Homework 3 solution

Prof. Xiliang Luo

EE 140: Introduction to Communication Systems, Spring 2018

Problem 1 (15 points)

Consider a set of M orthogonal signal waveforms sm (t), 1 ≤ m ≤ M , 0 ≤ t ≤ T , all of

which have the same energy ε. Define a new set of M waveforms as

M
0 1 X
sm (t) = sm (t) − sk (t), 1 ≤ m ≤ M, 0 ≤ t ≤ T
M k=1

0
Show that the M signal waveform sm (t) have equal energy, given by

0
ε = (M − 1)ε/M

and are equally correlated, with correlation coefficient

Z T
1 0 0 1
γmn = 0 sm (t)sn (t)dt = −
ε 0 M −1

Solution 1
0
The energy of the signal waveform sm (t) is

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 Z ∞ M
Z ∞
0 0 2 1 X
ε = |sm (t)| dt = |sm (t) − sk (t)|2 dt
−∞ −∞ M k=1
Z ∞ M X M Z ∞
1 X
= s2m (t)dt + 2 sk (t)sl (t)dt
−∞ M k=1 l=1 −∞
M Z M Z
1 X ∞ 1 X ∞
− sm (t)sk (t)dt − sm (t)sl (t)dt
M k=1 −∞ M l=1 −∞
M M
1 XX 2
=ε + 2 εδkl − ε
M k=1 l=1 M
1 2
=ε + ε− ε
M M
M −1
=( )ε
M

The correlation coefficient is given by

Z ∞
1 0 0
γmn = 0 sm (t)sn (t)dt
ε −∞
Z ∞ M M
1 1 X 1 X
= (sm (t) −sk (t))(sn (t) − sl (t))dt
ε0−∞ M k=1 M l=1
Z ∞ M M Z
1 1 XX ∞
= 0( sm (t)sn (t)dt + 2 sk (t)sl (t)dt)
ε −∞ M k=1 l=1 −∞
M Z M Z
1 1 X ∞ 1 X ∞
− 0( sn (t)sk (t)dt + sm (t)sl (t)dt)
ε M k=1 −∞ M l=1 −∞
1 1 1
2 Mε − ε − ε
=M M
M −1
M

M
ε
1
=−
M −1

Problem 2 (15 points)

Apply the Gram-Schmidt procedure to find a set orthonormal basis functions corre-
sponding to the four signals s1 (t), s2 (t), s3 (t), s4 (t) illustrated in Figure 1, and express them
in terms of the orthonormal basis functions you found.

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 Figure 1

Solution 2
√
The waveform s1 (t) has energy ε1 = 2, so that ψ1 (t) = s1 (t)/ 2. Next, we observe that
√ √
c21 = 0, so that ψ1 (t) and s2 (t) are orthogonal. Therefore, ψ2 (t) = s2 (t)/ ε2 = s2 (t)/ 2.
√
To obtain c31 and c32 , which are c31 = 0 and c32 = − 2. Hence,
√
d3 (t) = s3 (t) + 2ψ2 (t)

Since, d3 (t) has unit energy, it follows that ψ3 (t) = d3 (t).

√
Finally, we find c41 = 2, c42 = 0 and c43 = 1. Hence,
√
d4 (t) = s4 (t) − 2ψ1 (t) − ψ3 (t) = 0

Thus, s4 (t) is a linear combination of ψ1 (t) and ψ3 (t), and consequently, the dimension-
ality of the signal set is N = 3.
The functions ψ1 (t), ψ2 (t) and ψ3 (t) are shown as follows:
Therefore, we can express s1 (t), s2 (t), s3 (t) and s4 (t) in terms of ψ1 (t), ψ2 (t) and ψ3 (t)
as:
√ √ √ √
s1 = ( 2, 0, 0), s2 = (0, 2, 0), s3 = (0, − 2, 1), s4 = ( 2, 0, 1)

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Problem 3 (20 points)

A binary digital communication system employs the signals

s0 (t) = 0, 0 ≤ t ≤ T

s1 (t) = A, 0 ≤ t ≤ T

for transmitting the information. This is called on-off signaling. The demodulator crosscor-
relates the received signal r(t) with s1 (t) and samples the output of the correlator at t =
T.
(a) Determine the optimum detector for an AWGN channel and the optimum threshold,
assuming that the signals are equally probable.
(b) Determine the probability of error as a function of the SNR.

Solution 3

(a) The received signal may be expressed as


 n(t) if s0 (t) was transmitted
rt =
A + n(t) if s1 (t) was transmitted

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 Assuming that s(t) has unit energy, then the sampled outputs of the crosscorrelators are

r = sm + n, m = 0, 1

√
where s0 = 0, s1 = A T and the noise term n is a zero-mean Gaussian random variable
N0
with variance σn2 = 2
.
The probability density function for the sampled output is

1 −r
2

f (r|s0 ) = √ e N0
πN0
√
1 (r−A T )2
−
f (r|s1 ) = √ e N0
πN0

Since the signals are equally probable, the optimal detector decides in favor of s0 if

P M (r, s0 ) = f (r|s0 ) > f (r|s1 ) = P M (r, s1 )

otherwise it decides in favor of s1 . The decision rule may be expressed as

√ √ √
P M (r, s0 ) (r−A T )2 −r 2 (2r−A T )A T
−
=e N0
=e N0
≷ss01 1
P M (r, s1 )

or equivalently
1 √
r ≷ss10 A T
2
√
The optimal threshold is 21 A T .
(b)

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 The average probability of error is

1 1
P (e) = P (e|s0 ) + P (e|s1 )
2 2
Z ∞ Z 1 √
1 1 2A T
= f (r|s0 )dr + f (r|s1 )dr
2 21 A√T 2 −∞
Z 1 √ √
1 ∞ 1 2A T 1 (r−A T )2
Z
1 r2
−N −
= √ e 0 dr + √ e N 0 dr
2 21 A√T πN0 2 −∞ πN0
Z 1q 2 √
1 ∞ 1 − 2 N0 A T 1 − x 2
Z
1 − x2
= √ e 2 dx + √ e 2 dx
2 21 q N2 A√T 2π 2 −∞ 2π
r 0
1 2 √
=Q[ A T]
2 N0
r
SN R
=Q[ ]
2

Problem 4 (15 points)

Suppose that binary PSK is used for transmitting information over an AWGN with power-
spectral density of N0 /2 = 10−10 W/Hz. The transmitted signal energy is εb = A2 T /2, where
T is the bit interval and A is the signal amplitude. Determine the signal amplitude required
to achieve an error probability of 10−6 , if the data rate is (a) 10 kbps (b) 100 kbs (c) 1 Mbps

Solution 4

For binary phase modulation, the error probability is

r s
2εb A2 T
P2 = Q[ ] = Q[ ]
N0 N0

With P2 = 10−6 we find from tables that

s
A2 T
= 4.74 ⇒ A2 T = 44.9352 × 10−10
N0

If the data rate is 10 Kbps, then the bit interval is T = 10−4 and therefore, the signal

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amplitude is
√
A= 44.9352 × 10−10 × 104 = 6.7034 × 10−3

Similarly we find that when the rate is 105 bps and 106 bps, the required amplitude of
the signal is A = 2.12 × 10−2 and A = 6.703 × 10−2 respectively.

Problem 5 (20 points)

Consider a signal detector with an input

r = ±A + n

where +A and −A occur with equal probability and the noise variable n is characterized
by the (Laplacian) pdf shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2

(a) Determine the probability of error as a function of the parameters A and σ.

(b) Determine the SNR required to achieve an error probability of 10−5 . How does the SNR
compare with the result for a Gaussian PDF?

Solution 5

(a)
The PDF of the noise n is
λ −λ|n|
f (n) = e
2

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 The optimal receiver uses the criterion

f (r|A)
= e−λ[|r−A|−|r+A|] ≷A A
−A 1 ⇒ r ≷−A 0
f (r| − A)

The average probability of error is

1 1
P (e) = P (e|A) + P (e| − A)
2Z 2
0
1 ∞
Z
1
= f (r|A)dr + f (r| − A)dr
2 −∞ 2 0
1 0 λ −λ|r−A| 1 ∞ λ −λ|r+A|
Z Z
= e dr + e dr
2 −∞ 2 2 0 2
λ −A −λ|x| λ ∞ −λ|x|
Z Z
= e dx + e dx
4 −∞ 4 A
λ 1 λx −A λ 1
= e |−∞ + (− )e−λx |∞ A
4λ 4 λ
1
= e−λA
2

(b) The variance of the noise is

Z ∞
λ
σn2 = e−λ|x| x2 dx
2
Z −∞
∞
=λ e−λx x2 dx
0
2!
=λ 3
λ
2
= 2
λ

Hence, the SNR is

A2 A2 λ2
SN R = 2 =
λ2
2
and the probability of error is given by

1 √ 2 2 1 √
P (e) = e− λ A = e− 2SN R
2 2

For P (e) = 10−5 , we obtain

√
ln(2 × 10−5 ) = − 2SN R ⇒ SN R = 58.534 = 17.6741dB

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 If the noise was Gaussian, then

√
r
2εb
P (e) = Q[ ] = Q[ SN R]
N0

where SNR is the signal to noise ratio at the output of the matched filter. With P (e) =
−5
√
10 we find SN R = 4.26 and therefore SN R = 18.1476 = 12.594dB. Thus the required
signal to noise ratio is 5 dB less when the additive noise is Gaussian.

Problem 6 (15 points)

The input signal s(t) in a communication system is shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3

(a) Sketch the impulse response of the filter matched to s(t).

(b) Sketch the output of the matched filter to the input s(t).

Solution 6

(a) The impulse response of the filter matched to s(t) is

h(t) = s(T − t) = s(3 − t) = s(t)

T 3
where we have used the fact that s(t) is even with respect to the t = 2
= 2
axis.
(b)

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The output of the matched filter is



 0 t<0


A2 t 0≤t<1






A2 (2 − t) 1≤t<2






Z t 2A2 (t − 2)

2≤t<3
y(t) = s(t) ∗ s(t) = s(τ )s(t − τ )dτ
0 

 2A2 (4 − t) 3≤t<4


2
 A (t − 4) 4≤t<5





A2 (6 − t) 5≤t<6






6≤t

 0

A scetch of y(t) is depicted in the next figure

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