VDL confirms the image result. The density (Fig. 9), but in the central and eastern
results of Velocity Deviation Log and images sections, zones have high vertical relation because
indicate that the production in the Asmari reservoir there is high fracture density (Fig. 6, 7).
of this field is a combination of fractures and rock
matrix.

Figure 8. Repeat formation test (RFT) result for well A in studied field. Result show vertical relation in the upper horizons of the
reservoir. Red circles indicate no conductivity between fractures due the presence of shale.

Mud Lost Data from wellbore to the surrounding formations have

Mud lost is a useful method for all fracture studies been used to identify fracture zones in the past. It
as available data in drilled wells. Additionally, it has been observed that the model fracture
can be reliable for the determination of fractures permeability values are in accord with mud lost
and fault zones if correlated with other data. data. In this field, mud lost data represent the
Complete or small losses of drilling fluid flowing central and eastern sections as fractured sections
Systematic fractures analysis using image logs and complementary methods… 147

that have high correlation with RFT and image isodip map represents the changes of bedding dip
results (Fig. 5). and bending layers which can identify areas with
high potential for fractures (Roberts, 2001). The
Isodip Map isodip map for the Asmari Formation in the studied
In this study, an isodip map is generated from the well represents the southern edge as an area with
second derivative underground contour (UGC) to high slope and curvature (Fig. 10) which has a high
provide an overview on the fields’ structure and the potential for fractures; this confirms the results of
changes of axial bending. The first derivative of the this study.

Figure 9. Display of RFT data for a well in western section. Results indicate low vertical relation due the low fracture density in this
section.

Interpretation of Results Knowledge of the orientation of horizontal earth

After all the study steps, there are two important stresses derived from the analysis of borehole
questions; the first one is about the strike of breakouts is important in the mentioned study area.
fractures set in the studied field. Why are fractures Breakouts are typically conductive and poorly
in the central and eastern sections divided into two resolved because the wellbore fracturing and
fracture sets while in the western section there is spalling associated with the results are in poor
only one fracture set (Fig. 4)? In order to answer contact with the tool pads and the wellbore wall.
this question, in situ stress direction was Drilling-Induced Fractures (DIFs) typically develop
determined for the studied field using image logs as narrow sharply defined features that are sub-
(Fig. 11). Borehole breakouts and induced fractures parallel or slightly inclined to the borehole axis in
are two important features for the determination of vertical wells and are generally not associated with
in situ stress direction (Aghli, 2013). The significant borehole enlargements in the fracture
identification and analysis of borehole breakouts as direction. The stress concentration around a vertical
a technique for the in situ measurement of stress borehole is at a minimum in the SH direction.
orientation and magnitude and identifying the Hence, DIFs develop approximately parallel to the
orientation (azimuth) of both naturally occurring SH orientation. Drilling-induced fractures can only
and induced fractures (hydro fractures) have be observed on image logs. DIFs typically become
received a great deal of attention in the past decade. infiltrated by drilling mud (Tingay et al., 2005).
148 Zahmatkesh et al. Geopersia, 5(2), 2015

Based on Figure 12, the stress direction in the Zagros general trend. This result confirms the
eastern section of this oil field is therefore different hypothesis of the presence of a basement fault in
from the western section and does not follow the the southern edge.

Figure 10. Isodip map for Asmari formation in the studied well

Figure11. Maximum and minimum main stresses direction in the studied field around wells (blue arrows indicate max stress and green
arrows indicate min stress) using the borehole breakout. Stress directions different from eastern section. Therefore, eastern section does
not follow Zagros trend.
Systematic fractures analysis using image logs and complementary methods… 149

The second question is about the effect of S60E and are mainly observed in the upper Asmari
fractures on the reservoir properties. What is the zones. Images indicate that the highest fracture
role of fractures in the reservoir? For resolving this density is in the zones 1, 20, and 30 of the Asmari
problem, VDL, RTF data, and other complimentary reservoir that show high correlation with other data.
methods such as mud lost data were used. Based on RFT data reveal that reservoir zones have low
VDL, we found that fractures are the most vertical relation in the western section of the field
important features in the reservoir especially in the due to the low fracture density. However, there is a
upper Asmari zones. On the other hand, production relatively high vertical relation in the central and
in this field is a combination of fractures and rock eastern sections owing to the high fracture density.
matrix. Also, RTF data demonstrate that in the VDL as a method for the detection of fracture zones
western section of the studied field, reservoir zones shows high correlation with fracture density log
have low vertical relation due to the low fracture (FVDC) and indicates that the production in the
density but in the central and eastern sections, Asmari reservoir of this field can be the
zones have high vertical relation because there is combination of fractures and rock matrix. Image
high fracture density. logs also show a range of bedding dips from 20˚ in
the northern limb to 30˚ in the southern limb with
Conclusion strikes ranging from 10˚ to 270˚N. Overall, fracture
The main aim of this study was the systematic sets are ambiguous in this study because fracture
fractures analysis and the determination of their sets in the eastern section were different from the
role in the reservoir properties of a carbonate western ones. In situ stress direction for the studied
Asmari Formation in Marun oilfield. Then, a well indicates that the stress direction in the eastern
comparison between image logs results and section of this oilfield is different from the western
complimentary methods such as RFT, VDL, mud section and does not follow the Zagros general
lost data, and isodip map has been drawn for more trend. This point can confirm the hypothesis of the
accuracy. Image logs interpretation shows that presence of a basement fault in the southern edge
fracturing is present at a number of places. There which could be created by other dominating
are more than 600 open fractures in some zones fracture set. In this field, other auxiliary methods
which represent the Asmari Formation as a such as mud lost data and isodip map, in
fractured reservoir. Between fracture sets, accordance with the other methods, demonstrate
longitudinal patterns are dominant and often form that the central and eastern parts are fractured.
open fractures. They are characterized by N60W-

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