GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, ARVI

Department of Chemical Engineering

Deurwada Road, Arvi Dist. Wardha

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 A
CAPSTONE PROJECT

REPORT ON
“STUDY OF DRYING OF VARIOUS
MATERIALS IN FLUIDISED BED DRYER”
Academic Session

2023-2024

Diploma in Chemical Engineering of

the M.S.B.T.E. Mumbai.
Submitted By,

Pooja Chikate Aditya Jadhao

Anushri Jachak Tushar Hajare

Kunal Ghagare Arju Rinayat

Soham Khonde

6th semester (Final Year) Diploma in Chemical Engineering

Guided By,

Dr. M. D. Waghmare

HOD in Chemical Engineering Department

Government Polytechnic Arvi,

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 CERTIFICATE

These is certify to
1) Pooja Chikate 4) Aditya Jadhao

2) Anushri Jachak 5) Tushar Hajare

3) Kunal Ghagare 6) Arju Rinayat

7) Soham Khonde
From Government Polytechnic Arvi Having Enrollment No.

1) 2201320377 4) 2201320360
2) 2201320380 5) 2201320421
3) 2201320373 6) 2201320353
7) 2201320403

Has completed project proposal planning having title

“STUDY OF DRYING OF VARIOUS MATERIALS IN FLUIDISED BED DRYER”

In a group of seven candidate under the guidance of the faculty guide

Dr. [Link] Dr. M.D. Waghmare

GUIDE HEAD OF DEPARTMENT
Department Chemical Engineering Department Chemical Engineering
Government Polytechnic Arvi Government Polytechnic Arvi

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Introduction

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 Introduction
Drying is a Heat and Mass transfer process that involves removal of relatively small amount of
water or moisture contents from a material or a process stream in industries, drying process is
often used as the final steps operation before packing and selling products. The final products
from drying process must be in solid from, because all the moisture content of dried up. There
many methods of drying and supercritical drying this methods of drying involves with different
types of drying equipment’s such as try dryers , vacuum– shelf indirect dryers, continuous
tunnel dryers, rotary dryers, drum dryers, spray dryers and fluidized-bed dryer.

Fluidized bed dryers propose a better and faster way in drying large volumes of grains. In the
fluidized bed dryer, grains are entrained in very high airflow, causing vigorous mixing of grain
and air, and resulting to fluid-like behavior of the grains. These also result to uniform and rapid
drying of grains thus reduces drying time of usual 8-10 hours using other mechanical dryers into
efficient 3 hours. Moreover, the clumping and clogging of grains are minimized and the
impurities are blown away into the cyclones [2]. In terms of head rice yield, studies have shown
that high drying temperatures and tempered at the grain temperature can be potentially used to
reduce moisture content rapidly without incurring head rice yield reduction [3]. Drying is
affected by many factors, such as structure of the dryers, environment, temperature and relative
humidity of ambient and drying air, static pressure of drying air, grain temperature, initial
moisture content of grain, etc. With these, simulation analysis and models for drying process
were developed to understand how the related factors influence drying, for optimizing dryer
performance and reducing thetime consuming and expensive drying trials

Drying process can be defined as the vaporization and removal of water or other liquids from a
solution, suspension, or other solid-liquid mixture to from a dry solid. It processes that involves
heat and mass transfer. Drying occurs as a result of the vaporization of liquid by supplying heat
to wet feedstock granules; and so on Base on the mechanisms of heat transfer, drying is
categorized into direct (convection), indirect contact or (conduction), radiant (radiation) and di-
electric or microwave (radio frequency) drying.

Generally, the objective of the project was to develop a simple and easy-to-use

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simulation-model for the Fluidized Bed Drying Operation System. Specifically, this aims to
develop simulation that can calculate the final weight, and predict the drying time and behavior of
moisture reduction rate of a Fluidized Bed Dryer of paddy and shelled corn grains as well as a
rough estimation of the energy required and fuel consumption for a certain volume of grains
with initial drying conditions based on the formulas and initial conditions of grains or tray dryer.
In the pharmaceutical industry, fluidized bed dryer is typically used for pellets drying, coating
and granulation. Fluidized bed drying is very well known to yield high heat and mass transfer and
hence adopted to many industrial drying process particularly pharmacy product. In this paper we
show construction, working of the fluidized bed dryer. It works on the drying principle. It has
several advantages and disadvantages.

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DRYING

Drying involves removal of water or another solvent by evaporation from a solid, semi-solid or
liquid by application of heat and finally a liquid free solid product is obtained. In general, drying
is accomplished by thermal techniques but non-thermal drying processes such as squeezing
wetted sponge, adsorption by desiccant (desiccation) and extraction are also used. In bio
products like food, grains, and pharmaceuticals like vaccines, the solvent to be removed is
almost invariably water]. It is a crucial operation in various industries, including food
processing, agriculture, pharmaceuticals, and manufacturing. The drying process involves the
application of heat and airflow to accelerate the evaporation of water or other solvents.

One primary goal of drying is to prevent the growth of microorganisms and the spoilage of
perishable goods. In the food industry, drying is commonly used to preserve fruits, vegetables,
meats, and grains. It reduces the water activity in the product, making it less susceptible to
bacterial and fungal. There are various drying methods, each with its advantages and
limitations. Common techniques include air drying, freeze-drying, sun drying, spray drying,
and drum drying. The choice of method depends on factors like the nature of the material being
dried, product quality requirements, and energy efficiency considerations.

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Drying has several critical parameters that influence its effectiveness. These include
temperature, humidity, airflow rate, and the surface area of the material exposed to drying.
Optimizing these factors is essential to achieve the desired drying rate while maintaining
product quality. Furthermore, modern drying technologies often incorporate automation and
precise control systems to ensure consistent results and minimize energy consumption.
Additionally, in pharmaceuticals and chemical industries, drying is essential for the production
of powdered substances, granules, and capsules.

In conclusion, drying is a vital process used across various industries to remove moisture
from substances, extending their shelf life, enhancing preservation, and enabling further
processing. The choice of drying method and control of key parameters are crucial for
achieving optimal results in terms of product quality and energy efficiency. In a food process,
drying is a very important process for the self-sustainability for long duration of grain. Drying
is defined as the process where removal of moisture methods fluidized bed having short
drying times which are caused by the effective contact between the drying mediums. High
quality and low consumption of energy can be obtained in drying Fluidization is the operation
by which fine solids are transformed into a fluid like state through contact with a gas or solid.
This method of contacting has a number of unusual characteristics, and fluidization
engineering is concerned with efforts to take advantage of this behavior and put it to good
use. The ease with which particles fluidize and the range of operating conditions which
sustain fluidization vary greatly among gas solid systems.

Whether the solids are free flowing or not, whether they are liable toagglomerate, static charges,
vessel geometry, gas inlet arrangement, and other factors affect the fluidization characteristics of a
system. Conical fluidized bed isvery much useful for the fluidization of wide distribution of
particles, since the cross sectional area is enlarged along the bed height from the bottom to the top,
therefore the velocity of the fluidizing medium is relatively high at the bottom, ensuring fluidization
of the large particles and relatively low at the top, preventing entrainment of the small particles.
Since the velocity of fluidizing medium at the bottom is fairly high, this gives rise to low particle
concentration, thus resulting in low reaction rate and reduced rate of heat release. Therefore, the
generation of high temperature zone near the distributor can be prevented. Due to the existence of a
gas velocity gradient along the height of a conical bed, it has some favorable special hydrodynamic
characteristics. The conical bed has been widely applied in many industrial processes such as,
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  Biological treatment of waste-water
 Immobilized biofilm reaction,
 Incineration of waste-materials,
 Coating of nuclear fuel particles,
 Crystallization, roasting of sulfide ores,
 Coal gasification and liquefaction,
 Catalytic polymerization,
 Fluidized contactor for sawdust and mixtures of wood residues and [9] Fluidization
of cohesive powder.

The study of the hydrodynamic characteristics of fluidization of conical beds is focused on two
fields
 liquid–solid systems and
 gas–solid systems.

When the particle weight in the top layer of the conical bed is equal to or less than the drag force
by fluid flowing upward, the fully fluidized bed regime occurs. Between these two cases, the flow
regime is called a partially fluidized bed regime. However, it is not easy to predict the
characteristics of fluidization for the partially fluidized bed regime theoretically. All these studies
are based on the idealized fluidization defined by Kwauk, i.e. according to the following
assumptions:
• The radial distribution of the fluid at any cross-section of the conical bed is uniform;
• There is no back mixing for the fluid phase;
• The frictional force between wall and particles is neglected.

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OBJECTIVES OF DRYING

The primary objective of drying is to remove moisture or water content from a substance, typically a
solid material, to achieve various goals, such as:

Preservation: Drying helps preserve perishable foods and other products by reducing the water
activity, which inhibits the growth of microorganisms and prevents spoilage.

Shelf Life Extension: It extends the shelf life of products, making them last longer without
deteriorating in quality.

Weight Reduction: Drying reduces the weight of products, making them easier and more cost-
effective to transport and store.

Improved Texture: In some cases, drying can improve the texture or consistency of materials like
fruits or herbs.

Concentration: Drying concentrates flavors and nutrients in foods and can be used to create
products like dried fruits or herbs with intensified flavors.

Ease of Processing: It can make materials more suitable for further processing, such as grinding or
packaging.

Reduced Transportation Costs: By reducing moisture content, the weight of products is reduced,
leading to lower transportation costs.

Industrial Applications: Drying is essential in various industrial processes, such as in the

pharmaceutical, chemical, and manufacturing industries, where precise moisture levels are critical.

The specific objective of drying varies depending on the type of material and the intended use of the
dried product.

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APPLICATIONS OF DRYING

In pharmaceutical technology, drying is carried out for one or more of the following reasons:

1. Preparation of bulk drugs: In the preparation of bulk drugs, drying is the final stage of
processing. A few examples are – dried aluminum hydroxide, spray dried lactose and
powdered extracts.

2. Preservation of drug products: Drying is necessary in order to avoid deterioration. For

examples protection of blood products, skin, tissues and crude drugs from microbial
growth.

3. Improved characteristics: Drying produces materials of spherical shape, uniform size,

free flowing and enhanced solubility.

4. Improved handling: To reduce the cost of transportation of large volume materials. To

make the materials easy or more stable for handling. Drying reduces moisture content

5. Drying as final step: Drying is the final step in evaporation, filtration, and
crystallization.

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CLASSIFICATION OF DRYERS

Drying equipment is classified in different ways, according to following design and operating
features. It can be classified based on mode of operation such as batch or continuous, In case of
batch dryer the material is loaded in the drying equipment and drying proceeds for a given
period of time, whereas, in case of continuous mode the material is continuously added to the
dryer and dried material continuously removed. In some cases, vacuum may be used to reduce the
drying temperature. Some dryers can handle almost any kind of material, whereas others are
severely limited in the style of feed they can accept. Drying processes can also be categorized
according to the physical state of the feed such as wet solid, liquid, and slurry. Type of heating
system i.e. conduction, convection, radiation is another way of categorizing the drying process.

Heat may be supplied by direct contact with hot air at atmospheric pressure, and the water
vaporized is removed by the air flowing. Heat may also be supplied indirectly through the wall
of the dryer from a hot gas flowing outside the wall or by radiation. Dryers exposing the solids
to a hot surface with which the solid is in contact are called adiabatic or direct dryers, while
when heat is transferred from an external medium it is known as non-adiabatic or indirect dryers.
Dryers heated by dielectric, radiant or microwave energy are also non adiabatic. Some units
combine adiabatic and non-adiabatic drying; they are known as direct- indirect dryers.

To reduce heat losses most of the commercial dryers are insulated and hot air is recirculated to
save energy. Now many designs have energy-saving devices, which recover heat from the
exhaust air or automatically control the air humidity. Computer control of dryers in
sophisticated driers also results in important savings in energy.

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The basic working principle of this incredible machine is the continuous circulation of hot air.
In the tray dryer, moisture is removed from the solids that are placed in the tray by a forced
convectional heating. The moist air is removed is partially but in a simultaneous fashion.

DRUM DRYER OR ROLL DRYER

In drum drying, the heated surface is the envelope of a rotating horizontal metal cylinder. The
cylinder is heated by steam condensing inside, at a pressure in the range of 200 to 500 KPa
bringing the temperature of the cylinder wall to 120– 155°C.

SPRAY DRYER

Spray drying is an industrial process for dehydration of a liquid feed containing dissolved
and/or dispersed solids, by transforming that liquid into a spray of small droplets and exposing
these droplets to a flow of hot air.

VACUUM DRYER

Vacuum drying is generally used for the drying of substances which are hygroscopic and heat
sensitive, and is based on the principle of creating a vacuum to decrease the chamber pressure
below the vapour pressure of the water, causing it to boil. Hence, water evaporates faster. The
heat transfer becomes, i.e., rate of drying enhances substantially.

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FREEZE DRYER

Freeze drying is a drying process used to convert solutions or suspensions of labile materials
into solids of sufficient stability for distribution and storage. The fundamental principle in
freeze-drying is sublimation, the shift from a solid directly into a gas. Just like evaporation,
sublimation occurs when a molecule gains enough energy to break free from the molecules
around it. Drying is achieved by subjecting the materials to temperature and pressures below
the triple point

ADVANTAGE OF DRYING
Drying, as a preservation method, offers several advantages, including:
• Extended Shelf Life: Drying removes moisture, inhibiting the growth of bacteria,
yeast, and mold, which helps food and other products last longer
• Space Efficiency: Dried items are more compact and lightweight, making them easier
to store and transport
• Nutrient Retention: Proper drying methods can preserve the nutritional value of
foods better than other preservation methods
• Reduced Weight and Bulk: Dried foods are lighter and take up less space, which is
advantageous for backpackers and hikers
• Convenience: Dried foods can be easily rehydrated, providing quick and easy meal
options

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 • Reduced Food Waste: Drying can be a way to use excess produce and reduce
food waste
• Enhanced Flavor: Some dried foods, like dried fruits, can have
concentrated flavors.
• Accessibility: Dried products are often available year-round, even when fresh items
are out of season.
• Cost-Effective: Drying allows you to preserve surplus food without the need for
expensive equipment or processes.
• Versatility: Dried items can be used in various recipes and
applications. These advantages make drying a valuable
preservation technique for food and other products.

DISADVANTAGES OF DRYING
Drying, as a process, can have several disadvantages, depending on the context and method used.
Here are some common disadvantages:
 Loss of Nutrients: Drying can cause a significant loss of nutrients in food, especially
vitamins and minerals. This can make dried foods less nutritious than their fresh
counterparts.
 Flavor Changes: Drying can alter the flavor and texture of foods. Some people may find
that dried fruits or vegetables taste different from their fresh counterparts.
 Energy Consumption: Drying can be an energy-intensive process, especially in industrial
settings. This can contribute to higher energy costs and environmental impacts.
 Time-Consuming: Drying can be a time-consuming process, particularly when using natural
methods like sun drying. It may take several days to complete.

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 Equipment Costs: Using specialized drying equipment can be expensive, making it
less accessible for individuals or small-scale operations.
 Risk of Spoilage: Inadequate drying or storage conditions can lead to spoilage, mold
growth, or microbial contamination of the dried products.
 Limited Applications: Not all foods or materials are suitable for drying. Some may not
retain their quality or characteristics after the process.
 Reduced Shelf Life: While drying can extend the shelf life of many products, it may not
be as effective as other preservation methods like canning or freezing for certain foods.
 Environmental Impact: Large-scale drying operations can have environmental impacts,
such as the release of greenhouse gases from energy consumption.
 It's important to consider these disadvantages when choosing to use drying as a preservation
or processing method for various products.

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FLUIDIZED BED DRYER (FBD)

A fluidized bed dryer is a type of industrial drying equipment used to efficiently dry granular
materials or powders. It works by suspending the material particles in a stream of heated air or
gas, which creates a fluid-like state. This allows for excellent heat transfer and uniform drying.
The key features of a fluidized bed dryer material Fluidization: The material is placed on a
perforated bed, and air or gas is forced through the bed. This causes the particles to become
suspended and behave like a fluid, promoting efficient heat and mass transfer. Even Drying: The
fluidization process ensures that each particle is exposed to the same drying conditions, leading
to uniform and consistent drying. Rapid Drying: Because of the high heat transfer rates in a
fluidized bed, drying is often faster compared to other drying methods. Temperature Control:
The temperature of the drying medium can be precisely controlled to prevent overheating or
damaging the material.

Fluidized bed dryers are widely used in a number of industry sectors to dry finely divided 50–
5000 µm particulate materials. Compared with other drying techniques, fluidized bed drying
offers many advantages. High heat and mass transfer rates between the gas and the particles are
possible because of good contact or large contact area between the particles and gas, good and
rapid mixing of solids, nearly uniform moisture content distribution throughout the bed, closely
controllable temperature in the bed, ease in transport and handling of particles, and simplicity in
construction. On the other hand, the disadvantages include high pressure drop, attrition of the
solids and erosion of the containing surfaces.

Principle of Fluidized Bed Dryer (FBD):

The equipment works on a principle of fluidization of the feed materials. In fluidization process,
hot air is introduced at high pressure through a perforated bed of moist solid particulate. The wet
solids are lifted from the bottom and suspended in a stream of air (fluidized state).

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Construction of Fluidized Bed Dryer (FBD):

Fig.: Fluidized Bed Dryer

• The dryer is made up of stainless steel or plastic.

• A detachable bowel is placed at the bottom of the dryer, which is used for charging
and discharging.
• The bowel has a perforated bottom with a wire mesh support for placing materials to
be dried.

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 • A fan is mounted in the upper part for circulating hot air.
• Fresh air inlet, pre-filter and heat exchanger are connected serially to heat the air
to the required temperature.
• The temperature of hot air and exit air are monitored.
• Bag filters are placed above the drying bowl for the recovery of fines.

Working of Fluidized Bed Dryer:

• The wet granules to be dried are placed in a detachable bowl. The bowl is inserted in
the drier.
• Fresh air can pass through a pre-filter, which is then heated when passing-
trough a heat exchanger.
• Hot air flows through the bottom of the bowl.
• At the same time, fan start to rotate.
• The air speed increases gradually.
• When the velocity of air is greater than the sedimentation rate of the granules,
the granules remain suspended in the gas stream.
• After specific time, a pressure point is reached in which the friction drag on a
particle is equal to the force of gravity.
• The granules rise in the container due to high gas velocity of 1.5 to 7.5 meter per
minute and then fall back. This state is known as fluidized state.
• The gas surround to each granule do dry them completely.
• The air comes out of the dryer passing through the filters in the bag.
• The entrained particles remain adhered to the interior surface of bags.
• Periodically bags are shaken to remove entrained particles.

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Advantages of Fluidized Bed Dryer:

• It takes less time to complete drying as compared to other dryer.

• Drying is achieved at constant rate.
• Handling time is also short.
• It is available at different sizes with different drying capacity.
• The equipment is simple and less labour cost required.
• More thermal efficiency.
• Drying capacity is more than other dryer.
• It is batch type or continuous type process.

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Disadvantages of Fluidized Bed Dryer:

• In conventional fluidized bed, large column heights are required and formation
channels.
• Freeze drying and contact adsorption drying is not suitable for large scale production
because of high operation costs.
• The principal limitation with the superheated steam drying is the high operating
temperature, large equipment like boiler for generating steam, electrical heater for
converting saturated steam to super-heated steam.
• Agitation fluidized bed dryer consumes high electrical energy for rotation of agitator
blade
• Many organic powders develop electrostatic charge during drying. To avoid this
efficient electrical grounding of the dryer is essential.
• Chances of attrition of some materials resulting in production of fines.

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Application of Fluidized Bed Dryer

 Fluidized bed dryers are versatile industrial machines that are commonly used in
various applications across different industries. Some of the key applications of
fluidized bed dryers include:
 Pharmaceutical Industry: Fluidized bed dryers are widely used to dry
granules, powders, and pharmaceutical ingredients. They are ideal for drying
heat sensitive materials like antibiotics, vitamins, and herbal extracts
 Food Industry: These dryers are employed to dry various food products, including
cereal grains, nuts, fruits, and vegetables. They help maintain the quality and
flavor of food products by efficiently removing moisture.
 Chemical Industry: In the chemical sector, fluidized bed dryers are used to dry a
wide range of chemical materials, such as polymers, resins, and catalysts. They
are particularly suitable for heat-sensitive chemicals.
 Mineral Processing: These dryers can be used to dry minerals and ores, such
as sand, clay, and minerals like limestone. They are employed in rocesses like
mineral beneficiation.
 Drying of Biomass: Biomass materials like wood chips, sawdust, and agricultural
residues are often dried in fluidized bed dryers to prepare them for energy
production, such as in biomass power plants.
 Drying of Bulk Pharmaceuticals: Bulk pharmaceutical ingredients can be
efficiently dried and granulated in fluidized bed dryers for further processing
and formulation.
 Drying of Pet Food: Pet food manufacturers use these dryers to reduce the
moisture content in various pet food products, ensuring longer shelf life and
quality.

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Pharmaceutical applications of Fluidized Bed Dryer:

• It is used for drying of granules in the production of tablets.

• It is used for coating of granules.
• It can be used for three operations such as mixing, granulation and drying .

Types of Fluidized Bed Dryers:

Batch Fluidized Bed Dryers: These dryers are designed for small to moderate production
volumes. They load a batch of material onto the fluidization plate, dry it, and then unload it.
They are suitable for applications where frequent product changeovers are required.

Continuous Fluidized Bed Dryers: Continuous dryers are used for large-scale production
where a constant flow of material is processed. Material is continuously fed in at one end and
removed at the other as it goes through the drying process.

Vibrating Fluidized Bed Dryers: In these dryers, the fluidization plate is equipped with a
vibrating mechanism. This vibration helps improve fluidization and can be useful for materials
that tend to stick together.

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Static Fluidized Bed Dryers: These dryers use a stationary fluidization plate. They are simple in
design and often used for less demanding applications.

Rotary Fluidized Bed Dryers: In this design, the fluidization plate is mounted on a rotating
drum. As the drum rotates, it lifts and tumbles the material, improving mixing and drying
efficiency.

Multi-Stage Fluidized Bed Dryers: These dryers consist of multiple fluidized bed stages.
Material progresses through these stages sequentially, undergoing different drying conditions,
which can enhance drying efficiency and product quality.

Cooling Fluidized Bed Dryers: Similar to standard fluidized bed dryers, theseunits are used for
cooling materials after a high-temperature process, such as granulating or drying.

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 Chapter: 2

Literature Review

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LITERATURE REVIEW

Mali et. al (2021), discusses about demonstration of fluidized bed dryer with principle and
application and other processing. This has lead to development of technology, process and
equipment’s which not only reduce time but also increasing the output. A Fluidized bed dryer
significantly reduce drying time, compared with vacuum dryer or tray dryer. In the
pharmaceutical industry, fluidized bed dryer is typically used for pellets drying, coating and
granulation. Fluidized bed drying is very well known to yield high heat and mass transfer and
hence adopted to many industrial drying process particularly pharmacy product. In this paper
we show construction, working of the fluidized bed dryer. It works on the drying principle. It
has several advantages and disadvantages.

Meshram and Dr. Wankhede (2017), has given review on Fluidized Bed Drying of food material
they emphasized that enhanced the long life, lowers the packaging expenditure, lesser
transportation weights, improves the form of grain, summarize uni-quetaste and preserve
nutritional quality. Nowadays, fluidized bed drying has vital importance for drying food
materials. In fluidized bed dryer, superior quality of various food materials with a dissimilar
physical parameter, bulk density, and size can be accomplished by means of intermediate and low
rank thermal energies. The existing descriptions of review sum-up the significance of fluidized
bed drying for a range of food material. Keywords: Fluidized bed drying; Food products; Drying
of food material.

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Soponronnarit et. al (2001), has given a review on fluidized bed drying soyabean emphasized
that, the fluidized bed drying characteristics of soybeans at high temperatures (110140 degrees C)
and moisture contents, 31-49% dry basis, were model using drying equations from the literature.
Air speeds of 2.4-4.1 m/s and bed depths from 10 to 15 cm were used. The minimum fluidized
bed velocity was1.9m/s. From a quality point of view, fluidized bed drying was found to reduce
the level of urease activity which is an indirect measure of trypsin inhibitor, with 120 degrees C
being the minimum required to reduce the urease activity to an-acceptable level. Increased air
temperatures caused increased cracking and breakage, with temperatures below 140 ºC giving an
acceptable level.

Sivakumar and Saravanan (2016), presented a review on fluidized bed drying of some agro-
product, they also emphasized that Food products are dried to improve their shelf-life, reduce
packaging costs, lower shipping weights, enhance appearance, to attempt to encapsulate original
flavor and maintain nutritional value. In recent years, increasing importance is being given for
using fluidized bed (FBD) dryers to process agricultural products. Higher throughput with better
quality for a range of products (having different shape, bulk density, physical and chemical
properties) can be achieved in FBD drying by using medium and low grade thermal energies.
The present literature review summarizes the importance of FBD drying in combination with
hybrid FBD drying techniques in moisture reduction of various agricultural products. The impact
of various operating parameters on the product quality, color, texture and resultant nutritional value
is discussed, with possible adaption of multi-effect systems.

23
Tremblay and Zhou (2015), presented a review on efficient drying parameter for fluidized bed dryer The
main aim for this present work is to prove that higher efficiencies can be achieved when the allotted
drying time is considered as a parameter of the drying cycle. The paper investigates how to theoretically
calculate the most efficient drying parameters for wheat based on the ambient conditions and allotted
drying time. Drying in the constant and falling rates is discussed through mathematical models developed
for each drying period. Drying air temperatures between 290 and 370 Kelvin, and drying air velocities
between 0.3 and 5.3 meters per second are explored. The wheat is dried from a moisture content of 0.22
kilograms of water per kilograms of dry basis to a moisture ratio of 0.05. Energy and energy efficiencies
are utilized as a determining factor for most efficient drying parameters. The results prove that the dryer
is most efficient when the dryer runs at 370 Kelvin and 0.3 meters per second when the allotted drying
time is less than 21.7 hours. An allotted drying time between 21.7 and 25.4 hours would require a drying
air temperature between 290 and 293 Kelvin, and a drying air velocity of 0.3 meters per second. If the
allotted drying time is greater than 25.4 hours, the ambient drying air temperature is most efficient due to no
energy input. Results from mathematical models are compared to experimental results and it shows a good
correlation with an average percent error of 5.9 percent.

More and Nerkar (2023), Presented a review on fluidized bed dryer. They also discuss about a
demonstration of fluidized bed-dryer particular application and principle and other processing. Fluidized
bed dryer (also called fluid bed dryer) is a kind of equipment used extensively in the pharmaceutical
industries to reduce the moisture content of pharmaceutical powder and granules. The wet solids are lifted
from the bottom and suspend in a stream of air (fluidized state). Fluidized bed dryer are very well known
to yield high heat and mass transfer hence adopted to many pharmaceutical industries drying process
particularly product. In this review paper we show the construction, working, and applications or several
disadvantages of fluidized bed dryer (FBD).

24
[Giner & de Michelis, 1988] , has given a review on fluidized bed drying , they emphasized
that , a number of mathematical modeling and experimental works have been reported on
Fluidized bed drying of particulate materials [Haron et al., 2017; Sivakumar et al., 2016.; de
Souza et al., 2012; Sundaram et al., 2016; Khanal et al., 2013], no general numerical
algorithm Has been revealed in the published literature for the solution of the set of governing
equations Which are highly implicit in nature containing coupled heat and mass transfer
equation. [Jittanit et al., 2010; Hemis et al., 2009] worked on thin layer fluidized bed drying of
wheat. [Abu-Hamdeh & Othman, 2004] designed and constructed a fixed bed dryer, and
drying Experiments of wheat were carried out under various conditions. [Jittanit, Srzednicki,
& Driscoll, 2010] studied the effect of two-stage fluidized bed drying of wheat. [Turhan et al.,
2001] dried wheat by forced and natural convection at different temperatures. Magnetic
Resonance images have been taken periodically during drying, which indicates Fick’s
diffusion Is not applicable to describe the moisture transfer during drying of wheat grains.
[Gong et al., 1997] developed a two-dimensional finite element simulator for the drying of
wheat for jet Spouted beds. [Jittanit, Srzednicki, & Driscoll, 2010] modified Page’s model
and the two-Compartment model by adding the drying temperature term. These models
predict the drying Curves under a wider range of temperatures with a root mean square of the
difference between Model- predicted and experimental values of less than 0.035.

Watano [Link] (1998), Has given review on fluidized bed drying they also emphasized that The
experimentally studied the drying of wet granules in an agitating. Fluidized bed type dryer that
has a tapered fluidized bed with an agitator blade turning on a Central axis installed at the
bottom of the cylindrical vessel to impart a tumbling and Circulating motion to the granules.
The effects of the conditions on the properties of the Granules such as the mass media
diameter, yield, shape and density of the granules were Investigated under various air
temperatures, air velocities and agitator rotational speeds. The Relationships between the
operating conditions and the drying rates were also examined.

25
Gurand and Gur (2002), has given a review on fluidized bed drying of corn, they compared drying
in fluidized bed dryer and convective tray dryer and concluded that corn drying mainly occurs
during falling drying rate period. On an average basis, there is an increase in effective coefficient
by 72%. Due to homogeneous mixing diffusivity is more in FBD than convective tray dryer and
significantly increases heat and mass transfer. The experimental result of Pongjet Promvonge et al.
shows that the utilization of various air velocities ends up in a major impact on the drying. The
fluidized bed without triangular wavy walls provides lesser oscillation and causes lesser heat
transfer rate between peppercorns and hot air resulting in the lower transfer of wetness in
peppercorns. The impact of pre-treatment resolution on the drying time and to check drying
performance of processed and unprocessed corn kernels was researched by Ibrahim Doymaz et al.
Completely different mathematical models like the Page were exponential equations applied to suit
the experimental information for predicting the drying performance of corn for determining the
active diffusivities as well as activation energies. Corn kernels are treated with ethyl group oleate
in carbonate solution which resulted in comparatively sensible colour quality and higher drying
rates than unprocessed corn grain.

Darvishi, [Link] (2015), has given a review on fluidized bed drying soyabean, they examined drying
qualities such as cracking, bulk density, shrinkage, and rehydration of soybean kernels with a change in
airflow temperature and velocity. It is found that high temperature causes cracking with low rehydration
ratios and v- shaped crack in soybean. The conclusion was made that as drying temperature, air velocity
and drying time increases, cracking percentage also increases. Maximum rehydration ratio was achieved
with less shrinkage and bulk density with increasing the drying air temperature.

26
 Chapter: 3

Materials and Method

27
 MATERIAL AND METHOD

MATERIALS USED: -

Following are the materials were used in the experimental work

 Glass column: D=20 cm , L= 150 cm
 Blower: Capacity = 1 to 1.5HP
 Heater (1KW)
 Weighing balance: Make: - CONTECH
 Corn
 Grams
 Wheat
 Sorghum
 Bajara

28
Experimental Method

 A 50 grams of corn was measured on weighing balance.

 The corn was used inside the glass column of fluidized bed dryer.
 Hot air was kept same inside the column at specific temperature and air
flow rate for specific time.
 The sample after interval drying were measured on weighing balance.
 The same procedure was repeated for constant air temperature and air flow
rate with different mass of material.

29
 Chapter: 4

Results and Discussion

30
Material: - Bajara
Dry Weight = 49.09 gm
Wet Weight = 75.4 gm

Time (min) Mass of grain in (gram) Moisture content Drying rate Kg/m2.
min
(x) gram
0 75.4 26.31 9.308×10-4

5 58.97 9.88 5.772×10-4

10 55.02 5.93 4.196×10-4

15 53.18 4.09 3.444×10-4

20 51.08 1.99 2.829×10-4

25 50.43 1.34 2.471×10-4

30 49.22 0.13 2.129×10-4

35 49.09 0 0

Area (A) = 2πr(h + r) = 0.1733m2

Moisture Content = mass of wet sample – mass of dry sample
= 75.4 – 49.09
= 26.31 gm
Rate of drying = W’/A × dx/dt A = 0.1733
m2
dx = 26.31 – 9.88 = 16.43
dt = 5-0 = 5
Rate of drying = 49.09 × 10-3 / 0.1733 × 16.43 × 10-3 /5
= 9.308 × 10-4 kg/[Link]

31
Material: - Grams

Dry weight =50gm

Wet weight =121.5gm

Time (min) Mass of grams Moisture content Drying rate Kg/m2.

(gm) (X) in gm min
0 121.5 71.5 1.809×10-3
5 90.15 40.15 1.26×10-3
10 77.66 27.66 1.045×10=3
15 67.17 17.17 8.99×10-4
20 59.13 9.13 8.12×10-4
25 51.06 1.06 6.77×10-4
30 51.02 1.02 0

Corn
Dry weight of sample =48.5gm
Wet weight of sample =86gm

Time (min) Mass of corn (gm) Moisture content Drying rate

0 86 37.5 7.18×10-4

5 73.16 24.66 6.177×10-4

10 64.14 15.64 5.461×10-4

15 56.73 8.23 4.85×10-4

20 51.33 2.83 4.18×10-4

25 48.64 0.14 3.49×10-4

30 48.50 0 0

32
Wheat
Dry weight =50g
Wet weight =76.7g

Time (min) Mass in gram Moisture Drying Rate

content

0 76.7 26.7 7.4033×10-4

5 63.87 13.87 5.354×10-4

10 58.14 8.14 4.1681×10-4

15 55.03 5.03 3.3107×10-4

20 53.75 3.75 2.9601×10-4

25 51.05 1.05 2.4716×10-4

30 51 1 0

Sorghum
Dry weight of sample = 49.51gm
Wet weight of sample = 77.29gm

Time Mass of sample (gm) Moisture content Drying rate

(min)

0 77.29 27.78 1.082

5 58.35 8.84 6.48 × 10-4

10 54.60 5.09 4.87 × 10-4

15 51.67 2.16 3.879 × 10-4

20 50.13 0.62 3.149 × 10-4

25 49.73 0.22 2.64 × 10-4

30 49.51 0 0

33
 Graph and Discussion

1) On increasing drying time, moisture content gradually decreased.

2) The initial point of sorghum and bajara wheat is same after 5 min we can see that sorghum has
high moisture content as compared to wheat and bajara.

Moisture content vs Time

40 corn wheat grams sorqhum bajara
37.5
35

30
27.78 27.66
2266..371
Moisture content

25 24.66

20
17.17
15 15.64
13.87
10 9.88 9.13
8.84 8.14 8.23
5 5.9039 54.039
3.
2 83
2.16 1.99
1.3
046
0 0.62 0.21524 1.102
0.013 0
0 5 10 15Time (min)20 25 30 35

From the graph, following results were obtained

1. It was observed that on increasing drying time, moisture content decreased. The initial moisture content
of sorghum, bajara, and wheat were equal and as the time passed (after 5 minutes) sorghum has high
moisture content as compared to wheat and bajara.

2. On increasing a drying time from zero minutes to 35 minutes, moisture content of Bajara was
decreased from 26.31 to zero.

3. On increasing a drying time from zero minutes to 30 minutes, moisture content of Grams was
decreased from 71.5 to 1.02.

34
4. On increasing a drying time from zero minutes to 30 minutes, moisture content of Corn was
decreased from 37.5 to zero.

5. On increasing a drying time from zero minutes to 30 minutes, moisture content of Wheat was
decreased from 26.7 to 1.

6. On increasing a drying time from zero minutes to 30 minutes, moisture content of Sorghum was
decreased from 27.78 to zero.

35
Drying basically known as a process of removal of relatively small amounts of water from material. In the
drying process the water is usually removed as a vapor by air. For this experiment, the drying process
classified as batch which is the material was inserted into the drying equipment and the drying process
proceeds for a given period of time.

36
 Chapter: - 5

Conclusion &
References

37
 CONCLUSION

Fluidised bed drying significantly reduce the moisture content of the food product. The drying
performance of fluidized bed drier has been studied by analyzing moisture content of the
sample during drying operation. The results of the drying process performed on the solid sample
were consistent with the drying rate decreasing over time. The results can be improved by using
more time intervals varying the rate of the drying , temperature, and velocity of air. The results
or drying rate can be decreases when the equipment becomes over loaded.

38
 REFERENCES
1. Mayur M. More , Nilesh K. Nerkar A Review on fluidized bed dryer , Asian journal of
research in pharmaceutical science(2023).

2. Akash H. Mali, Aditya R. Nikam, A short review on Fluidized Bed Dryer Asian Journal of
Pharmaceutical Research ,Vol 11, (2021)

3. Ashish meshram and Dr. Uday S. Wankhede, fluidized bed drying of food materials – A
review, International journal of mechanical engineering research. Vol 7, Number
1(2017),pp35-44.

4. R. Sivakumar, Rajagopal Saravanan Fluidized bed drying of some agro products – A review ,
research 2016.

5. Hosain Darvishi , effects of fluidized bed drying on the n quality of soyabean kernels, Journal
of Saudi society of agriculture sciences , 2015.

6. S Soponronnarit et al. , Stored Prod Res. S , Fluidized bed drying Characteristics of soyabean,
2001Apr.

7. Mert Gur and Mesut Gur, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering Research. ISSN
2249-0019 Volume 7, Number 1 (2017),
pp. 35-44.

8. Watano S, Yeh N, Miyanami K, Drying of granules in agitation fluidized bed, J Chem Eng
Japan 1998; 31(6):908–13.

9. Christopher Tremblay, Dongmei Zhou, A Study of Efficient Drying Parameters for Bed
Dryers ,Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Fluid Flow, Heat and Mass
Transfer, Canada, April 30 – May 1 2015.

10. Giner, S.A., De Michelis, A., 1988. Fluidized bed wheat drying. Journal of
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39