Global Population and Mobility connectivity, and the increasing

Population Total number of people / being living reliance on ICT.

in a particular area.
Characteristics of United Nations
Mobility Ability of people to move in different Human Settlements Program’s
levels & employment.
(UN-Habitat) World Cities by
Migrant Citizens who leave his/her country of Gabriela Rico
birth to work reside in another country
Uneven urbanization
temporarily.
Refers to the unequal distribution of
Immigrant People who leave their country to reside
population, economic activities,
in another country permanently.
infrastructure development, and
Refugee People who are forced to leave their resources across urban areas within a
country due to war, natural disaster, region or country.
economic crises, political persecution.
Growing decentralization
Diaspora Greek term meaning "to scatter about"
Refers to the process of redistributing
A group of people or a community that or dispersing power, functions, and
were forced to leave their countries of decision-making authority away from
origin. a central authority or government to
regional, local, or non-governmental
The movement of a community of entities. It involves the transfer of
migrants bound by a common cultural responsibilities, resources, and
heritage and/or home country. decision-making processes to lower
e.g. Jewish people moving to Israel levels of administration, allowing for
greater local autonomy and
Agglomeration Economies participation.
Building establishment near with each
other like malls
Expanding informal settlements
Benefits enjoyed by businesses and
citizens in a particular place where firms These settlements are often
and people conglomerate near one characterized by a lack of secure land
another, usually in cities and tenure, inadequate housing conditions,
industrialized zones. limited access to basic services, and
informal or makeshift construction.
Knowledge Economy The expansion of informal settlements
can occur due to various factors:
Reliant on ICT, engaging in research
and development. 1. Population growth
2. Economic factors
Economy in which growth is propelled
3. Land scarcity
by the production, dissemination, and
4. High property prices
processing of information toward
5. Natural disasters and conflicts
creative innovation, rather than typical
industrial mass production of Forced migration
commodities.
The knowledge economy is
characterized by the rapid pace of
technological change, a high level of
 This type of migration often involves  New York have the largest stock
significant challenges and risks, and it market in the world but
can result from a range of causes,
Headquarters
including persecution, conflict, human
rights violations, environmental  Tokyo houses the most number
disasters, and economic hardship. of corporate headquarters (613
HQ as against 217 HQ in New
Efforts to address forced migration
York.
involve a combination of protection
mechanisms, legal frameworks, and Shanghai plays a critical role in the
humanitarian assistance to ensure the global economic supply ever since
rights and well-being of displaced China has become the manufacturing
populations. center of the world.
Rising urban security ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES
Involves measures and strategies This opportunity makes it attractive to
aimed at safeguarding the safety and talents from across the world.
well-being of individuals, properties,
and communities within cities. 1970 Many of the top IT programmers
and engineers from Asia have moved
Efforts to enhance urban security should to the San Francisco Bay Area to
be balanced to ensure the protection of become some of the key figures in
individuals and communities while Silicon Valley’s technology boom.
respecting privacy and civil liberties.
Comprehensive and integrated London remains a preferred
approaches, combining technological destination for many Filipinos with
innovations, community engagement, nursing degree.
and effective governance, are essential ECONOMIC COMPETITIVENESS
for creating safer and more resilient
urban environments. This is based on criteria like market
size, purchasing power of citizens, and
Characteristics of Global City (Saskia Sassen, potential for growth.
1990) GLOBAL CITY
Global City The core and center of global finances Singapore is considered Asia’s most
and capitalism. competitive city because of its strong
market, incorruptible government, and
Saskia Sassen livability.
Sassen's concept of the global city is an CENTERS OF AUTHORITY
emphasis on the flow of information
and capital. Washington D.C is the seat of
American State power. It includes
Top 3 Global Cities and their FOREX landmarks such as the: White House,
1. NEW YORK CITY (NYSE) the Capitol Building (Congress), the
2. LONDON (FINANCIAL TIMES Supreme court, the Lincoln memorial,
STOCK EXCHANGE) and the Washington Monument.
3. TOKYO (Nikkei) Compared with Sydney and Melbourne,
Canberra is a sleepy town and thus is
Indicators of Global City not as attractive to tourist. But it is the
ECONOMIC POWER home to the country’s top politicians,
bureaucrats, and policy advisors.
It largely determines which cities are
global. POLITICAL INFLUENCE
Stock Exchange
 The cities that house major and cultural products from all over
international organizations are the world.
considered centers of political Pleasant images of travel,
influence. exploration, and worldly pursuits
e.g. Metro Manila
The decision made in that city can,
therefore, affect the political economy
of an entire continent and beyond. 2. Post-Industrial
1. Headquarter of UN - New York Val Colic-Peisker pointed out that
2. Headquarter of European Union - one of the conditions of the status of
Brussels global city is stop making things
3. Headquarter of ASEAN – Jakarta and switch to handling and shifting
CENTERS OF HIGHER LEARNING AND money and ideas.
CULTURE Singapore is the most recent city
Refers to an institution or a geographic included in the Global City Club
location that serves as a focal point for because of efficient global
education, intellectual activities, and transport, infrastructure and
cultural enrichment. Such centers are growing professional service sector.
characterized by the presence of It ranked 6th in A.T Kearney's
prestigious universities, research Global City Index 2017
institutions, libraries, museums,
cultural venues, and a vibrant A.T Kearney’s Global Cities Index 2017
intellectual community.
The highest ever ranking for the
1. The New York Times nation on the index which rank cities
2. Harvard University based on their business activity,
3. Australia’s 3rd largest export is human capital, information
education (leading English-
exchange, cultural experience, and
Language universities are found
political engagement.
in Australia)
Shanghai achieved industrial status due
2 Attributes of Global City by Val to land conversion for commercial uses.
Colic Peisker
1. Cosmopolitan Classification of Cities
Cultural context: describes an 1. Highly Urbanized Cities
individual or community that is Minimum Population of 200k, Annual
open-minded, well-traveled and income of PHP 50 million, certified by
embraces diversity of cultures. City treasurer (Republic Act No. 7160
Urban Context: Characterized by its Section 452)
diversity, international influence, Top 10 HUC in the Philippines
and openness to different cultures.
1. Quezon City
It serves as a hub for businesses, arts
2. Pasay
and culture.
3. Manila
Ex. NY, London and Tokyo 4. Iloilo
5. Muntinlupa
Cosmopolitanism
6. Davao City
Phenomenon most readily associated 7. Cagayan De Oro
with the global city: large, diverse
8. Makati
cities attracting people, material
9. Pasig
 10. Valenzuela This scarcity can drive up land
2. Independent Component Cities prices, making it more expensive to
build new homes or apartments.
Cities whose charters prohibit their
voters from voting for provincial c. Cost of Construction
elective officials
High cost of buildings materials,
5 ICCs in the PH: labor, and construction.
1. Dagupan, Pangasinan
d. Government Policies
2. Naga, Camarines Sur
3. Cotabato City Zoning regulations, building codes,
4. Ormoc, Leyte and restrictions on development can
5. Santiago, Isabela influence housing costs.
6. Cotabato City
e. Geographic location –
3. Component Cities - not ICC nor HUC It commands higher prices due to
accessibility to amenities, job
Considered part of province where
centers and cultural attractions.
they are located.
It is created by an act of congress
2. Long Working Hours
duly ratified by the affected voting
Global cities, which are major
population called plebiscite.
centers for finance, commerce, and
Either Reject/Approve law culture on an international scale,
often exhibit characteristics that
o Annual income of at least 20 million
contribute to long working hours.
in two consecutive years a. Competitive Business Environments
o Territory of at least 100 sq. km.
o Minimum population of 150,000 Workers are striving to meet the
quota.
Downside of Everyday Life in b. Time Zone Differences (e.g. BPO)
Global City by Colic-Peisker
Business Process Outsourcing
1. High Housing Costs
c. High Cost of Living
Refer to the situation where the price
of housing, whether it be buying or As a result, people may feel
renting, is relatively expensive compelled to work longer hours to
compared to the income levels of the sustain their lifestyles, afford
residents. housing, and meet other financial
obligations.
Reasons of High Housing Costs:
d. Global Connectivity
a. Supply and Demand Imbalance
The ability to work remotely,
In areas where the demand for
coupled with the expectation of
housing exceeds the supply, prices
constant connectivity, can blur the
tend to rise.
boundaries between work and
b. Limited Land Availability personal life, leading to longer
working hours.
 3. Competitive and Precarious Labor (Paris, Zurich (Switzerland),
Market Madrid, Sydney, Seoul)
Employees are poorly paid;
4) Fourth Tier - Subnational and Regional
they are unprotected and
articulations
has high degree of job
(Osaka-Kobe, Kansai-Japan,
insecurity and instability.
Hongkong, Pearl River Delta in
Ex. Part-time jobs, self-employment, China.)
fixed term work, temporary work,
on-call work, and remote job The Global Demography
workers. Demography Study of human populations; the size,
composition and distribution across
4. Long Commuting Time space and the process through which
lots of vehicles populations change.
5. Urban Anonymity
The size of different demographic
Condition of being anonymous groups changes over time as a result of
(unknown to the community) economic, cultural and political
circumstances
6. Residential Social Isolation
Theory of Demographic Transition
Product of Urban Anonymity and
The term was first coined by the
heterogeneity
American demographer Frank W.
City people are physically crowded Notestein in the mid-20th century.
but socially distant. Hypothesizes that societies typically
7. High Crime Rate transition from periods of high birth and
Crowded places such as cities can death rates to eras of lower birth and
death rates as they shift from agrarian to
create perfect setting for criminal
the process of industrialization.
acts.
Simon Szreter
8. Residential Mobility
Debunk the paradigm shift.
Cities do not develop permanency.
Cautions against directly correlating
Americans change jobs every 6 industrialization and improvements in
yrs. the people’s general health, as
“developed nations endured the ‘four
Categorization of Global Cities Ds’:
1) First Tier -"Truly global cities" a) Disruption
b) Deprivation
London, New York, Tokyo have c) Disease
established the most powerful global d) Death
financial articulation.
Four Stages of Classical
2) Second Tier - Level of multinational
articulation
Demographic Transition by IUSSP
(International Union for Scientific Study of
Population)
(Miami, Los Angeles, Frankfurt,
Amsterdam, Singapore) 1. Pre-Transition
Characterized by High Birth rate
3) Third Tier - National and high fluctuating death rate.
Population growth was kept low by:
 Malthusian Preventive - Done to limit Stage 4 - Birth rate as well as death rate is low.
the growth of population. Period of Population Stability;
Ex. Delay Marriage, Contraceptive Reasons of stability:
use, Practice of Abstinence
1. Stronger Economies
Positive Check - Done by Natural or 2. Higher levels of education
Social factors. 3. Better healthcare
4. Higher proportion of working
Environment resources is not
women
enough to support the population.
5. Mandatory Fertility Rate of 2
Ex. Famine, Diseases, Wars and children/woman
other catastrophes.
Stage 5 – Period of an Aging Population;
2. Early Transition elderly outnumbered children

Death Rate start to fall, while birth Global Migration

rate continues to stay constant.
According to demographers, there are 247
Continue to rise in population. million people currently living outside
their birthplace (90% moved for
3. Late Transition
economic reason while remaining 10% are
Birth rate fell; Population started
refugees or asylum seekers)
to Decelerate.
4. Post-Transition Migrants contribute 40-70% of labor
force to host countries
Characterized by low birth and
low death rates. Population growth  US - 92% of migrants
is negligible, or even enters a  UK - 95% of migrants
decline.  Australia - 99% of migrants
Crude Death Rate Formula: Contributions of Migrants to labor force:
(No. of Death / Midyear Population)  USA - 2 Trillion USD (11% of GDP)
x 1000  Germany - 550 Billion USD (17% of GDP)
 UK - 390 Billion USD (14% of GDP)
Midyear Population - (Jan. 1 + Dec 31)/2
 Australia - 330 Billion USD (25% of GDP)
 Canada - 320 Billion USD (21% of GDP)
Drew Grover's 5 Stages of
Demographic Transition
Stage 1 - High birth and death rate;
Population “remains fairly constant” but has
“major swings.” With disruptive events such as 2 Classifications of Migration:
war or pandemics. 1. Internal
Stage 2 - Period of Modern Medicine; Lowers Within the borders of a country.
Death Rate but Birth Rate stays; Rapid Growth This can involve movement from
in Population. rural to urban areas, urban to
rural areas, or between different
Stage 3 - Birth Rate Decelerates; Access to urban or rural areas within the same
contraceptives, Family planning, Increase in country.
women status. 2. International
 Involves the movement of people Strengthening the network of public
across international borders. employment offices and rationalize the
participation of the private sector in the
recruitment and placement of workers,
Types of Migration
locally and overseas, to serve national
1. Immigrants development objectives.

People who permanently move to Book 1, Article 17

another country
Establishment of Overseas Employment
2. Workers Development Board (OEDB), a
Work abroad for fixed period (6 systematic program for overseas workers,
months minimum) including rights and fare.
3. Illegal Migrants
Violated Immigration Laws
4. Migrants
Whose families have petitioned
them to move to another country.
Can be natural and naturalized
5. Refugees
Unwilling to return due to well-
founded fear.

Causes of Migration
1. Economic Factor - Lack of Employment
Opportunities; seeking better job
2. Political Factor - Pressure to resolve
unemployment
3. Social Factor - Change lifestyle (Including
Wealth, Education, buying habits, religion)
4. Environmental Factor - Disasters - Floods
Hurricane, etc.

Labor Export
In 1970s during Marcos Sr. time there is an upward
increase in migration.
Labor Export Policy (LEP) as stated in President
Decree 442 or "Labor Code of 1974"
Number of Filipinos seeking job
opportunities overseas increased
Book 1, Article 12 of the PD: