This study guide is a supplement to your reading of the
textbook and our discussions in class. The textbook is still the
primary source of the information that will be included on the
exam.
Study Guide: The Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution
Introduction
The Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution were two significant intellectual movements that
took place during the 17th and 18th centuries. These movements profoundly influenced
Western thought, politics, and society, laying the foundation for modern science, philosophy,
and political ideologies. This study guide aims to provide high school students with a
comprehensive understanding of these movements.
Key Concepts
The Scientific Revolution
1. Definition: The Scientific Revolution was a period of profound scientific advancements
that occurred from the late 16th century to the early 18th century.
2. Key Figures:
Nikolaus Copernicus
Galileo Galilei
Isaac Newton
3. Key Ideas:
The shift from reliance on ancient authorities to empirical observation and
experimentation.
The development of the scientific method. What is the scientific method?
The heliocentric model of the solar system, challenging the geocentric view.
4. Impact:
Revolutionized our understanding of the natural world.
Laid the groundwork for modern physics and astronomy.
Encouraged the spread of scientific inquiry and skepticism.
The Enlightenment
1. Definition: The Enlightenment was an intellectual and philosophical movement that
swept through Europe during the 17th and 18th centuries.
2. Key Figures:
John Locke
Thomas Hobbes
Voltaire
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Montesquieu
Denis Diderot
Cesare Bonasera Beccaria
Mary Wollstonecraft
3. Key Ideas:
Emphasis on reason, individualism, and secularism.
The Core Concepts/Ideals of the Philosophes
Critique of absolute monarchy and advocacy for constitutional government.
Promotion of human rights and the pursuit of happiness.
4. Impact:
Influenced the American and French Revolutions.
Shaped modern political thought and the concept of human rights.
Encouraged the spread of education, science, and critical thinking.
Key Events and Works – partial list
Scientific Revolution
1. Galileo's Observations (1609): Galileo's use of the telescope led to the discovery of
celestial bodies, supporting the heliocentric model.
2. Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion (1609-1619): Johannes Kepler formulated the laws
governing the motion of planets around the sun.
3. Newton's Principia Mathematica (1687): Isaac Newton published his work on the laws
of motion and universal gravitation.
Enlightenment
1. John Locke's "Two Treatises of Government" (1689): Locke's influential work argued for
natural rights and the social contract.
2. Voltaire's "Candide" (1759): A satirical novella that critiqued society and religion while
advocating for tolerance and reason.
3. Rousseau's "The Social Contract" (1762): Rousseau's book explored the idea of the
"general will" and the basis of legitimate government.
4. Montesquieu's "The Spirit of the Laws" (1748): Montesquieu's work laid the
groundwork for the separation of powers in government.
Study Tips
1. Timeline: Create a timeline of key events and discoveries during the Scientific
Revolution and Enlightenment to visualize their chronological order.
2. Compare and Contrast: Compare the ideas of Enlightenment philosophers and scientists
with those of earlier thinkers or the prevailing beliefs of their time.
3. Primary Sources: Read excerpts from the writings of important figures of the
Enlightenment to gain a deeper understanding of their ideas.
4. Historical Context: Explore the political, social, and cultural context in which these
movements occurred to understand their significance.
5. Short Answer Writing: Practice writing essays that analyze the impact of the Scientific
Revolution and Enlightenment on society, politics, and science.
6. Textbook: Review all charts, maps and information boxes in your text, Chapter 6.
Review the questions at the end of each section and the end of the chapter for
additional study points.
Conclusion
The Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution were transformative periods in human history,
ushering in a new era of reason, science, and individualism. Understanding these movements is
crucial for comprehending the development of modern thought and the foundations of the
contemporary world. Use this study guide as a starting point to delve deeper into these
fascinating historical and intellectual phenomena.
